Physics notes

Chapter 17# Oscillation

⇨ PERIODIC MOTION
A motion which repeat it self on same path in same intervals of time
that motion is called periodic motion
� Example
� Motion of earth around the sun
� Motion of earth about its axis of rotation
� Motion of electron around nucleus
� Motion of mass spring system
� Motion of ball in bows
� Motion of string of guitar
� Motion of drum membrane
� Motion of heart
� Motion of pendulum volcal card

⇨ Vibratory or oscillation motion

● A motion in which object repeat it self on same path in
same intervals of time about mean position
● To and fro motion about mean position (equilibrium
position) that is called (vibratory or oscillatory motion)
⇨ Simple harmonic motion (SHM)
A motion in which object repeat it self on same path in same interval of
time about mean position on straight path that path is called SHM
� Mass spring system
Suppose a system in which mass is attached to spring and
placed on horizontal smooth surface. One side of spring is fixed
with hard support and other side is attached mass and free to
move when mass displaced from mean to extreme position and
release freely it to will start to move to and fro about mean
position that is called simple harmonic motion
f =−kx

K = Spring constant

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 yA
k=
L
Velocity in SHM
ma=−kx

mdv
=−kx
dt

dv
m dx=−kxdx
dt

dx
m dv=−kxdx
dt

m . vdv=−kxdx

Integrate on B.S
❑ ❑

∫−mvdv=∫ −kxdx
❑ ❑

m= ∫ vdv=−k ∫ xdx
2 2
m v −k x
= +C
2 2
2 2
m v −k x
= +C
2 m 2
Velocity taken from extreme position
2
−k x
0= +C
m 2

2
k x This is value of integration
0=
m 2 constant put value in eq

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Put value in equation
2 2 2
v k x k x
= +
2 m 2 m 2

2
v −k 2 k 2
= x m+ x
2 m m
k 2
2
v= ( x m−x 2 )
m
v=√ ❑

v=ω √❑

Displacement of SHM
v=√ ❑
dx
=√ ❑
dt
dx
√❑
dx
=√ ❑
dt
dx
√❑
Integrate on both side
❑ ❑

∫ 2 dx 2 =∫ √❑
❑ ( x m−x ) ❑

−co s−1 ( xmx )=√❑

−co s−1 ( mx )=−√❑
x
=cos ¿
xm
x
=co (− √ ❑ )
xm

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x=xmco ( −√ ❑ )

x=xm ¿

Acceleration
a ∝−x

x=xmcos (ωt +ϕ )

Differentiate on both side w.r.t time

dx
=−ωxm sin ⁡(ωt+ ϕ)
dt

v=−ωxm sin(ωt+ ϕ)

Again differentiate w.r.t tiwm

2
v=−ω xm cos( ωt+ ϕ)
2
a=−ω xm cos(ωt+ ϕ)
2
a=−ω x

a∝ x

Time period of SHM

S=vT

2 πr =rωT

2 π =ωT
2π
T=
ω
2π
T=
√❑
T =2 π √ ❑

Frequency of SHM

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 I
F=
T
I
F=
2 π √❑

⇨ Energy in Simple Harmonic Motion

K.E = max
Work done in a simple harmonic motion is due to variable force

Work done due to SHM

x
ω=−∫ −fdx
°

x
ω=−∫ −kxdx
°

Work done stored in object with form P.E

W=P.E
x
P . E=∫ kxdx
x°

x
P . E=k ∫ xdx
x°

[ ]
x
x2
¿k
2 x°

[ ]
2 2
x −x °
¿k
2

1
P . E= k ( x m−x ° )
2 2
2
1 2
P . E= k x °
2
K.E of SHM
1 2
K . E= m v
2

Now put value of velocity

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 1 2
K . E= m (−ωxmsin )(−ωt+ ϕ ¿ )
2
1 2 2
K . E= k (−ω x m si n ( ωt +ϕ ) )
2

Total energy of simple harmonic motion

ET =K . E+ P . E

1
¿ m¿
2
1
ET = m ¿
2
1
ET = k ¿
2
1
E= k ( x m )
2
2
1 2
ET = k x
2

⇨ Application of Oscillatory motion

(1) The torsional oscillator

The torsional oscillator is application of oscillating object in which

we use dasic which fixed a support with string when we produce
torque and in opposite also produce restoring torque

Torque is equal to
τ ∝θ

τ =−k θ
2
Id θ −kθ
2
=
dt I

d dθ kθ
. −
dt dt I
Multiply “∆theta” on both side

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d k
ωdθ= θdθ
dt I
dθ −k
dω − θdθ
dt I
−k
ω . dω= θdθ
I

Integrate on B.S
❑ ❑

∫ ω . dω=∫ −−k
I
θdθ
❑ ❑

2
ω −1 k 2
= θ +C →1
2 2 I
At maximum w =0
1k 2
0= θ +C
2I
1k 2
C= θ
2I

Put value in eq:1

2
ω 1k 2 1k 2
= θ+ θ m
2 2I 2I
2 k 2 k 2
ω = θ° + θ m
I 2

2 k 2 2
ω = (θ m−θ° )
I
ω=√ ❑

⇨ (2) Physical pendulum

Physical pendulum consist on irregular shape object which rigid.
T =w

Here force acting on physical pendulum is equal

T =w

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 When physical pendulum displace from its mean position then acting
force will resolve in two components is mgcosθ∧mgsinθ here mgsinθ isequal
to tension so it will be cancel and mgsinθ is toward mean position so
torque is equal to
τ =F × r

τ =mgsinθ × L

τ =mgθ× L

I ∝=mgθL

I ∝=mgL×θ
mgL
∝= θ
I
2
d θ mgL
2
= θ
dt I

d dθ −mgL
= θ
dt dt 2
d −mgL
ω= θ
dt I

Multiply on both side

dω −mgL
× dθ= θdθ
dt I
dθ −−mgL
dω . = θdθ
dt I
−mgL
dω . ω= θdθ
I
❑ 1
mgL
∫ ω . dω=∫ I
θdθ
❑ ❑

2 2
ω −mgL θ
= +C
2 I 2

At maximum angular displacement

2
−mgL θ
0= +C
I 2

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 2
mgL θ
C=Put value in eq
I 2
2 2 2
ω −mgL θ mgL θ m
= +
2 I 2 I 2
2 mgL 2 ¿ mgL 2
ω= θ− θ ¿
I m I
mgL 2
ω=
2
( θ m−θ2 )
I

ω 2=ω ( θ 2 m−θ 2 )
ω=ω √ ❑

⇨ (3) Simple pendulum

A point mass attach by a weightless in extensible and flexible strong
with hard support and displace from mean position at small angle
when release it. It start moves to and fro that is called simple
pendulum
. When a pendulum (Iron bob) displace from mean position to extreme
position then
Acting weight force resolve in two components mgcosθ∧mg sinθ Now here
mgcosθ Is anti parallel to tensional force but both equal in magnitude so
cancel each other now here mgsinθ components of force only acting on
which is direct to the mean position it will moves pendulum to mean
position but pendulum will not stop at mean position it will moves next
extreme position and again mgsinθ acts on it to mean position. now it
will start To and fro about mean position.
T =mgcosθ=0

F=mgsinθ

ma=mgsinθ

a=gsinθ

a=gθ

a=−gθ
x
a=−g
L
−g
a= x
L

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a ∝−x

Time period of Simple pendulum

2
d x −g
2
= x
dt L
2
dx g
2
+ =0
dt L
2
d +g
¿integration xm cos ( ωt +ϕ )=0
dt
2
L
d
2
¿
dt
2 g
−ω xmcos ( ωt + ϕ ) + xmcos ( ωt +ϕ )=0
L
g 2
xmcosθ ( ωt +ϕ )=ω xmcos ( ωt + ϕ )=0
L
2
g ω xmcos ( ωt + ϕ )
=
L xmcos ( ωt + ϕ )
g 2
=ω
L
2
ω =√ ❑
2π
ω=
T
2π
T=
√❑
T =2 π √ ❑

Frequency of Simple pendulum

I
F=
T
I
F= √❑
2π
I
F= √❑
2π

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 ⇨ Motion of projection of Uniform Circular Motion
When an particle is moving on circular path with the uniform motion
(uniform speed) then projection of particle is moving along x-axis and
along the Y-axis on straight path but in to and fro motion which is
called simple harmonic motion
x=Rcos ( ωt + ϕ ) → eq 1

y=Rsin ( ωt+ ϕ ) → eq 2

Here square on both side eq (1) and eq (2)

2 2 2 2
x + y =R co s ( ωt+ ϕ )

x 2+ y 2=R2 ( co s2 ωt +ϕ )
2 2
co s θ+ si n θ=2
2 2 2
x + y =R
Velocity of projection
Rcos ( ωt +ϕ ) Horizontal components > Velocity of “N”
Differentiate on both side w-r-t “t”
dx
=−Rsin ( ωt +ϕ )
dt

vx=−ωRsin ( ωt +ϕ )Eq (1)

y=Rsinθ ( ωt +ϕ )

dx
=ωRcos ( ωt +ϕ )
dt
vy=ωRcos ( ωt +ϕ )Eq (2)

Add eq(1) and eq(2)

2 2 2
v x +v y =−ωRsin ( ωt+ ϕ ) + ¿

Square on both side

2 2
v x +v y =¿
2 2
v x +v y =¿
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
v x +v y =ω R si n ( ωt+ ϕ )+ ω R co s ( ωt+ ϕ )
2 2 2 2
v x +v y =ω R × 1

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 2 2 2 2
v x +v y =ω R

Acceleration of projection

v x =−ωRsin ( ωt +ϕ )

Differentiate on both side w-r-t to “time”

d vx 2
=−ω Rcos ( ωt + ϕ ) . Eq-(1)
dt
2
a x =−ω Rcos ( ωt+ ϕ )

¿ v y =ωRcos (ωt + ϕ)

Differentiate on both side w-r-t to “time”

d vy 2
=ω Rsin ( ωt + ϕ )
dt
2
¿ a y =−ω Rsin ( ωt + ϕ )Eq-(2)

Add eq-(1) and eq-(2)

2
a x +a y =−ω Rcos ( ωt +ϕ )− ( ωt+ ϕ ) +{¿

Square on both side

2
a x +a y ={−ω Rcos ( ωt + ϕ ) } + {−ω Rsin ( ωt + ϕ ) }
2 2 2 2

a 2x +a2y =ω 4 R 2 ( co s 2 ωt + ϕ ) + si n2 ( ωt +ϕ )
2 2 4 2
a x +a y =ω R ¿
2 2 4 2
a x +a y =ω R
2
( a2x + a2y ) = √❑
2
a x +a y =ω R

a=r ω

⇨ Oscillation
When an object displaced from its mean position in conservative force
and release it will start moves to and fro motion that is called
oscillation
� There are two types

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 1. Damped oscillation
2. Forced oscillation

Damped oscillation

When a oscillators moving in a resistive medium then amplitude of

oscillator continuously decreasing that is called Damped oscillator

Suppose a mass spring system in which one is fixed with hard support
and other is keep free but attack by vane when this system displace
from mean position to extreme position and release then restoring of
spring move it do mean position which is equal to F=−kx

When another resistive force acting on mass spring system this which
is opposite direction of motion mass spring system- this resistive force
is directly proportional to the velocity of object
F r ∝−v

F r=−bv

Here b is proportionality constant which depend upon nature of

medium (density) and shape of object and size of object

Resistive force exists the motion of object and object use stored work
done due to steady state to of motion is use of stored work object’s
energy dissipate and amplitude oscillation will decrease up to zero
F not =F ru−Fr

F net=−kx−bv

According to Newton’s 2nd law of motion

2
dx
ma=−kx−bv a= 2
dt
2
dx
m 2
=−kx−bv
dt
2
d x −kx bv
2
= −
dt m m
2
dx k b
2
+ x + v =0 This is equation of damped oscillation
dt m m

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 Forced oscillation
When an oscillator oscillating freely without external force that is
called FORCED OSCILLATOR. If we apply external force during
oscillation that is called Forced oscillation

In force oscillation keep continue to due to external applied force.

When system loss its energy due to resistive medium so its oscillation
will decrease and oscillator will continue to its motion.
F=F e −F + F

F net=−kx−bv + Fsin ωt

ma=−kx−bv + Fsin ω t
2
dx
m 2
=−kx−bv + Fsin ω t
dt
2
d x −k bv F
2
= x− + sin ω t
dt m m m
2
dx k b F
2
+ x + v = sin ω t
dt m m m
2
dx k b dx F
2
+ x+ = sin ω t
dt m m dt m
2
d x b dx k F
2
+ + x= sin ω t
d t m dt m m
2
dx dx 2 F
2
+ 2 β −ω x = sin ω t
dt dt m

b
=2 β
m
k 2
=ω
m
2
F dx dx 2
sin ω t= 2 + 2 β +co s x
m dt dt

⇨ Resonance

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 When artificial frequency and natural frequency combine to each other
their energy of oscillation will increase that is called resonance

“ Best of luck”

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