Propaganda Movement
Propaganda
● Message designed to persuade its intended audience to think and behave in a certain manner
● is the spreading of in support of a cause
● The spreading of ideas, information, or rumor for the purpose of helping or injuring an institution,
cause or person.
Factors that gave birth to Philippine Nationalism
● The influx of liberal ideas (from abroad)
● The Spanish Revolution 1868
● The opening of Suez Canal 1869
● The martyrdom of Fathers Gomez, Burgos, Zamora.
PROPAGANDA MOVEMENT
● A peaceful crusade or campaign for reforms was done by means of pen and tongue to pressure
the Spanish Government.
● It was organized and participated by the ilustrados.
● Propaganda Movement - reform and national consciousness movement that arose among young
Filipino expatriates in the late 19th century.
● Although its adherents expressed loyalty to the Spanish colonial government, Spanish authorities
● harshly repressed the movement and executed its most prominent member, Jose Rizal.
Rise of the Propaganda Movement
● It began in 1872, when Fathers Mariano Gomez, Jose Burgos and Jacinto Zamora were executed
at the Luneta.
Cavite Mutiny
● January 20, 1872, about 200 Filipino soldiers and dock workers of Cavite, under the leadership of
Sergeant La Madrid, mutinied and killed their Spanish officers.
● Fathers Jose Burgos, Mariano Gomez, Jacinto Zamora were accused of treason to Spain and tried
in an unfair trial. They were sentenced to death by garrote on February 17, 1872 in Bagumbayan.
Rise of Propaganda movement….
● Work of promoting the welfare and happiness of the fatherland.
● Aggressively but peacefully, by means of writing and speeches, they crusaded for reforms to rectify
the evils of the Spanish colonial system.
Why did the ilustrados in Europe undertake the propaganda movement?
● The illustrados led the Filipinos’ quest for reforms. Because of their education and newly acquired
wealth, they felt more confident about voicing out popular grievances.
● The illustrados did not succeeded in easing the sufferings of the Filipinos; but from this group arose
another faction called the intelligentsia.
● The intelligentsia also wanted reforms; but they were more systematic and used a peaceful means
called the Propaganda Movement.
Reforms desired by the Propaganda Movement
Who were active in this movement? THE PROPAGANDISTS
THE PROPAGANDISTS
● They were patriots who waged their movement by means of pen and tongue to expose the defects
of Spanish rule in the Philippines and urgency of reforms to remedy them.
● They were the scions of good families, highly intelligent, educated, patriotic and courageous, who
symbolized the flower of Filipino manhood.
Marcelo H. Del Pilar
● Lawyer and journalist from Bulacan
● He joined the dupluhan and dalitan or literary jousts during fiestas
● He satirized corrupt officials and friars during pintakasi (cockfighting day)
● He wrote anti-friar pamphlets in simple yet forceful Tagalog
● In 1882, he helped establish the Diariong Tagalog, the first bilingual newspaper; he edited the
Tagalog section.
● He released Dasalan at Tocsohan (Prayers and Mockeries), a manual of anticlerical commentary in
the format of novena
● He parodied the Lord’s Prayer, Hail Mary, theApostles Creed, the Ten Commandments, the Act of
Contrition, and the cathechism.
● His house was burned mysteriously.
● He left the Philippines in October 1888 to escape the prosecution of the friars
Dr. Jose P. Rizal
Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo
● José Rizal, (born June 19, 1861, Calamba, Philippines—died December 30, 1896, Manila), patriot,
physician, and man of letters who was an inspiration to the Philippine nationalist movement.
● The son of a prosperous landowner, Rizal was educated in Manila and at the University of Madrid.
● A brilliant medical student, he soon committed himself to the reform of Spanish rule in his home
country, though he never advocated Philippine independence.
● Most of his writing were done in Europe, where he resided between 1882 and 1892.
● In 1887 Rizal published his first novel, Noli Me Tangere (The Social Cancer), a passionate
exposure of the evils of Spanish rule in the Philippines.
● A sequel, El filibusterismo (1891; The Reign of Greed), established his reputation as the leading
spokesman of the Philippine reform movement.
● He published an annotated edition (1890; reprinted 1958) of Antonio Morga’s Sucesos de las Islas
Filipinas, hoping to show that the native people of the Philippines had a long history before the
coming of the Spaniards.
● He became the leader of the Propaganda Movement, contributing numerous articles to its
newspaper, La Solidaridad, published in Barcelona.
● Rizal’s political program included integration of the Philippines as a province of Spain,
representation in the Cortes (the Spanish parliament), the replacement of Spanish friars by Filipino
priests, freedom of assembly and expression, and equality of Filipinos and Spaniards before the
law.
● Rizal returned to the Philippines in 1892.
● He founded a nonviolent-reform society, the Liga Filipina, in Manila, and was deported to Dapitan in
northwest Mindanao.
● He remained in exile for the next four years.
● In 1896 the Katipunan, a Filipino nationalist secret society, revolted against Spain.
● Although he had no connections with that organization and he had had no part in the insurrection,
Rizal was arrested and tried for sedition in a military tribunal.
● Found guilty, he was publicly executed by a firing squad in Manila.
● His martyrdom convinced Filipinos that there was no alternative to independence from Spain.
● On the eve of his execution, while confined in Fort Santiago, Rizal wrote “Último adiós” (“Last
Farewell”), a masterpiece of 19th-century Spanish verse.
GRACIANO LOPEZ JAENA
● He was from Iloilo
● An orator
● Fray Botod “Friar Potbelly” (1874). It is about a fictitious cleric named Fray Botod who arrived
looking like a hungry mosquito and soon became stout because of the stocks taken from the
people.
MARIANO PONCE
& other propagandist
The Anti- Friar Manifesto of 1888
● Happened on March 1, 1888
● The anti-friar demonstration of hundreds of Filipino
● Led by: Doroteo Cortes, Manila patriotic lawyer
● Assisted by: M.H. del Pilar and Jose A. Ramos ( a London- educated rich merchant; leading
masonic leader)
● It requested the expulsion of the friars from the Philippines.
● Submissions of an anti- friar manifesto to acting Civil Gov. Jose Centeno addressed to Queen
Regent
La Solidaridad (organization)
● A purely Filipino organization established in Barcelona on December 31, 1888.
● Galiciano Apacible was the President and Graciano Lopez Jaena was the Vice-President.
● Graciano Lopez Jaena founded this fortnightly newspaper in Barcelona on February 15, 1889.
M.H. del Pilar helped prepare the issues.
● It was printed in Barcelona from February 15 to October 31, 1889, then in Madrid from November
15, 1889 to November 15, 1895.
“We are persuaded that there are no sacrifices that are too little to win the rights and the liberty of a nation
that is oppressed by slavery.” (M.H. del Pilar’s farewell editorial)
● The publication ended on Nov. 15, 1895 after an existence of seven years.
Literature of the Propaganda Movement
● Despite its political spirit, the Propaganda Movement produced certain meritorious literary works
which contributed to the blossoming of Filipino literature
Circulo Hispano Filipino
● Established in 1882 by a group of Filipino students in Madrid led by Juan Atayde, retired army
officer and Philippine born Spaniard
● An organization composed of Filipino and Spaniards.
● The aim of the association is reform the Philippines during Spaniards colonization.
● The organization was able to publish the Revista del Circulo Hispano-Filipino, a newspaper aimed
at expressing thoughts about the abusive Spanish government.
● The publication was short-lived due to lack of funds and conflicting issues, thus leading to the
dissolution of the organization.
Kidlat Club – a social society of a temporary nature
Purpose:
● To bring together the young Filipinos in the French capital so that they could enjoy their sojourn in
the city during the duration of the Exposition
Members:
● Antonio & Juan Luna, Gregorio Aguilera, Fernando Canon, Lauro Dimayuga, Julio Llorente,
Guillermo Puatu & Baldomero Roxas
● Freemasonry or the masons, were a secret society composed of liberal and republican Spaniards
in Spain.
● Spanish Masons openly and freely critized the government the government policies and particulary
lambasted the friars
● Rizal joined Freemasonry to secure their aid in the fight against Friars in the Philippines
● Many Filipino propagandists turned masons because they needed the help of masons in Spain and
in other countries in their fight for reforms.
● This organization called Freemasonry, consisted of fraternal lodges, which later evolved into social
societies subsequently opened to non-masons
la liga filipina
● a political association of patriotic Filipinos founded by Rizal to crusade for reforms.
● founded by Jose Rizal on July 3, 1892 in a house at Ilaya St., Tondo
● its constitution was written by Jose Rizal, helped by Jose Ma. Basa
● However, three days after the founding of Liga Filipina, Rizal was arrested by order of Governor
General Despujol.
● On July 6, 1892, Rizal was exiled to Dapitan - known to be the Liga Filipina’s collapse.
Vocabulary:
● Cortes - the legislative or lawmaking body of the Spanish government
● Creole - a Spaniard born in the Philippines
● Mestizo - an individual born of mixed ancestry; may refer to a Spanish mestizo or a Chinese
mestizo
● Propaganda - information used to promote or publicize a particular cause or point of view
● Restoration - refers to the Spanish restoration; a period in Spanish history spanning the years 1874
- 1931 the saw the restoration of the monarchy under Alfonso XII together with the establishment of
a bicameral legislature.
Introduction
● Towards the end of the nineteenth century economic conditions in the Philippines had improved in
such a way that it was possible for many creole and mestizo families to send their sons to school
not only in Manila, but also in Europe. The young Filipino students' sojourn to the Peninsula would
awaken in their minds ideas about progress and love for their motherland .
Presentation
● At the end of the 19th century, economic conditions had improved in the Philippines.
● Creole and Mestizo family can send their children to Europe to study.
● Filipino students learned the virtue of progress and love for their motherland through their sojourn
in the Peninsula.
● In Europe, Filipino students learned how to think, question, and imagine what a nation is.
● Circulo Hispano-Filipino was the earliest attempt to unite Filipinos studying in Spain.
● It is an organization under the leadership of a creole, Juan Atayde.
● It had the support of Spaniards who were sympathetic towards the Filipinos.
● It published a bi-weekly newspaper titled Revista del Circulo Hispano-Filipino in 1882.
● The newspaper and organization lasted until 1883.
● In 1883, Los Dos Mundos came out with the intention of demanding for the overseas Hispano
Colonies equality of rights and equal opportunities for progress.
● Graciano Lopez Jaena and Pedro Govantes y Azcarraga were staff members.
● Rizal and Eduardo de Lete were article contributors concerned with socio-political and economic
reforms in the Philippines.
● Another newspaper titled Espana en Filipinas started its publication through the support of
Filipinos, creoles, and meztizos in Madrid.
● The newspaper was short-lived due to glaring diffences and internal feuding among its staff.
● La Solidaridad
● It released its first issue on February 15, 1889.
● The staff defined its program as: to combat all reactions; to impede all retrogression; to applaud
and accept every liberal idea; to defend all progress.
● Reforms sought:
● Philippine representation in the cortes
● Freedom of the press
● End of the practice of exiling residents without due process.
● It ran articles dealing with Spanish politics, attacks on friars, and reforms for the Philippines.
● Article contributors:
● Jose Rizal
● Dominador Gomez
● Jose Maria Panganiban
● Antonio Luna
● Ferdinand Blumentritt
● Del Pilar gradually took on the active role of running the paper.
● Lopez Jaena was the editor in name and known to be incapable of sustained work.
● Del Pilar decided to move to Madrid and the paper went with him.
● The first issue printed in Madrid came out on November 15, 1889.
● A month later, Del Pilar took the helm of editorship.
● In 1890, Rizal and Del Pilar had differences with regard to Philippines affairs.
● Rizal believes that to serve the country better, one had to bring the issues closer to home.
● Del Pilar was a skillful politician who felt that efforts at persuading the Spanish leaders and officials
needed to be continued and that this was the best way to achieve the reforms Filipinos were
seeking.
● At New Year’s Eve banquet in 1891, Filipinos in Madrid proposed that they elect a leader to unite
their community.
● Rizal agreed with the proposal while Del Pilar expressed initial misgivings; nevertheless, the voting
took place.
● Rizal won the election, but upon learning that he won due to the manipulation of his friend, Mariano
Ponce, he felt a shallow triumph so he left Madrid.
● The newspaper released its final issue on November 15, 1895.
● Marcelo H. del Pilar wrote his final editorial saying, ‘’We are persuaded that no sacrifices are too
little to win the rights and the liberty of a nation that is oppressed by slavery.’’
Summary
Early efforts to unite the Filipino community in Spain began as early as 1882 and reached its height with
the emergence of the newspaper La Solidaridad in 1889. Journalism became a means for Filipino to
engage the Spanish-reading public on issues concerning the Philippines. Among the reforms they sought
were representation in the Spanish Cortes, freedom of the press, and the end of the practice of exiling
Filipino residents without due process. By the mid-1890s, internal feuding and lack of funds would end the
Propaganda Movement while a few Filipinos, like Rizal, would bring the struggle closer to home.
