QUESTION ONE (THIRTY MARKS)
(a) Client-server modular architecture:
This is intended to improve usability, flexibility, and interoperability. The functionality of each
server within an architecture is easily expandable to improve scalability. Explain client-server
architecture. In flexible design, each server handles only specific tasks (application independent
service), always locks you into a proprietary vendor. Failure to upgrade the spectrum of
technologies within the architecture may lead to incompatibility.
(b) Explain the working of the three tier architecture with an illustrative example.
A three tier architecture typically consists of a presentation tier (client), an application tier
(server), and a data tier (database). The client interacts with the application tier, which in turn
interacts with the data tier to retrieve and store information. A common example is an
ecommerce website. The client (web browser) interacts with the application server (web server),
which processes the request and interacts with the database server (database) to retrieve product
information. The application server then sends the information back to the client for display.
(c) How to improve usability, flexibility, and scalability within an architecture.
Usability can be improved through intuitive interfaces and clear instructions. Flexibility can be
achieved through modular design, allowing for easy addition or removal of components.
Scalability can be enhanced by using distributed systems and load balancing techniques.
(d) Discuss the emerging technologies of client-server computing.
Emerging technologies in client-server computing include cloud computing, microservices,
server less computing, and edge computing. Cloud computing allows for scalable and cost-
effective resource allocation. Microservices enable the development of modular and
independently deployable applications. Server less computing eliminates the need to manage
servers, while edge computing brings computation closer to the data source for improved
performance and reduced latency.
QUESTION TWO (TWENTY MARKS)
(a) What are the two design models for the Client-server model?
The two main design models for the client-server model are:
Two-tier architecture: A simple client-server model where the client directly interacts with the
server. This is suitable for smaller applications.
Three tier architecture: A more complex model that introduces a middle tier (application server)
between the client and the database server. This improves scalability and security.
(b) Outline the Driving forces that shaped the client-server model.
The driving forces that shaped the client-server model include:
Need for distributed processing: The ability to distribute processing tasks across multiple
machines.
Increased computing power: The availability of more powerful client machines.
Advancements in networking technology: Improved network infrastructure enabling efficient
communication between clients and servers.
Demand for data sharing: The need to share data and resources among multiple users.
(c) Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of client-server architecture.
Advantages:
Scalability: Easy to add more clients or servers as needed.
Centralized data management: Data is stored centrally, making it easier to manage and secure.
Improved security: Security measures can be implemented centrally on the server.
Resource sharing: Resources like printers and databases can be shared among multiple clients.
Disadvantages:
Single point of failure: If the server fails, the entire system can be affected.
Network dependency: The system relies on a network connection, which can be unreliable.
Cost: Setting up and maintaining a client-server system can be expensive.
Complexity: Client-server systems can be complex to design and implement.
(d) Discuss the difference between the following terms as used in client-server computing:
Fat clients and thin servers: Fat clients handle most of the processing, while thin servers
primarily provide data storage and retrieval.
Downsizing and rightsizing: Downsizing involves reducing the size and complexity of a system,
while rightsizing involves optimizing the system to meet current needs.
Three tier and two-tier architecture: Two-tier has direct client-server communication, while
three tier adds a middle application server.
(e) Outline any three operating system dominating the web nowadays.
Three operating systems dominating the web nowadays are:
Linux
Windows Server
macros Server
I hope this helps! Let me know if you have any other questions.
