Graphical user interface (GUI)
• Earlier computers were used by certain peoples who were computer literates.
• The operating systems (MS-DOS) used to have a set of cryptic commands. (CLI)
• To perform an operation, user need to type command.
• User were expected to remember command and its meaning.
• Lateron the use of personal computers widely spreads over.
• The human-computer interface was a problem area in using computers.
• Attempts were made to replace commands by graphics.
• The interfaces which replaces cryptic commands by their graphical
representation are called 'Graphical User Interface' (GUI).
• The first GUI was developed by Xerox corporation for their xerox star computer.
• This interface was used by Apple computers in their Macintosh personal
computers.
• It was hit among users.
• Microsoft developed GUI called MS-Windows, for IBM personnel computers.
• Now various GUIs for Unix-based systems are also available.
Advantages of GUI
• Easy to use.
• Consistent GUI for virtually all programs.
• User can communicate and exchange data between programs without
transferring or copying files.
• With GUI, commands are replaced by graphics.
• Hence it is not necessary to remember the command and its meaning.
• With GUI, user can run several programs simultaneously.
Window
• In window product, different application are shown on screen by icon.
• The screen can split into different partitions.
• Each partition can be of different size.
• We can run different applications in each partition of the screen and watch the
progress of each application in them.
• Each of these partitions is called window.
• Each window is independent of the other.
Control Box Minimize Maximize/Restore
Title bar
Close button
Menu bar
Up scroll button
Vertical scroll bar
Fig. A typical Window
Left scroll button
Left scroll button
Horizontal scroll bar Right scroll button
• Title bar: This horizontal line, on top is the
name of the program.
• Control Box: Without using mouse when we want to
change size of window, then control box can be used.
Control box can be opened by pressing Alt key + space bar.
• Minimize button: This button is used to minimize the size
of program, without closing it. After clicking the button,
the program goes to the bottom line (task bar). After
clicking the program, it can be resized again.
• Maximize / Restore button: The window can be made full
screen by clicking this square button. Now this button
gets converted into restore. It is indicated by double
square. When we click restore, the window gets its
previous size.
• Close button: When we click close button, the window or
that application gets closed.
• Menu bar: This consist of different main menus
which can be used in program. The main menus
consist of different submenus. A menu can be
selected by clicking it.
• Scroll bars: This allow users to scroll horizontally and
vertically.
• Dragging the window: The position of window on screen
can be changed by dragging it. To drag a window, select a
window by clicking mouse. Keep left button of mouse
pressed and move the mouse pointer to new position on
screen. Now release the mouse button. You will find,
window is shifted to new position.
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https://www.youtube.com/c/ComputerScienceAcademy7
• Resizing window: Making change in size of window is
called resizing window. The window can be resized as
follows:
I. Move mouse pointer to right side border of window.
II. Observe that the shape of mouse pointer gets
changed to left - right arrow.
III. Now press the left button of mouse and move the
mouse arrow to right side to a new position.
Release mouse button.
IV. Observe that width of window is increased.
