The document discusses the analog inputs of the Arduino Nano, detailing how these inputs allow the measurement of real-world signals through an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) with a 10-bit resolution. It also covers Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) operation, explaining its application in controlling power delivery to devices, and the use of interrupts for real-time processing in embedded systems. Overall, it highlights the importance of these features in enhancing the functionality and responsiveness of electronic designs.
The document discusses the analog inputs of the Arduino Nano, detailing how these inputs allow the measurement of real-world signals through an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) with a 10-bit resolution. It also covers Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) operation, explaining its application in controlling power delivery to devices, and the use of interrupts for real-time processing in embedded systems. Overall, it highlights the importance of these features in enhancing the functionality and responsiveness of electronic designs.
The document discusses the analog inputs of the Arduino Nano, detailing how these inputs allow the measurement of real-world signals through an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) with a 10-bit resolution. It also covers Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) operation, explaining its application in controlling power delivery to devices, and the use of interrupts for real-time processing in embedded systems. Overall, it highlights the importance of these features in enhancing the functionality and responsiveness of electronic designs.
The document discusses the analog inputs of the Arduino Nano, detailing how these inputs allow the measurement of real-world signals through an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) with a 10-bit resolution. It also covers Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) operation, explaining its application in controlling power delivery to devices, and the use of interrupts for real-time processing in embedded systems. Overall, it highlights the importance of these features in enhancing the functionality and responsiveness of electronic designs.
PWM OPERATION AND DAC INPUTS. INTERRUPTS AND INTERRUPT PROGRAMMIN
Name – UDAYVEER ROLL NO- 2023UEI2842 1- WHAT IS ANALOG INPUT ?
Analog inputs are electrical signals that vary
continuously over time, rather than switching between fixed states like digital signals (0 or 1). In electronics and microcontrollers like Arduino, analog inputs allow devices to measure real-world signals s h as temperature, light, sound, and pressure.uc 2- WHAT IS ARDUINO NANO ?
The Arduino Nano is Arduino's classic breadboard
friendly designed board with the smallest dimensions. The Arduino Nano comes with pin headers that allow for an easy attachment onto a breadboard and features a Mini-B USB connector. The classic Nano is the oldest member of the Arduino Nano family boards. It is similar to the Arduino Duemilanove but made for the use of a breadboard and has no dedicated power jack. 3- ANALOG INPUT OF ARDUINO NONA
The Arduino Nano has 8 analog input pins, which
are labeled A0 through A7. These pins allow the board to read analog signals (voltages) and convert them into digital values through its analog-to-digital converter (ADC). The inputs work with voltages typically in the range of 0 to 5V, and the values are mapped to a range from 0 to 1023, corresponding to the voltage range. 4- How Analog Inputs Work
• Arduino uses an Analog-to-Digital Converter
(ADC) to convert the analog voltage (0V to 5V or 0V to 3.3V, depending on the board) into a digital value. • The ADC typically has a 10-bit resolution, meaning it converts the analog signal into a number between 0 and 1023. • 0 → 0V • 1023 → 5V (or 3.3V on some boards) • Any voltage in between is mapped proportionally. 5- Common Uses of Analog Inputs
• Reading Sensors • (e.g., LM35, TMP36) • Light sensors (e.g., LDR - Light Dependent Resistor) • Potentiometers (variable resistors for adjusting values) • Measuring Voltage • Can be used to monitor battery levels or external voltage sources. • Interfacing with Analog Devices • Some microphones, pressure sensors, and other analog devices can be connected. 6- Analog Input Pins in Arduino
Most Arduino boards have dedicated analog input pins labeled
A0, A1, A2, A3, etc. These pins are connected to an Analog-to- Digital Converter (ADC) that converts the incoming analog voltage (typically 0V to 5V, or 0V to 3.3V on some boards) into a digital value that the Arduino can process.
Common Arduino Boards and Their Analog Input Pins:
7-How It Works?
• Arduino has a 10-bit Analog-to-Digital
Converter (ADC). • Converts 0V - 5V into a digital value between 0 and 1023.
Formula : 8- Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) Operation
Definition and Basics :
Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) is a modulation technique where the width of the pulses in a signal is varied to control the amount of power delivered to a load. This is achieved by adjusting the duty cycle, which is the ratio of the pulse width to the total period of the signal. A higher duty cycle results in more power being delivered, while a lower duty cycle reduces power output 9- How PWM Works ?
PWM signals are typically generated using a
comparator that compares a reference signal (often a sawtooth or triangular wave) with a modulating signal. When the modulating signal exceeds the reference, the output pulse is generated. This technique is widely used in applications such as motor speed control, light dimming, and audio signal generation 10- Types of PWM ? 11-Practical use case of PWM in real life application :
motors by generating a PWM signal from a
microcontroller to regulate the voltage applied to the motor. By adjusting the duty cycle of the PWM signal, the average voltage supplied to the motor can be varied, thus controlling the speed of the motor. An excellent illustration of this is seen in electric scooters where the controller generates a PWM signal with a duty cycle corresponding to the desired speed, triggered by the user twisting the throttle. This technique offers precise speed control, cost-effectiveness, and durability since it reduces mechanical stress and overheating, 12- Interrupts and Interrupt Programming
Overview of Interrupts Interrupts are signals that temporarily halt the main program execution to allow a specific routine (Interrupt Service Routine or ISR) to run. This mechanism is crucial for real-time applications where timely responses to events are necessary. For example, an interrupt can be triggered by hardware events such as timers or external signals Using Interrupts in PWM Applications:
In PWM applications, interrupts can be utilized to
manage timing and control tasks such as sampling input signals or generating output signals at precise intervals. For instance, when using a Low Power Interrupt Timer (LPIT), periodic interrupts can be configured to execute code at specified rates. This is particularly useful for generating PWM signals based on sampled data from sensors, ensuring accurate and responsive control of outputs
Interrupt Pins on Arduino :
Example: Arduino PWM with Interrupts:
A practical example involves using an Arduino
board where an external PWM signal can trigger an interrupt to enable or disable another PWM signal generated by a Digital-to-Analog Converter (DAC). Below is a simplified code snippet illustrating this implementation: volatile bool pwmState = LOW;
void loop() { analogWrite(9, pwmState ? 255 : 0); // Write PWM signal based on state } void togglePWM() { pwmState = !pwmState; // Toggle state on interrupt } Conclusion
Interrupts play a vital role in enhancing the
responsiveness and efficiency of embedded systems, particularly in applications involving PWM. By understanding how to implement and manage interrupts effectively, developers can create robust systems capable of real-time processing and control. The integration of interrupts with PWM allows for precise adjustments and timely responses in various applications such as motor control, lighting systems, and audio processing
