Understanding Data and Ways to ➢ students), naming school and its

Systematically Collect Data location, unless with

Chapter III ➢ confidentiality conditions. Otherwise,
METHODOLOGY only location, type, and
● Research Design ➢ size of school are stated;
● The Sample ➢
● The Instruments ➢ number of classes, class size, and
● Intervention number of teachers are
● Data Collection Procedure ➢ indicated;
Research Design ➢
- Research designs are the specific ➢ how students and teachers are
procedures involved in the selected (sampling procedure) is
research process: sampling, data collection, ➢ described.
and data analysis. ➢
➢ After data collection, put actual
sample: sample size,
➢ distribution of subjects by sex and
average age.
➢
➢ If applicable, describe relevant
characteristics of teachers like
➢ sex, teaching experience,
educational attainment, and related
➢ training.
Population and Sample

The Sample
- The first step leading to the process of
collecting
quantitative data is to identify the people
and places you
plan to study.
- This involves determining which group of
people will
you study, who, specifically, these people
are, and how
many of them you will need to involve.
- Identifying the representative group that
will take part in
the study is an important aspect of the
research that you
need to specify.
➢ description of the subjects, number,
and grade level (for
Sampling Techniques
Probability Sampling Techniques

Sampling Techniques
Non-probability Sampling Techniques

Sampling Techniques
Non-probability Sampling Techniques

The Instrument
- This refers to the questionnaire or data
gathering tool to be constructed, validated Types of Validity
and administered. Content Validity
- If the instrument is prepared by the - the extent to which the content or
researcher, it should be tested for validity topic of the test is truly representative
and reliability. However, of the content of the course.
if the instrument is standardized, the student Construct Validity
should indicate its description as to its - the extent to which the test measures
items, scoring and a theoretical construct or trait
Qualification. Criterion Validity
- The researcher must explain its parts, and - the degree to which the test agrees or
how the instrument will be validated. The correlates with a criterion set up as an
instrument to be used should be appended acceptable measure
(except for standardized). Predictive Validity
CRITERIA for CHOOSING a GOOD - how well predictions made from the
INSTRUMENT test are confirmed by evidence
gathered at some subsequent time
● Is it recent? Establishing Validity
● Is it widely cited? Are reviews Content validation refers to the process of
available? establishing validity of an instrument (Frank-
● Is it reliable? Stromberg, 2004).
● Is it valid?
● Does the procedure for recording Lawshe’s model can serve this purpose.
data fit the research This involves a panel of subject matter
● questions in your study? experts rating items as “essential”, “useful,
● Does the instrument contain but not essential”, or “not necessary.”
accepted scales of
● measurement? Items deemed “essential” by a critical
Validity and Reliability number of panel members are then included
Reliability within the final instrument, with items failing
- scores from an to achieve this critical level discarded (Ayre,
instrument are stable 2014).
and consistent (nearly Measuring Reliability
the same when
researchers administer
the instrument multiple
times at different
times)
Validity
- the development of
sound evidence to
demonstrate that the
test interpretation
matches its proposed The Instrument
use.
 ● Enumerate instruments to be used.
Indicate if researcher-made, adopted Data Analysis Procedure
or modified (give author, year, & This section indicates how the data
reliability coefficient). will be analyzed and
● Quickly describe pilot-testing of reported; it should specify the
instruments. qualitative and/or
● Indicate how researcher-made quantitative methods that will be
instruments will be content- used in analyzing the
validated. data gathered for the research.
● Indicate computing reliability
coefficient, commonly Cronbach In writing this section,
alpha, for rating scale and tests.
● Add structure/parts and number of ● Describe analysis to be done for
items of each instrument. each research question, following
● Add Table of Specifications for sequence in Statement of Problem.
researcher-made tests. ● State if tests of hypotheses will be
● Add details of content validation: done and for what purpose.
who the experts are without naming ● Indicate that tests of hypotheses will
them. be done at . 05 level of significance.
● Add details of pilot-testing (when ● Level of significance or p value = no.
and who), and describe group of cases out of 100 cases that
(similar to group to which results are due to chance alone.
instruments will be eventually ● Add scoring system for instruments.
administered). ● Avoid giving formulas or standard
procedures for statistical tools
(reader is expected to know these or
The Intervention look them up in statistics
● Clearly and completely describe how references).
the
● intervention will be implemented,
such that the reader can replicate
the intervention.
● Describe what happens in
comparison group.
Data Collection Procedure
● Quickly describe whose permission
will be sought and arrangements to
make to administer instruments.
● Describe when instruments will be
administered and who will administer
them.
● Add details on arrangements and Data Analysis Procedure
administration ofinstruments, if
needed.
Example:
EFFECTS OF BULLYING INCIDENCE experience, second is on the type of
TOWARDS GRADE 11 bullying experience, and the third
STUDENTS’ ATTENDANCE is the number of absences. The
questionnaire will be pilot tested to
THE SAMPLE five students who are not part of the
research. The questionnaire is
Alangalang National High School, subjected to content validity of experts.
Alangalang, Leyte Region 8 is
purposively selected due to its big size. One
section with a class of
forty (40) Grade 11 students is randomly
selected. The study will be
accomplished for the School Year 2017-
2018.

THE INSTRUMENTS

There will be one (1) self-made

questionnaire for the study with
three (3) questions. The first questions is
based on bullying
DATA COLLECTION PROCEDURE
The researchers will seek written
permission from the principal of
Alangalang Senior High School for the
conduct of the study. An
inform consent will also be provided to the
students. The parents will
also be asked through a written permission.

The respondents will be oriented on the

research objectives and
outcomes. The researchers will administer
the following the self-made
questionnaire.

DATA ANALYSIS

All the data will be compiled and treated

based on parametric and
non-parametric measures. The data on the
frequency of bullying
incidence and attendance will be treated to
simple percentage and will
be presented through a bar graph. The test
of difference on two groups
will be based on one-paired T-test for
independent sample.