THIRD DIVISION

[G.R. No. 134756. February 13, 2001.]

PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINES, appellee, vs. DOMINGO PEREZ

y DE LEON, appellant.

Solicitor General for plaintiff-appellee.

Ilaw Bernal CPA for accused-appellant.

SYNOPSIS

While the victim, Felicidad, was taking a snack in front of the store of one
"Baby," appellant Domingo, her live-in partner for about ten years, suddenly
emerged in front of her, shot her twice with a .38 caliber firearm, and when she
tried to escape, she tripped on the root of a tree, causing her to fall face down,
followed by appellant, who raised her head by the hair and pumped another
bullet on her nape, after which appellant escaped.

Convicted of murder, appellant questions: the sufficiency of the

prosecution evidence and the existence of treachery as a qualifying
circumstance.

The Supreme Court upheld his conviction on appeal, ruling: that treachery
may still be appreciated even if the attack was frontal if the attack was so
unexpected that the deceased had no time to prepare for self-defense; and that
the alleged inconsistencies pointed out by appellant pertain to minor
inconsistencies which strengthened, rather than impaired, the credibility of
prosecution witnesses.

SYLLABUS

l. REMEDIAL LAW; EVIDENCE ; CREDIBILITY OF WITNESSES; TRIAL

COURT'S ASSESSMENT THEREOF IS GENERALLY UPHELD ON APPEAL; CASE AT
BAR. — Well-settled is the rule that this Court will not interfere with the trial
court's evaluation of the credibility of witnesses, unless there appears in the
record some fact or circumstance of weight and influence that has been
overlooked or the significance of which has been misapprehended or
misinterpreted. The reason for this is that the trial court, having heard the
witnesses and observed their deportment and manner of testifying during the
trial, is in a better position to decide the question. In the case before us, we find
no cogent reason to disturb the trial court's assessment.
2. ID; ID; ID; MEDICAL FINDINGS CORROBORATE THE STORY OF
PROSECUTION WITNESSES IN CASE AT BAR. — Appellant argues that the
testimonies of the prosecution witnesses, who stated that the victim had been
shot three times, do not jibe with the Medicolegal Report, which supposedly
CD Technologies Asia, Inc. © 2021 cdasiaonline.com
 showed that the victim had sustained four gunshot wounds. This argument
reveals the failure of the defense counsel to comprehend fully the Report and
the testimony of the physician, Dr. Benito B. Caballero, who asserted that the
victim had indeed been shot three times only. The four dots appearing in the
medicolegal Report, which the defense counsel interpreted as four wounds,
were explained by Dr. Caballero as corresponding to three gunshot entrance
wounds and one gunshot exit wound. Clearly, the exit wound does not mean
that a fourth shot was fired; it merely indicates that one of the three bullets
went out of the victim's body, creating the fourth wound. Hence, contrary to
appellant's claim, the Medicolegal Report corroborates and gives further
credence to the story of the prosecution witnesses.
3. ID; ID; ID; MINOR INCONSISTENCIES STRENGTHEN, RATHER THAN
IMPAIR, CREDIBILITY OF WITNESSES; CASE AT BAR. — Insignificant are the
alleged inconsistencies in the testimonies of the prosecution witnesses
regarding the utterances of the accused immediately before the attack. Richard
Virginiza and Gilbert Toria both testified that appellant swore immediately
before shooting the victim, but they disagreed on whether those swear words
were "Walang hiya ka, Bebot" or "Putang ina mo, Bebot." They agreed,
however, on the manner of the attack and on the identity of the attacker.
Indeed, the alleged inconsistency cited by appellant pertains to a very minor
detail, and it strengthened, rather than impaired, the credibility of the two
witnesses.
4. CRIMINAL LAW; QUALIFYING CIRCUMSTANCE; TREACHERY; PRESENT
WHEN ATTACK, EVEN IF FRONTAL, WAS SO SUDDEN AND UNEXPECTED; CASE
AT BAR. — That the attack was frontal does not necessarily rule out the
existence of treachery. There is treachery if the attack was so sudden and
unexpected that the deceased had no time to prepare for self-defense. In the
present case, the victim was unarmed, seated and taking merienda in front of a
variety store when the accused, about two meters away, shot her. Clearly, the
victim had no opportunity to defend herself. The attack was so sudden and
unexpected that all the victim could do was to stand up, raise her hands and
say " Huwag . . . As can be seen from the witness' narration, the victim had no
opportunity to escape, as her every movement was punctuated by a gunshot.
Indeed, appellant deliberately sought the manner of attack. He went to the
victim's barangay armed with a .38-caliber pistol, approached the victim from
behind, and shot her at close range.

DECISION

PANGANIBAN, J : p

A frontal attack does not necessarily rule out treachery. The qualifying
circumstance may still be appreciated if the attack was so sudden and so
unexpected that the deceased had no time to prepare for his or her defense.
The Case
CD Technologies Asia, Inc. © 2021 cdasiaonline.com
 Domingo Perez y de Leon appeals the March 4, 1998 Decision 1 of the
Regional Trial Court (RTC) of Malolos, Bulacan (Branch 21), in Criminal Case No.
519-M-91, finding him guilty of murder and sentencing him to reclusion
perpetua.
In an Information dated March 14, 1991, Assistant Provincial Prosecutor
Victoria Fernandez Bernardo charged appellant with murder, allegedly
committed as follows: 2
"That on or about the 28th day of January, 1991, in the
[M]unicipality of San Rafael, [P]rovince of Bulacan, Philippines, and
within the jurisdiction of this Honorable Court, the said accused
Domingo Perez, armed with a handgun and with intent to kill one
Felecidad 3 Virginiza, did then and there willfully, unlawfully and
feloniously, with evident premeditation, abuse of superior strength and
treachery, attack, assault and shoot with the said handgun he was then
provided the said Felecidad Virginiza, hitting the latter on the different
parts of her body, thereby causing her serious physical injuries which
directly cause[d] her instantaneous death.

"Contrary to law."

When arraigned on September 23, 1994, appellant, with the assistance of

Counsel Ronolfo Pasamba, 4 pleaded not guilty. After trial, the RTC rendered its
Decision, the dispositive portion of which reads:
"WHEREFORE, all premises considered, this Court finds and so
resolves that the prosecution has established the criminal liability of
the accused beyond reasonable doubt. Accordingly, Domingo Perez Y
de Leon is hereby found GUILTY of the crime of murder. Absent any
circumstances that would mitigate or aggravate the penalty, and in
line with the decision in the case of People vs. Villanueva. et al. GR.
Nos. 97144-45, July 10, 1992, he is hereby sentenced to suffer the
penalty of reclusion perpetua provided under Article 248 of [the]
Revised Penal Code. It follows that the benefits of the Indeterminate
Sentence Law cannot be applied to the accused herein.
"On the civil aspect, the accused is hereby condemned to
indemnify the Heirs of Felicidad Virginiza in the sum of P50,000.00.
Without positive proof except the receipt from the funeral home, of
expenses incidental to her death, he is hereby ordered to pay the said
offended parties the sum of P30,000.00 in actual/compensatory
damages and the further sum of P100,000.00 in moral damages.
"With costs against the accused."

The Facts
Version of the Prosecution
The Office of the Solicitor General summarizes the prosecution's version
of the facts as follows:
"Appellant is the live-in partner of the victim Felicidad Virginiza,
with whom he had two (2) children. After ten (10) years together,
CD Technologies Asia, Inc. © 2021 cdasiaonline.com
 Felicidad, upon the advice of her brothers and sisters, ended the
relationship and left appellant (TSN, December 12, 1994, p. 20,
November 26, 1997, pp. 3, 6, 9-10, 15-16).
"In the late afternoon of January 28, 1991, Felicidad was in
Barangay Capihan, San Rafael, Bulacan, sitting on a bench and taking
a snack in front of the variety store of one 'Baby.' Across her were two
(2) of her nephews, Gilbert Toria and Richard Virginiza, seated on
another bench and likewise taking snacks. Nearby were some persons
playing cards on a table (Ibid., November 4, 1994, pp. 7-8, 10, 16; June
9, 1995, p. 12; December 12, 1994, p. 10).
"Suddenly, appellant came from behind Felicidad, drew a .38
caliber pistol from his waist, and shouted 'Putang ina mo, Bebot." As
Felicidad stood, up, exclaiming 'Huwag' with outstretched arms to
restrain appellant, the latter fired twice at close range, grazing
Felicidad's right forearm. When she turned to her side to escape,
Felicidad tripped on an exposed root of a nearby tree and fell face
down on the ground. Appellant caught up with her, raised her head by
the hair, and shot her on the nape. Appellant warned the onlookers not
to do anything, then hurriedly left the store on board a tricycle (Ibid.,
November 4, 1994, pp. 8-9, 10; December 12, 1994, p. 4-5, 17-18;
February 6, 1995, p. 8-9, 11-12; March 8, 1995, pp. 9-12; June 9, 1995,
pp. 4-8).

"Recovering from their initial shock, Felicidad's brother Adriano

Virginiza, who had just arrived, together with Gilbert and Richard,
carried her body to a place where medico-legal officer, Dr. Benito
Caballero, conducted an autopsy. His findings showed that Felicidad
sustained four (4) gunshot wounds, two on her right forearm, one on
the upper left chest and one at the back of the head (Ibid., February 6,
1995, pp. 10-12; December 12, 1994, p. 18; June 30, 1995, p. 8; RTC
Decision, p. 1). Gilbert and Richard also executed separate sworn
statements about the incident (Ibid., November 4, 1994, pp. 11-12;
June 9, 1995, p. 15).
"The Provincial Prosecutor's Office filed the Information for
murder on March 19, 1991 Pursuant to an arrest warrant issued on
March 25, 1991, appellant was finally apprehended in Occidental
Mindoro sometime in 1994 (RTC Decision, pp. 1-2)." 5

Version of the Defense

Appellant, on the other hand, states his version of the facts in the
following manner:
"The evidence of the prosecution comprised of the testimonies of
witnesses GILBERT TORIA, RICHARD VIRGINIZA, DOMINGO IRABAGON,
ALFREDO VIRGINIZA and Dr. BENITO CABALLERO, which shows that in
the late afternoon of January 28, 1991, victim FELECIDAD VIRGINIZA,
[was] in Capihan, San Rafael, Bulacan, taking a snack in front of the
store of one 'BABY' when suddenly accused DOMINGO PEREZ Y DE
LEON, her live-in partner for about ten (10) years, emerged in front of
her, and shot her twice with [a] .38 caliber firearm, and when she tried
to escape, she tripped on the root of a tree, causing her to fall face
CD Technologies Asia, Inc. © 2021 cdasiaonline.com
 down, followed by the latter, [who] raised her head by the hair and
pumped another bullet on her nape, after which accused escaped on
board a motorized tricycle.

"On the other hand, the defense evidence composed of the

testimonies of witnesses ALFONSO PEREZ, ROMEO RAMOS, ROGELIO
PENEDA, ROMUALDO DELA CRUZ and accused DOMINGO PEREZ,
himself, which established . . . that the accused was not in Capihan,
San Rafael, Bulacan between lunchtime and early evening of January
28, 1991, but was in Bustus Dam celebrating the birthday of his wife,
with his family and friends." 6

Ruling of the Trial Court

The trial court gave credence to the testimonies of the prosecution
witnesses. It found that Prosecution Witnesses Gilbert Toria and Richard
Virginiza had positively identified appellant to be the killer of their aunt. It also
found the existence of the qualifying circumstance of treachery.

Hence this appeal. 7 aEHASI

Assignment of Errors
In his Brief, appellant submits the following issues for the consideration of
the Court:
"1. Whether or not it was the accused who committed the
killing of the victim.
"2. If the accused was indeed the one who committed the
killing of the victim, whether or not the killing was attended with
qualifying circumstances to make it murder." 8

In the main, the Court will resolve two issues: (1) the sufficiency of the
prosecution evidence and (2) the existence of treachery as a qualifying
circumstance.
The Court's Ruling
The appeal has no merit.
First Issue:
Sufficiency of Prosecution Evidence
Appellant posits that the accounts of the prosecution witnesses were
merely fabricated and conflicting. Hence, he maintains that the trial court erred
in giving credence to their testimonies.
We are not persuaded. Well-settled is the rule that this Court will not
interfere with the trial court's evaluation of the credibility of witnesses, unless
there appears in the record some fact or circumstance of weight and influence
that has been overlooked or the significance of which has been
misapprehended or misinterpreted. 9 The reason for this is that the trial court,
having heard the witnesses and observed their deportment and manner of
CD Technologies Asia, Inc. © 2021 cdasiaonline.com
 testifying during the trial, 10 is in a better position to decide the question. In the
case before us, we find no cogent reason to disturb the trial court's assessment.
Appellant argues that the testimonies of the prosecution witnesses, who
stated that the victim had been shot three times, do not jibe with the
Medicolegal Report, which supposedly showed that the victim had sustained
four gunshot wounds. This argument reveals the failure of the defense counsel
to comprehend fully the Report and the testimony of the physician, Dr. Benito
B. Caballero, who asserted that the victim had indeed been shot three times
only. The four dots appearing in the medicolegal Report, which the defense
counsel interpreted as four wounds, were explained by Dr. Caballero as
corresponding to three gunshot entrance wounds and one gunshot exit wound.
Clearly, the exit wound does not mean that a fourth shot was fired; it merely
indicates that one of the three bullets went out of the victim's body, creating
the fourth wound. Hence, contrary to appellant's claim, the Medicolegal Report
corroborates and gives further credence to the story of the prosecution
witnesses.
Insignificant are the alleged inconsistencies in the testimonies of the
prosecution witnesses regarding the utterances of the accused immediately
before the attack. Richard Virginiza and Gilbert Toria both testified that
appellant swore immediately before shooting the victim, but they disagreed on
whether those swear words were "Walang hiya ka, Bebot" or "Putang ina mo,
Bebot." They agreed, however, on the manner of the attack and on the identity
of the attacker. Indeed, the alleged inconsistency cited by appellant pertains to
a very minor detail; and it strengthened, rather than impaired, the credibility of
the two witnesses. 11
In the light of the foregoing, we reject appellant's submission that
"although the defense of alibi may stand searching scrutiny, nevertheless, it
acquires commensurate strength where no positive and proper identification
has been made by the witnesses of the offended [party]." 12 This doctrine is not
applicable. We agree with the trial court that appellant was positively and
properly identified by the prosecution witnesses. With his feeble arguments,
appellant has failed to convince us otherwise. Thus, the trial court was correct
in not giving weight to his alibi.
Second Issue:
Treachery
Appellant contends that there was no treachery because the attack was
frontal, was preceded by an altercation, and afforded the victim a chance to
escape.
Appellant's arguments are not convincing. We agree with the trial court
that no altercation preceded the attack. Explained the trial court: "[T]he
testimony of [Defense Witness] Domingo Irabagon does not easily inspire
belief. Upon cross-examination, it was clarified that in contrast with
[Prosecution Witnesses] Gilbert and Richard who were seated just across Bebot,
he was at the roadside some distance away from where the shooting took
CD Technologies Asia, Inc. © 2021 cdasiaonline.com
 place. And therefore, he cannot be expected to be accurate in his observation."

That the attack was frontal does not necessarily rule out the existence of
treachery. There is treachery if the attack was so sudden and unexpected that
the deceased had no time to prepare for self-defense. 13

In the present case, the victim was unarmed, seated and taking merienda
in front of a variety store when the accused, about two meters away, shot her.
14 Clearly, the victim had no opportunity to defend herself. The attack was so

sudden and unexpected that all the victim could do was to stand up, raise her
hands and say "Huwag."
That the victim tripped on the root of a tree before the third and fatal shot
does not mean that she had an opportunity to escape. She had none, as can be
seen from the following testimony of Richard Virginiza:
Q: "When you saw him about to shoot your Auntie, didn't you say
'Don't do that Tito Inggo'[?]
A: I was not able to utter any word.
Q: Why not?
A: The incident happened too fast.
Q: Did you not [tell] your Auntie Bebot to run away because Tito
Inggo [would] shoot [her]?
A: No, sir.

Q: Why not?
A: She was immediately shot by Tito Inggo.
Q: By the way, how did your Auntie Bebot react to the curse
"Putang-ina mo Bebot" coming from the accused?
A: At that time, she was seated then, but she stood up.
Q: Did she attempt to run?
A: She ha[d] no more time.

ATTY. Balagtas:
Did you say she ha[d] no more time?
A: Because she was shot immediately after she was cursed by the
accused.
Q: Was she able to move away from the place where she was
seated?
A: Only when she stood up." 15

After standing up, she was only able to step backward before she was
shot again. Richard Virginiza stated:
"Q: When Domingo Perez shot Felicidad Bergeniza [sic], was
CD Technologies Asia, Inc. © 2021 cdasiaonline.com
 Felicidad hit?
A: Yes, sir, she was hit on the right hand, and then while moving
backwards, she was shot again then she fell down and then
Domingo Perez shot her at the nape.
Q: Do you know why Felicidad Virginiza fell?
A: Yes, sir.
Q: Why did she fall?

A: She was "natisod" in a caimito tree, sir." 16

As can be seen from the witness' narration, the victim had no opportunity
to escape, as her every movement was punctuated by a gunshot.
Indeed, appellant deliberately sought the manner of attack. He went to
the victim's barangay armed with a .38-caliber pistol, approached the victim
from behind, and shot her at close range.
In sum, treachery was present in this case. To repeat, the victim was
defenseless, had no opportunity to escape and posed no risk to the appellant
when he fired his gun at her. IaEHSD

Civil Liability
The trial court correctly awarded P50,000 as indemnity ex delicto,
pursuant to current jurisprudence. 17 We also sustain the award of P30,000 as
actual damages, for this was supported by evidence. But while we also agree
that the heirs of the victim are entitled to moral damages, we hold that the
amount granted by the trial court should be reduced from P100,000 to P50,000.

WHEREFORE, the appeal is DENIED and the appealed Decision is hereby

AFFIRMED, with the modification that the amount of moral damages is reduced
to P50,000. Costs against appellant.
SO ORDERED.

Melo, Vitug, Gonzaga-Reyes and Sandoval-Gutierrez, JJ., concur.

Footnotes
1. Written by Judge Cesar M. Solis.

2. Records, pp. 2-3.

3. Spelled "Felicidad" in the RTC Decision and in the Appellee's Brief.
4. Records, p. 29.
5. Appellee's Brief, pp. 3-5; rollo, pp. 103-105. The Appellee's Brief was signed
by Solicitor General Ricardo P. Galvez, Assistant Solicitor General Carlos N.
Ortega and Solicitor Magtanggol M. Castro.
6. Appellant's Brief, p. 2; rollo, p. 78. The Appellant's Brief was signed by Atty.
CD Technologies Asia, Inc. © 2021 cdasiaonline.com
 Ilaw T. Bernal.
7. The case was deemed submitted for resolution on September 21, 2000,
when this Court received Appellee's Brief. The filing of a reply brief was
deemed waived, as none was submitted within the reglementary period.
8. Appellant's Brief, p. 3; rollo, p. 79.
9. People v. Pulusan , 290 SCRA 353, May 21, 1998; People v. De Vera Sr., 308
SCRA 75, June 9, 1999.
10. People v. Sta. Ana, 291 SCRA 188, June 26, 1998; People v. Nialda , 289
SCRA 521, April 24, 1998.
11. People v. Carullo, 289 SCRA 481, April 24, 1998; People v. Llaguno, 285
SCRA 124, January 28, 1998; People v. Ibalang, 286 SCRA 387, February 24,
1998.

12. Citing People v. Cruz, 66 OG 8326; and People v. Salas, L-35946, August 7,
1975.

13. People v. Aranjuez, 285 SCRA 466, January 29, 1998; People v. Reyes , 287
SCRA 229, March 9, 1998.
14. TSN, June 1995, p. 6; TSN, February 2, 1998, p. 17; TSN February 6, 1995,
p. 5.
15. TSN, June 30, 1995, p. 6.

16. TSN, June 9, 1995, p. 6.

17. People v. Dimailig, GR No. 120170, May 31, 2000; People v. Jose, GR No.
130666, July 31, 2000.

CD Technologies Asia, Inc. © 2021 cdasiaonline.com