Modulan Aithnetic
The st e ac A(Cteceal nuaber& es dunote dby N
by
n fl, ,3,4....3
Set oLle enteqerx ea dunote d by < aud y genan
by
a, be x +hen divtdes b y epeccente d by
"alb"
D alb then kex bk ushene o.
I atb then b= qat wbesee es the emadod
-dt and quoient and the emaiodln,
r ee the
Posne lunber:
The ounben p! i called a psme ninb ep
the
only drotsor P.P
Noo padme nuobers asee called
colled conposPLe number.
Greatest Comnon Deots Or cd)
Consioln tewo nunberg 2 and ic.
£1, 9, 3, 4. 6, 123 and dvisos lG ee
{I, , 4, &, t63.
The gieckest coEO lso
and y w e n a8
C12, 16)=4 Coo )
Cr2, l6) =4.
oben the numben e bg cnough gcd iy boand byay
bolooing Example.
ht y tRnd gcd c32
C32, 68) and
cnd gcd (sas,lDo0)
4)32 (&
64 C32, G8)= y
gcd
ci) Gs) coeo C 39s)6AsC) Sso) 395C)
69S 3S
Relatvely porsme numbe g!
Qnd bb se a
I aibeN aud gcd co, b) =, then
cO-prime to eachotts
to be elattrely prine
p o e coo)
gcd cs,9) =1 gcd c31,3)=l;
Congrugnee!
a, b, mc-z, mo o Bage tht c A congruent
to b molutlo 6
9le ca-b) aund the
noen a asbcmod m)
a b cGodo) rola-b
L8=3 cnod s) 58-3 =>
+B29.
1sC mo )
Psapertses Cengraences
cmoc m) y= a,xa, = b,xb, Cmod m)
, a,z b, (mod m) ; a,= b
Lnod
lmod m)!
m)! = a b° cmod m) e-N
> à= b
the
x' Buch tuoLA
s FRod the leant posftPre ase e Bobiseed
jolloeing ccrgranent rdentttie
) 8 4xE 3 Cmools)
Saf- 5 S t x - 3
Take caluee tor x=I, 3.3, 4.,5,
- .
5)8o. tor othercake
They
89= Cx+3) cmody)
Sc:- 89-ta)
ttne we
tor othercane, =|
sl84
5486 -2
They
3xQcmodl ) teo x such thot 9s 30,
S!!- Glren, 3ECmo )
3x- k
3 = k+)
tk+
3
Ero,,9, 3, 44 ... ap ce
kzo, coe can ee
we try by takig
thol
uohen t=4i=10, k=#,x=?;
osce
Thuy equred aleek
4} Fend the beloeen -to cend 4o sate
ntrgens
3x acnolu)
Solutien;
ul3x-a
3x - = l|k
k=0, l, 9, 3,... we can See ha
koe try by takig
at k s -
k=
k=
Thug equired voleeer ese e - 3, 8, 9, 13.
bocoe the eloo
Congruent elentbe
Soluti on
we take
k=|
k= - C: el-)
k:
Thy the ured oleser
6 Fend any seua vole ex Satinbytg th
jeteotng congrrent edent;og
Solusico:
At
2 =l 3 (: cutio) x uly
k-| (i lu)
k: C: ulee)
-they, L=3, I3, - cud r the egwred
Values,
too walee< tte
ruent olenttties
Cengr
Setutsos:
.a: 2k
=9, 4, 13 nel 6
mod 13), Rnd 'a'.
Solution - 3) a-a
uohen dld Sse
se hy i3
13 gveg
13) sG CI9 •ntoden 'a,
9-5ema'oolen
Fend the ereoden 85x4 x48 cohen dirale
by ?.
solution,
&+emaiod
)*4 (o
= t4s 4(mod )
48 E6 c mool )
6
y propent congraences
13S xyx 48 E Xu xs cmod )
(3x4x y 8 48 Cno )
)48 C6
49
6
Thue the bemin den e
(os Feod emender, ccheo dciled
olutien;
) 5 (15
I65
Thug. by poopenty o% cerge
|3SXl3 X S )
3x9 Ccnol
(0X3x9
ocm )
An ) o (
&64 )
6
Thuy tbe vequred ematoln ý 6.
n} Feod emornd 13Sx 146 x 3 hen lo cled by
Solutie:
1469
?3 3 =s 9 3= 3 c moda)
13s x i yG x? 3 s 36 Cmod)
oben 369 emOooler
36 =I Cmod 9)
Thes the Deqcired emaioolen i
18 Fend the enoçnden eo the caa e
leutded by
=32
=t32 = c smo )
4
lo
G6
ct h)
th
(ttr 958 S)
S
=_(e) (8) pou (eh (eto thh 6)
5|1(th 2)
8z(th )
, 78X81 po) (eh
(et
(med Con:der
Solutjen;=
last the ind 26
alig lant tue Tuy
(mol
o) 3= 3
cmedlioy 3x3
cmodi) 3'= And
3=cmod
io)
Cmolio)
3
Cmod
o) 3 haue hae
dgloat Selutsen:;=
oeanber
g' the last the Feod I5
oemernur
9. s equired the Tiy
23) Cmod 9= 4
23)
23)
53 4
CI) )5G S3 23) C6noo 3 956= =
solatigo:
93
dioided
by aemouooler,
4 Ftod 14}
(+9al mod io)
24 I (mod ro)
y x q x iMedto)
t
I26
Thyte last dg- o 3.
1#) End the last- dgit 2.02|
q mod to)
= mod o)
3 | Cmodio)
2008
2e0xx?* 92cmod o)
They tthe lost degt
Feod the las h
13 E 3 Comod o)
9 cmod ro)
(13) = 8 cmodo)
Cmod eo)
13 x13 x 13 E IXIX 3 ( mod ro)
They the last drgt n 3 y 3.
hloeas ogruerces:
t Congruencethe tem aVi bmod m), ohese
ato imed m) 9A called a leneose congru ence, Futher
k P8 Bald t be a solutin et,
atcmod m) con mat-b.
Nete: - i The leneax corgrence
congruence han a solution
Jisea co reeuce nee no haue a
Sslutioo.
T gcd ca, m=d aud dlb then tbe lioen
congruence has eracly d solutsens A
Eamioe Ashetber the tollaoig cengruence s poes
soltson tind the nunben
sslutsor
3r=5Cm )
ttere, gcd C3, ) =|
Thy, the gtvan congrueuce has one
12 x= (moda)
gcdci, 21) =
12) 2| (! 9)12 (I 3)9(3
3
1
and
Thes, tthe gen cogrece han no selo
glran cogrueuce
(0x = IS Cmod 3s)
gcd cto, 3s) = 5
)3s (3 5)10 (2
30
and slis
soltiony
Ty, the g'nen congrueuce has s
(66, 78) = 6
6)12 (2
66) 488 ( 12) 66 (s
66 60
and
selub'e
Thuy, genen congrueuc e has
841 E l6 C
and
35)84 (2 14) 3ss(2.
28
)l4l2
. haK no sduts y
Soee the lioeax eorgre euceg
' } x 4(mod o)
geen congruence har one seutson
CeKider miettiples lo cud tht melbiple
4 noith 4 sheuld be droinible by .
adding ¡
Muttiple ae,
4?
to t4 =l4 iy dirois dhle by
Thuy
13 x = o Cmod 28)
C13, 28) = I
ged
One golutsen Eust
Consider Muctiple 28
Q8, s6, 84, I2, l4 O, (68, 196, 224
ß4 +l0 = 934
13
ttence
One saluhn Est
Censicler, Multiple s
cud iso +4 = ls4
Tus
4 3a+)=o cmod )
Sslutje:=
cmed)
3x = -
C3,9)-)
ne
Nuttsple
, l4, 2h, s, 36, yf, y, , ds, /o
14-2 = 12 4
Heuce Es c mod )
s 512 : 32 mod )
Gne salutsen Exst
Mattpe %
7, 14, 20, 28, 35, 4 , 4 , S6, 6 3, 0
90t 32 to2 52.
Heuce, E Cmod )
emodm
cd) 2,3... k=0,
l,
ohese
'sction%
cergreeuce
hasheA euce congr Ceneas gener te H6o
At0
solulsoN. congrweuCe
haRA
O Liseacc Then
dlb ond
qcCa
m) ttnd oe
Ferst
sPod
x,Suppes To
congrae gren the axEbemnod
uy m)
Flod atl the solutien8 O; the tetleeo iag congruent
olentt ses.
CIS, 2)) =63
So:
6) 1S 2 : 3 6(2
IS) 2 (
I5
3
6
33 ssutseu
The congruence hay soletson
Aoo dlieide g2non congruence by
4 Cmod )
Maltiple #, 4, 2/
21+f 26
=5 c md )
All 3 saln given by
o+k
n=St k()
k=o,1, 2
Thuy
lOx |5 Cmod 35)
solutsg:a qcd ( (o, 3 S) = 5.
to)35(3 ) 5) ol2 The 5 saeuce
30
ha
5
Nlou, divide g'ven conga en ce by
Multple
43= l0,
)
x #5 cmod
and let
aee
gson by
2= Xo t k()
k)
t- o,l, 2, 3, 4
Ttue, X= 12, 19, 26, 33 congruent to mod 3s
5,
aee the aeiOu Boleten,
lematoden Theoem; "
posttPre
pocetPre
lrtegers Sucl
M M Mg aLe
oelatirely proe ud
that
they then the corgrue
entegee
- nceB
=I, 2. 3, -D hare wofqcae
soution congruent modulo M cobesee M= n, M uy.
Compute
Denottrg M, M/m, : ,= Myu , M/mg
toom Congruence s
M, x = , (mod M,) , M, x= a, cmod m,) and obfeio
the soletio
Fusther X = M, z, o, t M, *,o, t dnd R P
the emrodn o t n e d on the divigien G x
by M cshee
The slution the sytterm congcenc
X= R Cmod )
PArcbeg:
solre the cergreeces Beltaneougly
by cstrg ernainden theem
xEocmod 3), x5Cmo)
a;Cmod4;)
Comparii geren congruence 8 oth
=, ,3
we are
(a Mi) = ( | 4) (a,, m = Co, 3)) ca, m) == C5, )
M= 8
and
e44 Ma
Aext, et y comider =|Cmod m;) ; =1, 2, 3
ag tCmod 3): L8XE (mod )
21 1= t Cmod y)
choo Botion o these equations eodvt der
By Eospe
ally geren by
selution y g?ven by
X= M, ,a, + M, x,a, t M a4
aud geves the maiodan 33,
4
They X= 33 Crod 84) y the least Commo
Solub),
X=QCma 3),
Sef: Compas e gtven cogruences o ith
(mod mi) ?=,,3
(a,m, a C, 3) Ca,,m,) = C3, 5) a, , ) = C9, )
3X S x ? = o.l0s
M, M/m, M,=
M/ms
i05/3
= 3
2=l. I.3.
3Sx 2I (mod4), Axs ( mod5), Aex 2 ltmod a)
Selatien
least
co te es yo) Cmod q3 XTtey,
Jernciole 140
93 SI3
S= M,@t
aX xa,+ M,X=
6. , M,
s)i cmod 4)
;(mod t 2 35
)
corgrecop
3S =M,
M
I40 M=
M3 MM,M=
mi)Cmod
corgr 3.gevan Conpasee
rceenceg
), mod 2c xa s), Cmod
oltsoo.
Xa3
They
least the os)y cmod
demarnden gves
33
gren
by
