The image illustrates the steps involved in the recycling of plastic bottles.

Overall, the recycling process takes about 9 steps, [general steps] which initiate when
plastic bottles are discarded and end with the manufacture of plastic items. Being a
versatile material, plastic waste can be made into several useful products. [extra
information]

Initiate=begin with= start with=commence with.

The process commences with harvesting the crops. Once people pick up
tomatoes, they should be transported to a factory to be sorted out.
For the recycling cycle to begin, individuals should dispose of their plastic items
responsibly by placing them in designated trash bins. Once disposed, these items can
be collected by garbage trucks and transported to a recycling center for sorting. Upon
=after=once arriving at the recycling facility, plastic bottles are sorted [ to be + V3]
manually in terms of their recyclability. Bottles that pass this selection stage are,
subsequently, compressed into blocks before they are cleared for the next stage.
[natural flow]

At the following stage, the compressed blocks should be crushed with the help of a
crusher placed over a water basin, which is used for washing the crushed plastic pieces.
Having been washed thoroughly, these pieces have to be put inside another crusher,
which grinds them into tiny plastic pellets.

After picking up tomatoes, trucks transport them to a facility.

Having V3[ed]= having picked up tomatoes, trucks transport them to a facility.

These pellets become a source production material after they are heated, and this raw
material can, in turn, be utilized in the making of new bottles, plastic containers,
synthetic fiber T-shirts, and many other practical commodities=products.

Sample 2
The image outlines the process whereby=in which a type of biofuel named ethanol is
produced. Generally speaking, the process is cyclical and is divided into two
groups of stages: production and consumption. There are a total of approximately
seven different stages in a single cycle of obtaining and using ethanol, requiring
human as well as natural interference, scientific knowledge and specialized equipment.

Human intervention=manually

The production of this biofuel consists of around five stages. It starts with plants and
trees growing with the influence of a natural process called photosynthesis. These are
then harvested using=with the help of] farming machinery, which is followed by the
stage called pre-processing when biomass is converted into cellulose. Subsequently,
this substance is broken down into sugars in the stage called processing that happens
in a laboratory. In the last phase, these sugars are fed to microbes, which then
produce ethanol.

The consumption stage in the cycle is relatively straightforward=easy. The produced

ethanol serves as a source of energy for a wide range of motor vehicles, such as
planes, trucks and automobiles. They burn ethanol and discharge=release carbon
dioxide into the atmosphere. This gas, together with sunlight, serves as an energy
source for plants and trees, repeating the cycle.

Sample 3
The process shows the stages in which=whereby tomato ketchup is manufactured.
Overall, the production process requires=involve=takes about 13 major steps, with
additional two final stages being related to delivery and consumption. It is worth
mentioning that this process is mostly manual, requiring little technology
intervention.

Ketchup making commences with collecting tomatoes into a basket, followed by a

phase during which they are sorted out to remove low-quality ones. After that,
high-quality potatoes are brought to a factory via=by=through=with the help of
trucks, where they are peeled and freed of unnecessary parts such as stalks, seeds
and skin. The remaining part is then gathered inside the container that crushes it
into liquid, whereby extra additives – sugar, vinegar and sold – are added while still
in the container.

The subsequent stage involves boiling through fire, after which the heated liquid
must be=should be=have to be left untouched for 120 minutes. Only after this
step is completed can the liquid be [inversion= C1] poured into a special bottle.
These bottles are labeled afterwards before they are taken under scrutiny=examine
to assess the quality. Having ensured the validity=once, ketchup bottles are placed into
a box, which is expected to be taken to a supermarket by another truck. After
buying it from a store, consumers can enjoy their hamburgers and fries with potato
ketchup.

Only by studying hard can you achieve success. If you go to hospital, you can cure
your illness.

Only by going hospital can you cure your illness.

Sample 4
The process by which =whereby=in which ceramic pots are made can be outlined
in a series of consecutive steps. Overall, there are four major stages to the
process, starting with digging and delivering sand to a factory, followed by the
industrial process in the factory, as well as coloring stages before the pots become ready
for use or sales. Also, this process is a highly machine-driven one, requiring much
time and equipment for its completion.

The first two stages are somewhat simple: sand is excavated from the ground,
which then needs to be delivered to a factory via trucks. Once=upon brought to the
factory, the clay has to be crushed before it is mixed with water in the following
stage. The mud should be moulded, forming a new shape and staying dried from 4
up to 6 hours.

From that point forward, the dried mud obtains the appearance of a halfready pot,
assembled to a clay oven, where the temperature reaches 1000 C to heat the pots.
Having been heated, the pots are covered with colors, in which case the main color is
green=blue. To ensure the permanence of colors, pots are stacked in a color-
firing device, after which those products are available to use or sell.
 Sample 5

The image depicts how ceramic pots are made.

Overall, the production of ceramic pots is a complex process involving both human and
machine input; the process starts with digging clay from the ground and culminates with
firing colored ceramic pots.
The first step is to excavate clay from the ground and load it onto a truck, which delivers
the raw material to a factory. Upon arrival, clay is crushed thoroughly in two stages.
While at the first stage clay is broken down into smaller pieces, it is finely ground to
powder at the second. Powdered clay is then mixed with water before it is poured into
molds before it is dried for 4-6 hours in a separate section.

Once dried, pots are assembled and transferred to an oven for initial firing, where they
are heated at 1,000 degrees Celsius. After the initial firing, pots are colored manually.
Finally, colored ceramic pots go through a second round of firing before they are ready.

Sample 6
The picture illustrates the process by which instant noodles are manufactured. There are
eight distinct stages in producing instant noodles, which can further be grouped into
preparation, cooking and packaging sets. It is also evident that a number of different raw
materials as well as a range of specialized pieces of equipment are involved in this linear
process.

The preparation stage starts with special flour delivery trucks bringing flour to fill large
storage silos. This flour is then sent to the mixing stage, where along with water and oil,
it is used to make dough.

Once the dough is ready, dough sheets are prepared and expanded with the use of
special rollers. These sheets of dough, in the next stage, are cut to make dough strips of
standard sizes. Following this, the dough strips are shaped to form a disc. We can see
that, subsequently, these discs are submerged into a special pot containing oil to cook
them, before drying stage takes place.

In the final stage set, cups are prepared and aligned on the conveyor belt to be filled
with cooked and dried noodle discs and additional ingredients, such as vegetables and
spices. Lastly, a labelling and sealing machine is deployed to culminate the noodle
production process.

Sample 7

The picture illustrates how olive oil is produced.

We can see that there are seven distinct stages involved in this linear process, starting
with picking olives and ending with storing and selling. It is also clear that a range of
specialized pieces of equipment is required in the procedure, while there is only one raw
material-olive.

At the first stage in the process, olive fruit is handpicked and put into baskets. These
olives are then rinsed with cold water, before being sent to the next stage which is
smashing. In this stage, stones are separated from the olive fruit, making olive paste.

The olive paste, which is the main raw material for olive oil, is put into perforated bags in
the following step, before they are transported to the subsequent stage that is pressing.
Having been pressed, the substance goes through separation. It is accomplished with the
use of a special machinery that extracts water from the content of olive paste, producing
olive oil. Finally, the ready-to-consume product, olive oil, is delivered to warehouses and
stores to be stocked and sold.

Sample 8
The picture illustrates how ceramic pots are manufactured. In general, there are about
10 distinct stages in this linear process, starting with digging raw materials and finishing
with obtaining ready pots. The process also makes use of a range of heavy machinery
and pieces of equipment, but the main raw material is clay.

First of all, excavators dig clay and load them onto heavy-duty trucks. These trucks then
transport large amounts of clay to the factory where the majority of production steps
take place. Once delivered, the clay is ground by two sets of crushers so that large
pieces of clay are smashed and further fined. Next, water is added to the crushed mass,
thereafter which the liquid mixture is poured into a special mold through a pipe that
connects the mold and the mixing container. After the mold has been filled, it is dried for
4-6 hours to ensure that pots are shaped properly. Following this, the mold is separated
into two to remove assembled pots and put them into an electrical oven that heats the
pots with 1000 degrees centigrade to harden them. The pots are then removed and are
submerged into a bucket with color (blue is shown). Having been painted, these pots are
further put into another oven to dry their color by a process called “color firing”.
Ultimately, the pots are taken out, and can be used for intended purposes.

------------------------------------------------

Process=task 1
1.Natural cycle [beetle, frog, carbon dioxide]
2. production=manufacturing [ coffee, chocolate,
electricity, energy]
Describe the process shown in the picture.
-passive voice=to be + V 3 [ ripened berries are picked
up by machines/ first, ripened berries should be picked
up by machines]
- first, this is followed by...., in the third stage,
steps=phases=stages
Overall
-general steps [starting point/ending point]
-manually or by machines
-extra information depend on context
Intro structure

The process by which.....................is/are manufactured/produced/made can be

outlined in a series of consecutive steps.
The process by which orange juice is produced can be outlined in a series of consecutive
steps. Generally speaking, the process takes about= involve= require two major stages
during which fresh juice after three phases can be available to sell or undergo extra
industrial processes. It is a highly machine-driven process, requiring little human
intervention.

The production of orange juice commences with the delivery of fresh oranges to a
factory via trucks, which is followed by washing stage where these fruits are
washed to be ready for the next step. These cleared fruits are then brought to
a squeezing machine by which fresh juice is extracted, leaving solid waste as a
source of food for cattle. This juice should be either packaged in order to be
sold or witness another industrial process.
If not packaged, fresh juice has to be transported to a factory again with the
help of refrigerator trucks, where water is evaporated and concentrate juice is
made to be placed into cans. Upon canning, it needs to be delivered to a
warehouse, after which it is mixed with water in a factory. Only after this step
is completed can it be available for commercial purposes once being packaged.
[ 200]