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3OS Architecture

The document discusses the structure and views of operating systems, including the application, system, and implementation perspectives. It outlines different approaches to OS design, such as monolithic, layered, and microkernel architectures, highlighting their advantages and disadvantages. Additionally, it explains the concept of virtual machines and their utility in running multiple operating systems on a single physical machine.

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12 views20 pages

3OS Architecture

The document discusses the structure and views of operating systems, including the application, system, and implementation perspectives. It outlines different approaches to OS design, such as monolithic, layered, and microkernel architectures, highlighting their advantages and disadvantages. Additionally, it explains the concept of virtual machines and their utility in running multiple operating systems on a single physical machine.

Uploaded by

aaditkrishnaa18
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Operating System Structure

Views of OS
Three views of an operating system
• Application View: what services does it provide?
• System View: what problems does it solve?
• Implementation View: how is it built
Application View of an Operating System
The OS provides an execution environment for running programs.
The execution environment
• provides a program with the processor time and memory space that it needs
to run.
• provides interfaces through which a program can use networks, storage, I/O
devices, and other system hardware components.
• Interfaces provide a simplified, abstract view of hardware to application programs.
• isolates running programs from one another and prevents undesirable
interactions among them.
System View
The OS manages the hardware resources of a computer system.
Resources include processors, memory, disks and other storage
devices, network interfaces, I/O devices such as keyboard, mouse and
monitor, and so on.
The operating system allocates resources among running programs.
It controls the sharing of resources among programs.
The OS itself also uses resources, which it must share with application
programs.
Implementation View
• The OS is a concurrent, real-time program.
• Concurrency arises naturally in an OS when it supports concurrent
applications, and because it must interact directly with the hardware.
• Hardware interactions also impose timing constraints
OS Implementation
How An Operating System Is Put Together

A SIMPLE STRUCTURE:

Example of MS-DOS.

Application Programming

Resident System Programming

MS-DOS Drivers

ROM - BIOS Device Drivers


Simple Structure
• Operating systems such as MS-DOS and the original UNIX did
not have well-defined structures.
• There was no CPU Execution Mode (user and kernel), and so
errors in applications could cause the whole system to crash.
Monolithic Approach
•Functionality of the OS is invoked with
simple function calls within the kernel,
which is one large program.
•Device drivers are loaded into the
running kernel and become part of the
kernel.
e.g. OS/360, VMS and Linux.
Advantage:
Direct interaction between components
makes monolithic OS highly efficient.
Disadvantages:
It is difficult to isolate the source of
bugs and other errors because
monolithic kernels group components
together and also all code executes with
unrestricted access to the system.
Layered Approach
• The layered approach to OS attempts to address the issue of OS
becoming larger and more complex by grouping components that perform
similar functions into layers.
• This approach breaks up the operating system into different layers.
• Each layer communicates exclusively with those immediately above and
below it. Lower level layers provide services to higher level ones using an
interface that hides their implementation.
• Layered OS are more modular than monolithic OS because the implementation of each
layer can be modified without requiring any modification to other layers. A modular system
has self contained components that can be reused throughout the system.
• Each component hides how it performs its job and presents a standard interface that
other components can use to request its services.
• With the layered approach, the bottom layer is the hardware, while the highest layer is the
user interface.

•The main advantage is simplicity of construction and debugging.


•The main difficulty is defining the various layers.
•The main disadvantage is that the OS tends to be less efficient than other implementations.
Hierarchical OS Model

Level Name Objects Typical operations

5 Command Language interpreter Environmental data Statements in Command


language
4 File system Files, devices Create, destroy, open,
close, read and write
3 Memory management Segments, pages read, write, fetch

2 Basic I/O Data blocks read, write, allocate, free

1 Kernel Process, semaphore create, destroy, suspend,


resume, signal, wait
Example - Windows 2000

System Services

Windows Security
VM Process
MGR Reference
Manager Manager
& GDI Monitor
IO
Graphics Manager
Device Windows 2000 Kernel
Drivers

Hardware Abstraction Layer (HAL)


Unix
Microkernels
This structures the operating system by removing all
nonessential portions of the kernel and implementing
them as system and user level programs.
•Generally they provide minimal process and memory
management, and a communications facility.
•Communication between components of the OS is
provided by message passing.
The benefits of the microkernel are as follows:
•Extending the operating system becomes much easier.
•Any changes to the kernel tend to be fewer, since the
kernel is smaller.
•The microkernel also provides more security and
reliability.
Main disadvantage is poor performance due to increased
system overhead from message passing.
Virtual Machine

In a Virtual Machine - each process "seems" to execute on its own processor with its own
memory, devices, etc.

 The resources of the physical machine are shared. Virtual devices are sliced out of the
physical ones. Virtual disks are subsets of physical ones.
 Useful for running different OS simultaneously on the same machine.
 Protection is excellent, but no sharing possible.
 Virtual privileged instructions are trapped.

Virtual User
Physical User
Virtual Machine

Monitor Mode Physical Machine


Example of MS-DOS on top of Windows XP.

DOS APPLICATION
Physical User
BIOS DRIVERS

Windows XP Physical Machine


Virtual Machine
Example of Java Virtual Machine
• The Java Virtual Machine allows Java code to be portable between
various hardware and OS platforms.

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