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SOCIAL CHALLENGES
Notes and Solved Textbook Questions
INDEX
Page
Sr. No. Contents
Number
1. Revision Notes 2-5
2. Textbook Exercise Questions Solved 6-9
1
Revision Notes
• Child labour
o Aged below 14 years and work in order to earn money.
• Causes
o Domestic conflicts
o Divorce
o Domestic violence
o Pledging
o Excessive control
o Poverty
o Greed of industrialists
o Illiteracy
o Kidnapping
• Ill-effects
o Ill-health
o Lack of nutritious food
o No medical facilities
o Forced employment
o Economic and Social exploitation
• Remedies
o Rehabilitation Welfare Fund Of Child Labourers’ (Central
Government) - Stop exploitation, Fulfill Needs –
Educational, Medical, Fundamental
o ‘Child Labour Prohibition And Control Act (1986)’- Punished
industrialists, ₹.20,000/- per child Labourers to the welfare
fund.
• Constitutional Provisions
o Article 24 - Child labour cognizable offence
o Directive policies of the state - Government’s responsibility
o The National Child Labour Project (1988) - Departments of
education, labour, women and child welfare together (VIPR)
2
o Bal Mandirs -Education at Taluk and District
o Free food, shelter, etc.
o ‘Sarvashikshana Abhiyan’ project- From ‘Drudgery to School’
o The Right to Education Act of 2009
o 25% reserved seats in private schools
o ‘Child Labour Rehabilitation Welfare Fund’ – Supreme
Court
o ‘National Policy’ (1987) - Welfare of child labourers
o ‘Child Labour Eradication and Rehabilitation Act’(2006)
• POCSO
o Protection of Children from Sexual Offense Act
o Aim - Curbing the increasing number of sexual assaults on
children in schools, families and public places
o June 19-2012 - Government of India
• Sexual Assault
o Child (male and female) below 18 years of age sexually
exploited, tortured, abused, molested, assaulted or made
unprotected touching in any manner
• Child marriage
o The marriage between a boy of below 21 years and a girl
below 18 years
• Reasons for Child Marriage
o Gender discrimination
o Lack of education
o Lack of proper implementation of law
• Effects of Child Marriage
o Stunted development of the child
o Sexual assaults
o Violation of child rights
o Malnutrition, anemia, diseases, abortions, infanticide,
maternal mortality increases.
3
o Widow at a young age
• How to Prevent Child Marriage?
o Government of Karnataka - 47 Child Marriage Prevention
Officers of different levels
o Toll free number 1098 - Complaint without disclosing your
name
o Inform - Child Marriage prevention Officers, Headmaster of
neighbouring government school, Health Inspectors, nearby
Police Station, all the district and taluk level officials.
• Solutions for Child Marriage:
o Education development programme: Prevent dropouts
before 18 years of age.
o Birth registration
o Girl’s education
o Report, question and oppose
• Child Marriage Prohibition Act
o Child rights convention of the UN in 1992
o Two years and a fine of rupees one lakh. Whoever took part
in the marriage all are liable for punishment.
• Harassments on women both inside and outside the house.
o Rape
o Violence
o Suppression
o Dowry
o Physical and mental harassment
o Forced abortions
o Use of vulgar language
• Dowry
o Any kind of property, jewellery or gift given to the
bridegroom at the time of marriage, either before or after
the marriage
4
• Ill-effects of Dowry
o Diminishes women’s self-respect, dignity & stature
o Domestic conflicts
o Creates animosity between men & women
o Immorality and violence increases
o Family relationships suffer
o Families of brides get oppressed under financial constraints
o Deception in the name of marriage
o To escape, people are resorting to child marriage
o Female foeticide and female infanticide are increasing
o The number of divorces is also rising
• Prohibition of Dowry Act 1961
o Marrying under the dowry condition is prohibited.
o Rs.5000/- Penalty or 6 months jail. Sometimes both
o Amended in 1986 and made stricter. 5 years Prison and
15,000/- penalty.
• Female Foeticide
o When the foetus is that of a girl and the parents do not
want a girl baby to be born, they kill it in the womb.
o Prohibition of Pre-natal Gender Determination Test Act’ was
enacted in 1994.
• Female Infanticide
o The inhuman practice of killing the female baby after it is
born
5
Textbook Exercises – Solved
I. Fill in the blanks with suitable words:
1. Article 24 of the Constitution prohibits employing children for
work.
2. The ‘Prohibition of Child Labour Act’ came into practice in the
year 1986.
3. The National Policy was framed in 1987.
4. The Prohibition of Dowry Act first came into effect in 1961.
5. Protection of Children from Sexual Offenses (POCSO) Act came
into force in 2012.
II. Answer the following in one sentence each:
6. Mention any two social challenges plaguing India.
Ans:
Two social challenges plaguing India are Child labour and dowry
harassment.
7. What is child labour?
Ans:
Employment of children below 14 years of age in various industries or
jobs is considered child labour.
8. What is the meaning of female foeticide?
Ans:
Killing a female foetus in the womb after determining its gender is
called female foeticide.
9. What is female infanticide?
Ans:
Killing a female baby after it is born is known as female infanticide.
6
10. What is child marriage?
Ans:
Marriage involving a boy below 21 years or a girl below 18 years is
termed child marriage.
III. Discuss the following in groups and answer:
11. Mention the causes for the problem of child labour.
Ans:
The causes for the problem of child labour are as follows:
o Domestic conflicts
o Divorce
o Domestic violence
o Pledging
o Excessive control
o Poverty
o Greed of industrialists
o Illiteracy
o Kidnapping
12. What are the consequences of child labour?
Ans: The consequences of child labour are:
o Ill-health
o Lack of nutritious food
o No medical facilities
o Forced employment
o Economic and Social exploitation
7
13. Explain the measures for eradicating the problem of child
labour.
Ans: Measures for eradicating the problem of child labour are as
follows:
• Remedies
o Rehabilitation Welfare Fund Of Child Labourers’ (Central
Government) - Stop exploitation, Fulfill Needs –
Educational, Medical, Fundamental
o ‘Child Labour Prohibition And Control Act (1986)’- Punished
industrialists, ₹.20,000/- per child Labourers to the welfare
fund.
• Constitutional Provisions
o Article 24 - Child labour cognizable offence
o Directive policies of the state - Government’s responsibility
o The National Child Labour Project (1988) - Departments of
education, labour, women and child welfare together (VIPR)
o Bal Mandirs -Education at Taluk and District
o Free food, shelter, etc.
o ‘Sarvashikshana Abhiyan’ project- From ‘Drudgery to School’
o The Right to Education Act of 2009
o 25% reserved seats in private schools
o ‘Child Labour Rehabilitation Welfare Fund’ – Supreme
Court
o ‘National Policy’ (1987) - Welfare of child labourers
o ‘Child Labour Eradication and Rehabilitation Act’(2006)
14. What are the evil effects of the dowry system?
Ans: The evil effects of the dowry system are as follows:
o Diminishes women’s self-respect, dignity & stature
o Domestic conflicts
o Creates animosity between men & women
8
o Immorality and violence increases
o Family relationships suffer
o Families of brides get oppressed under financial constraints
o Deception in the name of marriage
o To escape, people are resorting to child marriage
o Female foeticide and female infanticide are increasing
o The number of divorces is also rising
15. What are the solutions to the problem of dowry?
Ans:
• Marrying under the dowry condition is prohibited.
• Rs.5000/- Penalty or 6 months jail. Sometimes both.
• Amended in 1986 and made stricter. 5 years Prison and
15,000/- penalty.
• Encouragement of inter-caste marriages and strict legal
actions.
16. What are the effects of child marriage?
Ans:
The effects of child marriage:
• Stunted development of the child
• Sexual assaults
• Violation of child rights
• Malnutrition, anemia, diseases, abortions, infanticide, maternal
mortality increases.
• Widow at a young age
