1. This question is about the reaction of methane with bromine in sunlight.
CH4 + Br2 -> CH3Br + HBr
This reaction is best described as
A electrophilic addition.
B electrophilic substitution.
C free radical addition.
D free radical substitution.
2. Cracking crude oil
A separates the mixture into pure compounds.
B separates the mixture into a number of fractions.
C separates saturated compounds from unsaturated ones.
D decreases the average number of carbon atoms per molecule.
3. The meaning of homolytic fission is
A bond-breaking to form two free radicals.
B bond-making to form two free radicals.
C bond-breaking to form a cation and an anion.
D bond-making to form a cation and an anion.
4. When methane reacts with chlorine, a mixture of products forms. Which product
provides the strongest evidence for a free radical mechanism?
A C2H6
B CH3Cl
C HCl
D CHCl3
5. The equations below show some of the processes that occur when methane and
chlorine react.
(a) Which equation shows a propagation step?
A
B
C
D
(b) Which equation shows an initiation step?
A
B
C
D
(c) Which equation shows a termination step?
A
B
C
D
6. Fractional distillation is used in industry to obtain alkanes from crude oil.
(a) (i) On what physical property of alkanes does this process depend?
.............................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
(ii) The alkanes are then processed by cracking or reforming to produce other
hydrocarbons.
Explain the meaning of these terms.
Cracking
.............................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
Reforming
.............................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
The equation for a cracking reaction of butane is
C4H10 -> C3H6 + CH4
Use the following standard enthalpy changes of combustion to calculate the
enthalpy change of this cracking reaction. Show your method, which may
involve the use of a Hess cycle. Include a sign and units in your answer.
(iv) Butane can also be cracked to form products other than propene and
methane. Write an equation for this reaction.
7. This question is about ethane and ethene.
(a) Ethane reacts with chlorine by a free radical mechanism.
(i) Explain what is meant by the term free radical.
.............................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
(ii) Complete the equation for the formation of free radicals from one molecule of
chlorine. Use appropriate curly arrows to show electron movements.
Cl Cl ->
(iii) Write an equation for the reaction between ethane and a chlorine free radical,
and name the type of step in the mechanism where this occurs. Curly arrows
are not required.
Type of
step .....................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
(iv) Give an equation for a termination step in this mechanism in which an
organic compound other than chloroethane is formed.
8. Crude oil is composed mainly of alkanes, which are saturated hydrocarbons.
(a) (i) Define the term hydrocarbon.
.............................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
(ii) State what is meant by the term saturated, as applied to a hydrocarbon.
.............................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
(b) Crude oil can be separated into fractions.
(i) What property allows crude oil to be separated by fractional distillation?
.............................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
(ii) Many chemists are of the opinion that we should use fuels such as biodiesel
rather than petrol and diesel.
Suggest one reason to support this opinion.
