Chapter 12

Method Element Finite

Ing. Vasco O. Duke W.

 The finite element method is a numerical method that can be used for an
accurate (but approximate) solution of many complex vibration
problems. The mass and stiffness matrices and force vectors needed for
the finite element analysis are derived for the basic one-dimensional
elements such as a bar in axial motion, a rod in torsional motion, and a
beam in bending motion. For the analysis of problems involving one-
dimensional elements in two- and three-dimensional geometries (such as
trusses and frames), the element matrices are to be transformed into the
relevant higher-dimensional space.

Ing. Vasco O. Duke W. Vibraciones Mecánicas, Singiresu S. Rao, 5ta edición, Pearson, 2012.
 The details of transformation of element matrices and vectors and the
use of the resulting matrices and vectors in formulating the finite
element equations of motion for complex systems are explained. The
incorporation of the boundary conditions to the assembled system
matrices and equations is also discussed. Examples are presented to
illustrate the finite element method in finding the natural frequencies of
vibration of bars and beams and the stress analysis of a simple two-
dimensional truss. The use of consistent and lumped-mass matrices in
the finite element analysis of vibration problems is outlined with
illustrative examples.

Ing. Vasco O. Duke W. Vibraciones Mecánicas, Singiresu S. Rao, 5ta edición, Pearson, 2012.
 Introduction
The finite element method is a numerical method that can be used for the
accurate solution of complex mechanical and structural vibration problems
[12.1, 12.2]. In this method, the actual structure is replaced by several pieces
or elements, each of which is assumed to behave as a continuous structural
member called a finite element. The elements are assumed to be
interconnected at certain points known as joints or nodes. Since it is very
difficult to find the exact solution (such as the displacements) of the original
structure under the specified loads, a convenient approximate solution is
assumed in each finite element. The idea is that if the solutions of the various
elements are selected properly, they can be made to converge to the exact
solution of the total structure as the element size is reduced. During the
solution process, the equilibrium of forces at the joints and the compatibility
of displacements between the elements are satisfied so that the entire structure
(assemblage of elements) is made to behave as a single entity.

Ing. Vasco O. Duke W. Vibraciones Mecánicas, Singiresu S. Rao, 5ta edición, Pearson, 2012.
 The basic procedure of the finite element method, with application to simple
vibration problems, is presented in this chapter. The element stiffness and
mass matrices and force vectors are derived for a bar element, a torsion
element, and a beam element. The transformation of element matrices and
vectors from the local to the global coordinate system is presented. The
equations of motion of the complete system of finite elements and the
incorporation of the boundary conditions are discussed. The concepts of
consistent and lumped-mass matrices are presented along with a numerical
example. Finally, a computer lprogram for the eigenvalue analysis of stepped
beams is presented. Although the techniques presented in this chapter can be
applied to more complex problems involving two- and three-dimensional
finite elements, only the use of one-dimensional elements is considered in the
numerical treatment.

Ing. Vasco O. Duke W. Vibraciones Mecánicas, Singiresu S. Rao, 5ta edición, Pearson, 2012.
 Equations of Motion of an Element
The elements are assumed to be connected to each other only at the joints. The
displacement within an element is expressed in terms of the displacements at the
corners or joints of the element. In Fig. 12.1(b), the transverse displacement
within a typical element e is assumed to be w(x, y, t). The values of w,

Ing. Vasco O. Duke W. Vibraciones Mecánicas, Singiresu S. Rao, 5ta edición, Pearson, 2012.
 where 𝑁𝑖 𝑥, 𝑦 is called the shape function corresponding to the joint displacement
𝑤𝑖 (𝑡) and n is the number of unknown joint displacements (n=9 in Fig. 12.1(b)). If
a distributed load f(x, y, t) acts on the element, it can be converted into equivalent
joint forces If concentrated forces act at the joints, they can also be added to the
appropriate joint force We shall now derive the equations of motion for determining
the joint displacements under the prescribed joint forces By using Eq. (12.1), the
kinetic energy T and the strain energy V of the element can be expressed as

Ing. Vasco O. Duke W. Vibraciones Mecánicas, Singiresu S. Rao, 5ta edición, Pearson, 2012.
 and [m] and [k] are the mass and stiffness matrices of the element. By substituting Eqs. (12.2) and
(12.3) into Lagrange s equations, Eq. (6.44), the equations of motion of the finite element can be
obtained as

Ing. Vasco O. Duke W. Vibraciones Mecánicas, Singiresu S. Rao, 5ta edición, Pearson, 2012.
 • Note that the shape of the finite elements and the number of
unknown joint displacements may differ for different applications.
Although the equations of motion of a single element, Eq. (12.4), are
not useful directly (as our interest lies in the dynamic response of the
assemblage of elements), the mass matrix [m], the stiffness matrix
[k], and the joint force vector of individual elements are necessary for
the final solution. We shall derive the element mass and stiffness
matrices and the joint force vectors for some simple one-dimensional
elements in the next section.

Ing. Vasco O. Duke W. Vibraciones Mecánicas, Singiresu S. Rao, 5ta edición, Pearson, 2012.
 Consider, for instance, A bar.

𝐿𝑢 = 𝑓 𝑥 𝐿𝑢 − 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑅(𝑥)
𝑢 = 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑒 𝑅 𝑥 = 𝑚𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎 𝑑𝑒𝑙 𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟, 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑢𝑜.
𝐿 = 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑜𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑙 ∅𝑖 (𝑥 ) = 𝐿𝑎 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑑𝑒 𝑥 𝑒𝑛 𝑡𝑜𝑑𝑜 𝑒𝑙 𝑑𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑜.
w𝑖 (𝑥 ) = 𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝐹𝑢𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 They are a set of linerly independet functions.
𝑥𝑘+1
𝑅 𝑥 w𝑖 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 0
𝑥𝑘
𝑛
𝑥𝑘+1 Realicemos una
𝑅 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 0 w𝑖 (𝑥 ) = 1 𝑢 𝑥 = 𝐶𝑖 ∅𝑖 (𝑥) aproximación.
La igualdades
𝑥𝑘
𝑖=1 son las mismas.

𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡𝑒𝑑
Ing. Vasco 𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑢𝑎𝑙
O. Duke W. 𝑀𝑒𝑡ℎ𝑜𝑑 Vibraciones Mecánicas, Singiresu S. Rao, 5ta edición, Pearson, 2012.
 Interpolation de Lagrange
𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎 𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑢 = 𝑢1 ∅1 𝑥 + 𝑢2 ∅2 𝑥

(𝑥 − 𝑥𝑘+1 )
∅1 𝑥 =
( 𝑥𝑘 − 𝑥𝑘+1 )
(𝑥 − 𝑥𝑘 )
∅2 𝑥 =
( 𝑥𝑘+1 − 𝑥𝑘 )
𝑛

𝑢 𝑥 = 𝐶𝑖 ∅𝑖 (𝑥 )
𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎 𝐶𝑢𝑎𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎 𝑢 = 𝑢1 ∅1 𝑥 + 𝑢2 ∅2 𝑥 + 𝑢3 ∅3 (𝑥 ) 𝑖=1

𝑁𝑜𝑡𝑎: 𝑢𝑖 = 𝐶𝑖
(𝑥 − 𝑥𝑘+1 )(𝑥 − 𝑥𝑘+2 )
∅1 𝑥 =
( 𝑥𝑘 − 𝑥𝑘+1 )(𝑥𝑘 − 𝑥𝑘+2 )
(𝑥 − 𝑥𝑘 )(𝑥 − 𝑥𝑘+2 )
∅2 𝑥 =
( 𝑥𝑘+1 − 𝑥𝑘 )(𝑥𝑘+1 − 𝑥𝑘+2 )
(𝑥 − 𝑥𝑘 )(𝑥 − 𝑥𝑘+1 )
∅3 𝑥 =
( 𝑥𝑘+2 − 𝑥𝑘 )(𝑥𝑘+2 − 𝑥𝑘+1 )
𝑁𝑜𝑡𝑎: 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑎𝑟 𝑒𝑙 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜 𝑑𝑒 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛
Ing. Vasco O. Duke W. Vibraciones Mecánicas, Singiresu S. Rao, 5ta edición, Pearson, 2012.
 𝐸𝑐𝑢𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎 𝑙𝑎 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑎 Euler Lagrange
𝜕 𝜕𝑢 𝜕2𝑢
𝐸𝐴 + 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑡 = 𝜌𝐴
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑡 2
𝑥𝑘+1
2
𝜕 𝜕𝑢 𝜕 𝑢 𝑅 𝑥 ∅𝑖 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 0
𝐸𝐴 + 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑡 − 𝜌𝐴 2
= 𝑅(𝑥)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑡 𝑥𝑘
Galerkin’s Method w𝑖 (𝑥 ) = ∅𝑖 (𝑥)

𝑥𝑘+1
𝜕 𝜕𝑢 𝜕2𝑢
𝐸𝐴 + 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑡 − 𝜌𝐴 2
∅𝑖 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 0
𝑥𝑘 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑡

𝑥𝑘+1
𝑥𝑘+1
𝜕 𝜕𝑢 𝑥𝑘+1 𝜕2𝑢
𝐸𝐴 ∅𝑖 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 0 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑡 ∅𝑖 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹𝑖 −𝜌𝐴 ∅ (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝑥𝑘 𝜕𝑡 2 𝑖
𝑥𝑘 𝑥𝑘

External Force

Ing. Vasco O. Duke W. Vibraciones Mecánicas, Singiresu S. Rao, 5ta edición, Pearson, 2012.
 𝑥𝑘+1
𝜕 𝜕𝑢 𝑥𝑘+1
𝐸𝐴 ∅𝑖 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 0 𝐸𝐴
𝜕𝑢
∅ 𝑥
𝑥𝑘+1 𝜕𝑢 𝑑∅𝑖 𝑥
𝑥𝑘 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝑖 𝑥𝑘 − 𝐸𝐴
𝜕𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 = 0
𝑥𝑘

𝑑 ∅𝑖 𝑥 𝑑𝑢 𝑑 ∅1 𝑥 𝑑 ∅2 𝑥
∅𝑖 𝑥 = 𝑢 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑢 𝑢 = 𝑢1 ∅1 𝑥 + 𝑢2 ∅2 𝑥 = 𝑢1 + 𝑢2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝜕 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝑥𝑘+1
𝑑𝑉 = 𝐸𝐴 𝑉 = 𝐸𝐴 𝜕𝑢 𝑥𝑘+1 𝑑 ∅1 𝑥 𝑑 ∅2 𝑥 𝑑∅𝑖 𝑥
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝐸𝐴 ∅ 𝑥 𝑥𝑘 − 𝐸𝐴 𝑢1 + 𝑢2 𝑑𝑥 = 0
𝜕𝑥 𝑖 𝑥𝑘 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Force

𝑥𝑘+1 𝑥𝑘+1
𝜕𝑢 𝑥𝑘+1 𝑑 ∅1 𝑥 𝑑∅𝑖 𝑥 𝑑 ∅2 𝑥 𝑑∅𝑖 𝑥
𝐸𝐴 ∅𝑖 𝑥 𝑥𝑘 − 𝑢1 𝐸𝐴 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑢2 𝐸𝐴 𝑑𝑥 = 0
𝜕𝑥 𝑥𝑘 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥𝑘 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑥𝑘+1
𝑑 ∅𝑖 𝑥 𝑑∅𝑗 𝑥
𝐾𝑖𝑗 = 𝐸𝐴 𝑑𝑥 = 0
𝑥𝑘 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Ing. Vasco O. Duke W. Vibraciones Mecánicas, Singiresu S. Rao, 5ta edición, Pearson, 2012.
 𝑥𝑘+1
𝜕2𝑢 𝜕2𝑢
−𝜌𝐴 ∅𝑖 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 0 𝑢 = 𝑢1 ∅1 𝑥 + 𝑢2 ∅2 𝑥 = 𝑢1 ∅1 𝑥 + 𝑢2 ∅2 𝑥
𝜕𝑡 2 𝜕𝑡 2
𝑥𝑘

𝑥𝑘+1
−𝜌𝐴 𝑢1 ∅1 𝑥 + 𝑢2 ∅2 (𝑥) ∅𝑖 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 0
𝑥𝑘

𝑥𝑘+1 𝑥𝑘+1
−𝑢1 𝜌𝐴 ∅1 (𝑥) ∅𝑖 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 −𝑢2 𝜌𝐴 ∅2 (𝑥) ∅𝑖 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 0
𝑥𝑘 𝑥𝑘

𝑥𝑘+1
𝑀𝑖𝑗 = 𝜌𝐴 ∅𝑖 (𝑥) ∅𝑗 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 0
𝑥𝑘

Ing. Vasco O. Duke W. Vibraciones Mecánicas, Singiresu S. Rao, 5ta edición, Pearson, 2012.
 𝑥𝑘+1
𝑀𝑖𝑗 = 𝜌𝐴 ∅𝑖 (𝑥) ∅𝑗 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 0
𝑥𝑘
𝑥𝑘+1
𝐹𝑖 = 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑡 ∅𝑖 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑥𝑘+1 𝑥𝑘
𝑑 ∅𝑖 𝑥 𝑑∅𝑗 𝑥
𝐾𝑖𝑗 = 𝐸𝐴 𝑑𝑥 = 0
𝑥𝑘 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑀 𝑢 + 𝐾 𝑢 = 𝐹𝑖
Inertial Elements Stiffness Elements Force Elements

Ing. Vasco O. Duke W. Vibraciones Mecánicas, Singiresu S. Rao, 5ta edición, Pearson, 2012.
Ing. Vasco O. Duke W. Vibraciones Mecánicas, Singiresu S. Rao, 5ta edición, Pearson, 2012.
Ing. Vasco O. Duke W. Vibraciones Mecánicas, Singiresu S. Rao, 5ta edición, Pearson, 2012.
 𝐷𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑑𝑒 𝑙𝑎𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑑𝑒 𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑧 𝑦 𝑑𝑒 𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑑𝑎𝑑

𝑓𝑖 = 𝑘𝑖𝑗 𝑥𝑗
𝑗=1
𝐹𝑢𝑒𝑟𝑧𝑎 𝑒𝑛 𝑒𝑙 𝑝𝑢𝑛𝑡𝑜 i𝑠𝑖 𝑠𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑒 𝑢𝑛 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑧𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑜 𝑒𝑛
“j" 𝑐𝑜𝑛 𝑡𝑜𝑑𝑜𝑠 𝑙𝑜𝑠 𝑜𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑠 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑧𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑠 𝑖𝑔𝑢𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑎 𝑐𝑒𝑟𝑜.

𝑥𝑖 = 𝑎𝑖𝑗 𝑓𝑗
𝑗=1
𝐷𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑧𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜 𝑒𝑛 𝑒𝑙 𝑝𝑢𝑛𝑡𝑜 “𝑖” 𝑐𝑢𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑜
𝑠𝑒 𝑎𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑎 𝑢𝑛𝑎 𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑎 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎 𝑒𝑛 “𝑗”.

Ing. Vasco O. Duke W. Vibraciones Mecánicas, Singiresu S. Rao, 5ta edición, Pearson, 2012.
 𝐷𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎 𝑑𝑒 𝑙𝑎𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑑𝑒 𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑧 𝑦 𝑑𝑒 𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑑𝑎𝑑

𝑥𝑖 = 𝑎𝑖𝑗 𝑓𝑗
𝑗=1

𝐷𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑧𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜 𝑒𝑛 𝑒𝑙 𝑝𝑢𝑛𝑡𝑜 “𝒊” 𝑐𝑢𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑜 𝑠𝑒 𝑎𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑎 𝑢𝑛𝑎 𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑎 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎 𝑒𝑛 “𝒋”.

𝑛

𝑓𝑖 = 𝑘𝑖𝑗 𝑥𝑗
𝑗=1

𝐹𝑢𝑒𝑟𝑧𝑎 𝑒𝑛 𝑒𝑙 𝑝𝑢𝑛𝑡𝑜 "i" 𝑠𝑖 𝑠𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑒 𝑢𝑛 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑧𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑜 𝑒𝑛

“j" 𝑐𝑜𝑛 𝑡𝑜𝑑𝑜𝑠 𝑙𝑜𝑠 𝑜𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑠 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑧𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑠 𝑖𝑔𝑢𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑎 𝑐𝑒𝑟𝑜.

Ing. Vasco O. Duke W. Vibraciones Mecánicas, Singiresu S. Rao, 5ta edición, Pearson, 2012.
 𝑛

𝑓𝑖 = 𝑘𝑖𝑗 𝑥𝑗
𝑗=1

𝐹𝑢𝑒𝑟𝑧𝑎 𝑒𝑛 𝑒𝑙 𝑝𝑢𝑛𝑡𝑜 "i" 𝑠𝑖 𝑠𝑒

𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑒 𝑢𝑛 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑧𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜
𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑜 𝑒𝑛 j" 𝑐𝑜𝑛 𝑡𝑜𝑑𝑜𝑠 𝑙𝑜𝑠
𝑜𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑠 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑧𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑠
𝑖𝑔𝑢𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑎 𝑐𝑒𝑟𝑜.

Ing. Vasco O. Duke W. Vibraciones Mecánicas, Singiresu S. Rao, 5ta edición, Pearson, 2012.
 𝑛

𝑥𝑖 = 𝑎𝑖𝑗 𝑓𝑗
𝑗=1

𝐷𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑧𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜 𝑒𝑛 𝑒𝑙 𝑝𝑢𝑛𝑡𝑜
“𝒊” 𝑐𝑢𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑜 𝑠𝑒 𝑎𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑎 𝑢𝑛𝑎
𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑎 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎 𝑒𝑛 “𝒋”.

𝑓𝑖 = 𝑘𝑖𝑗 𝑥𝑗
𝑗=1

𝐹𝑢𝑒𝑟𝑧𝑎 𝑒𝑛 𝑒𝑙 𝑝𝑢𝑛𝑡𝑜 "i" 𝑠𝑖 𝑠𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑒 𝑢𝑛 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑧𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑜 𝑒𝑛

“j" 𝑐𝑜𝑛 𝑡𝑜𝑑𝑜𝑠 𝑙𝑜𝑠 𝑜𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑠 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑧𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑠 𝑖𝑔𝑢𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑎 𝑐𝑒𝑟𝑜.

Ing. Vasco O. Duke W. Vibraciones Mecánicas, Singiresu S. Rao, 5ta edición, Pearson, 2012.
 Asignación # n

𝐷𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎 𝑑𝑒 𝑙𝑎𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑑𝑒 𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑧 𝑦 𝑑𝑒 𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑑𝑎𝑑

Ing. Vasco O. Duke W. Vibraciones Mecánicas, Singiresu S. Rao, 5ta edición, Pearson, 2012.
 Mass Matrix, Stiffness Matrix, and Force Vector.
Bar Element 𝜕 𝜕𝑢 𝜕2𝑢 𝜕 𝜕𝑢
𝐸𝐴 + 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑡 = 𝜌𝐴 ; 𝐸𝐴 = 0 Caso estatico
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑡 2 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
In vibrations all these quantities are functions of time, for the purpose of deriving the stiffness matrix, they
can all be regarded as constant in time. The axial stiffness can be assumed to be constant over the element,
so that the differential equation for the axial displacement u(x) is:
 The displacement u(x) is related to the nodal forces through the boundary
conditions:

Equations can be written in the matrix form

Ing. Vasco O. Duke W. Vibraciones Mecánicas, Singiresu S. Rao, 5ta edición, Pearson, 2012.
Ing. Vasco O. Duke W. Vibraciones Mecánicas, Singiresu S. Rao, 5ta edición, Pearson, 2012.
Ing. Vasco O. Duke W. Vibraciones Mecánicas, Singiresu S. Rao, 5ta edición, Pearson, 2012.
Ing. Vasco O. Duke W. Vibraciones Mecánicas, Singiresu S. Rao, 5ta edición, Pearson, 2012.
Ing. Vasco O. Duke W. Vibraciones Mecánicas, Singiresu S. Rao, 5ta edición, Pearson, 2012.
 Torsion of shafts

Another problem that can be directly formulated as a discrete element is the torsion of circular shafts. From
a course on mechanics of deformable solids, the angle of twist θ of a constant cross-section circular
cylindrical is related to the torque T.

Ing. Vasco O. Duke W. Vibraciones Mecánicas, Singiresu S. Rao, 5ta edición, Pearson, 2012.
 Bar-Axial Force Bar-Torsion
𝜕 𝜕𝜃 𝜕2𝜃 𝜕 𝜕𝜃
𝐺𝐽 + 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑡 = 𝜌J 2 ; 𝐺𝐽 = 0 Caso estatico
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥

𝜕 𝜕𝑢 𝜕 𝜕𝜃
𝐸𝐴 =0 𝐺𝐽 =0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥

𝜕2𝜃
=0
𝜕𝑥 2

θ=C_1 x + C_2

Ing. Vasco O. Duke W. Vibraciones Mecánicas, Singiresu S. Rao, 5ta edición, Pearson, 2012.
 Bending Vibration
Another case of particular interest is the bar in bending vibration, we propose to use
the same approach as above to derive the corresponding element stiffness bending
stiffness, the differential equation for the displacement w(x) is:
𝜕 4 𝑤(𝑥)
𝐸𝐼 = 0; 0 < x < h
𝜕𝑥 4
Where 𝐶𝑖 ( 1,2,3,4), are constants of integration.
1 1
To determine these constants, we refer to the 𝑤 𝑥 = 𝑐1 𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑥 2 + 𝑐3 𝑥 + 𝑐4
3
figure. 6 2
Where 𝑤1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑤2 are nodal displacements and 𝜃1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜃2 ,
are nodal rotations or nodal angular displacements.

𝑤 ℎ = 𝑤2 𝑤 0 = 𝑤1

𝑑𝑤 𝑥 𝑑𝑤 𝑥
= 𝜃2 = 𝜃1
𝑑𝑥 𝑥=ℎ 𝑑𝑥 𝑥=0

Ing. Vasco O. Duke W. Vibraciones Mecánicas, Singiresu S. Rao, 5ta edición, Pearson, 2012.
 1 1 𝑤 0 = 𝑐4 = 𝑤1
𝑑𝑤 𝑥
= 𝑐3 = 𝜃1
𝑤 𝑥 = 𝑐1 𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑥 2 + 𝑐3 𝑥 + 𝑐4
3
𝑑𝑥 𝑥=0
6 2

1 1 𝑑𝑤 𝑥 1
𝑤 ℎ = 𝑐1 ℎ + 𝑐2 ℎ2 + 𝑐3 ℎ + 𝑐4 = 𝑤2
3
= 𝑐 ℎ2 + 𝑐2 ℎ + 𝑐3 = 𝜃2
6 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑥=ℎ 2 1

Ing. Vasco O. Duke W. Vibraciones Mecánicas, Singiresu S. Rao, 5ta edición, Pearson, 2012.
 Hence we are going to obtain this expression for the bending displacement.

The bending displacement is related to the nodal force, 𝑓1 , 𝑓2 , 𝑓3 and 𝑓4 :

𝑑3 𝑤 𝑥 𝑑2 𝑤 𝑥
𝐸𝐼 = 𝑓1 𝐸𝐼 = 𝑓2 = 𝑀1
𝑑𝑥 3 𝑥=0 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑥=0

𝑑3 𝑤 𝑥 𝑑2 𝑤 𝑥
𝐸𝐼 = −𝑓3 𝐸𝐼 = 𝑓4 = 𝑀2
𝑑𝑥 3 𝑥=ℎ 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑥=ℎ

Ing. Vasco O. Duke W. Vibraciones Mecánicas, Singiresu S. Rao, 5ta edición, Pearson, 2012.
 Stiffness Metrix
Bending
Ing. Vasco O. Duke W. Vibraciones Mecánicas, Singiresu S. Rao, 5ta edición, Pearson, 2012.
 They are known as shape
function, or Interpolation
functions. Beside they are
plotted in the next
graphs.

Ing. Vasco O. Duke W. Vibraciones Mecánicas, Singiresu S. Rao, 5ta edición, Pearson, 2012.
 Element Equations of motion a consistent
approach

Ing. Vasco O. Duke W. Vibraciones Mecánicas, Singiresu S. Rao, 5ta edición, Pearson, 2012.
 In the finite element Method, the equations of motion for structure are
obtained by deriving first the element equation of motion and then
assembling the equation for all the elements.

The simplest way of generating the element mas matrix is by lumping the
mass at the nodes, which is the way it was done in the early days of the
finite element method. Lumping is a n arbitrary process, so that some
control over the error involved in discretization is lost.

A most satisfactory derivation of the element equation of motion can be

effected by means of a variation approach, as can be concluded for this
amounts to deriving LaGrange's equation.

This reduces in turn to writing the kinetic energy, the potential energy, and
the virtual work expression in terms of the nodal coordinates

Ing. Vasco O. Duke W. Vibraciones Mecánicas, Singiresu S. Rao, 5ta edición, Pearson, 2012.
 Let us assume that the axial displacement of the second-order system depicted ,
can be written in the form.

Where 𝐿(𝑥) is a two-dimensional vector of interpolation functions and 𝑢(𝑡) is

corresponding vector of nodal desplacements. Using the kinetic energy for the
element is simply:

Ing. Vasco O. Duke W. Vibraciones Mecánicas, Singiresu S. Rao, 5ta edición, Pearson, 2012.
 Assuming that the element is subjected to the distributed axial no conservative force,
we can write it: Delta Dirac Functions.

In the case of fourth-order system shown in the next equation bending displacements
can be written as: 4
𝜕 𝑤(𝑥)
𝐸𝐼 = 0; 0 < x < h
𝜕𝑥 4

Ing. Vasco O. Duke W. Vibraciones Mecánicas, Singiresu S. Rao, 5ta edición, Pearson, 2012.
 Bar Element

Ing. Vasco O. Duke W. Vibraciones Mecánicas, Singiresu S. Rao, 5ta edición, Pearson, 2012.
 Bending VIbration Element

Ing. Vasco O. Duke W. Vibraciones Mecánicas, Singiresu S. Rao, 5ta edición, Pearson, 2012.
Ing. Vasco O. Duke W. Vibraciones Mecánicas, Singiresu S. Rao, 5ta edición, Pearson, 2012.
 Encuentre la matriz de fuerzas, rigidez y desplazamientos de acuerdo a las condiciones impuesta en el
movimiento.

Siendo así:

Ing. Vasco O. Duke W. Vibraciones Mecánicas, Singiresu S. Rao, 5ta edición, Pearson, 2012.
 Encuentre la matriz de fuerzas, rigidez y desplazamientos de acuerdo a las condiciones impuesta en el
movimiento.

Nota: Entregar en el día del semestral.

Ing. Vasco O. Duke W. Vibraciones Mecánicas, Singiresu S. Rao, 5ta edición, Pearson, 2012.
 Transformation of Element Matrices and Vectors
As stated earlier, the finite element method
considers the given dynamical system as an
assemblage of elements. The joint displacements
of an individual element are selected in a
convenient direction, depending on the nature of
the element.

Here x denotes the axial direction of an individual

element and is called a local coordinate axis

If we use 𝑢1 (𝑡) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑢2 (𝑡) to denote the joint

displacements of different bar elements, there will
be one joint displacement at joint 1, three at joint 2,
two at joint 3, and two at joint 4

However, the displacements of joints can be specified

more conveniently using reference or global coordinate
axes X and Y.

Ing. Vasco O. Duke W. Vibraciones Mecánicas, Singiresu S. Rao, 5ta edición, Pearson, 2012.
Ing. Vasco O. Duke W. Vibraciones Mecánicas, Singiresu S. Rao, 5ta edición, Pearson, 2012.
 We did a re-expression of the
equation of motion. Global
Coordinate System.
Ing. Vasco O. Duke W. Vibraciones Mecánicas, Singiresu S. Rao, 5ta edición, Pearson, 2012.
Ing. Vasco O. Duke W. Vibraciones Mecánicas, Singiresu S. Rao, 5ta edición, Pearson, 2012.
 Consider a three-member truss shown in the figure. All the members of the truss have identical areas od cross section A
and Modulus. The hinged supports at joints A, B and C allow free rotation of the members about the z-axis( taken positive
out of the plane of the paper). We wish to determine the horizontal and vertical displacements at the joint C and forces in
each member of the structure

Ing. Vasco O. Duke W. 209 Vibraciones Mecánicas, Singiresu S. Rao, 5ta edición, Pearson, 2012.
 Gracias por
su tiempo .

Ing. Vasco O. Duke W. Vibraciones Mecánicas, Singiresu S. Rao, 5ta edición, Pearson, 2012.