Energy Conservation Building Code

Introduction & Compliance Approaches

Energy Efficient Buildings Training Programme on

ECBC 2017 and ENS
12st October 2021
 Workshop Outline

 Energy Conservation Building Code (ECBC) Awareness

 Need for the ECBC: Energy Scenario Globally & in India
 ECBC Introduction
 Amendments to 2007 version
 Impact of the ECBC

 Provide Administrative Guidance

 ECBC Scope & Administration
 Compliance Approaches (Mandatory, Prescriptive, and Whole Building
Performance)
 Compliance requirements

 Provide Guidance for Code Compliance

 Technical examples/exercises, compliance forms etc.

2
 Workshop Outline

 Provide Technical Guidance

 Building thermal performance basics
 Energy efficiency tips
 Examples/Case Studies

 Provide Useful List of Resources and Reference Materials

 ECBC knowledge Evaluation

 Interactive Q & A sessions and quiz/test

3
 Session 1- Agenda

 Introduction to the new ECBC 2017

Code
 Amendments in ECBC 2017

 Overview of Contents

 ECBC 2017 - Scope and Compliance

 Compliance approaches

 Compliance requirements

4
Introduction to the ECBC 2017

5
 Energy consumption in Commercial Buildings

Building sector accounts for 33% of total electricity consumption in India

Commercial building accounts for 9% of total electricity consumption in India
Sector-vise energy consumption Building Energy Consumption End-use breakdown

8%
31%
HVAC
Domestic24
%
Industry
42% Buildings
33% Commercial
9% Rest
59%
67% LIGHTING

Agriculture 10%
17%
Rest Commercial Domestic OTHERS

Others Buildings Agriculture Industry

Source:- BEE (2017)

6
 Commercial building Energy projection
500 35

450
30
400

ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTION (BILLION UNITS)

350 25
BUILT-UP AREA (MILLION SQM)

300
20

250

15
200

150 10

100
5
50

0 0
Hospitals Hotels Retail Sector Office Building Education Assembly Transit
Builtup area (2017) 69 91 262 277 199 187 11
Builtup area (2027) 89 130 315 340 282 198 13
Energy (2017) 11 8 18 23 7 8 2
Energy (2027) 16 14 24 34 12 10 2
Builtup area (2017) Builtup area (2027) Energy (2017) Energy (2027)
Source:- Estimating India’s commercial building stock to address the energy data challenge (2018)

7
 Initiatives towards Energy Efficiency

Source:-Timeline of important energy conservation initiatives in India (Vasudevan, Cherail, Bhatia, & Jayaram, 2011)
8
Energy Conservation Building Code
 Purpose of Energy Conservation Building Code (ECBC)

In accordance with section 14(p) of the Energy Conservation Act

2001 the purpose of the Energy Conservation Building Code
(Code) is to provide minimum requirements for the energy-
efficient design and construction of buildings.

The Code also provides two additional sets of incremental

requirements for buildings to achieve enhanced levels of energy
efficiency that go beyond the minimum requirements.

9
 Relevance of ECBC Compliance

Potential National Impact of ECBC 2017 Implementation

Source:-Government of India, 2017

10
Ahmedabad City Methodology

:
 16 Commercial building typologies

Office Academia Health-care Retail Hospitality Assembly

150 bed IPD Super Assembly

Small Office University Resort
hospital market building

Medium Primary Shopping No-star

OPD centre
office School mall hotel

Secondary Open
Large office Star hotel
School gallery mall

Strip Retail
mall
 Commercial Floorspace: 100 Million m (17% of 621 million m ) 2 2

35
32
30

25
Million m2

20 19

15 14
12 12
10
5
5 3 3
0
0
Large Office University Medium Office Small Office Stand-alone Assembly OPD Healthcare Super Markets Shopping Mall
Retails

• Rajan Rawal, Center for Advanced Research in Building Science and Energy, CEPT University
Building Level Results: EPI for 16 building typologies for all tiers

• Impact of Building Energy Code on Energy Consumption at City Level – A study in the context of Ahmedabad, India
 Energy Demand and Energy Savings Potential

40000 3000

35000
2500
30000
Energy Demand (GWh)

Energy Savings(GWh)
2000
25000

20000 1500

15000
1000
10000
500
5000

0 0
2017 2022 2027 2032 2037 2042 2047
Energy-BAU Energy- Post ECBC implement. Energy Savings

• Impact of Building Energy Code on Energy Consumption at City Level – A study in the context of Ahmedabad, India
 ECBC Benefits

• Savings of Energy – GHG emissions

• Managing peak demand (Utility)

• DSM – Additional Investments

• Service and Manufacturing Businesses

 Building level savings vs City level Savings

4500

4000 2,000

3500

3000 1,500
MWh

2500

2000 1,000

GWh
1500

1000 500

500

0 0
Small office Medium office Large office University Assembly Super market Strip retail mall Shopping mall opd
academia

savings_BL e7 savings_BL e17 savings_BL e17+ savings_BL e17s

Savings_CL e7 Savings_CL e17 Savings_CL e17+ Savings_CL e17s

 Relevance of ECBC Compliance

Economic performance of ECBC 2017-compliant building varies depending on type of

building, operational pattern of office building (daytime use or 24h), location (climate
zone)

18
 Scope of Energy Conservation Building Code (ECBC)

Building Components Covered

Building Envelope

Comfort Systems & Controls

Lighting Systems & Controls

Lighting
controls

Electrical & Renewable energy systems

ECBC sets minimum energy standards for commercial buildings
having a connected load of 100 kW or contract demand of 120 kVA
and above. Buildings intended for private residential purposes only Energy Water
Power
are not covered by the Code. metering Distribution Heating
 Amendments in ECBC 2017

 Applies to 16 types of commercial buildings with a connected load of 100 kW & more or
contract demand of 120 kVA or more

 Introduces passive design features such as daylight requirements and shading provisions;

 Uses Reference standard NBC 2016 for HVAC, Lighting, Thermal comfort and other relevant
criteria.

 Introduces provisions of installing Renewable Energy Systems;

 Sets minimum energy efficiency standards for design and construction;

 Encourages energy efficient design or retrofit of buildings;

 Pathway toward Near Zero Energy Buildings

 Amendments in ECBC 2017

ECBC 2017 sets three Tiers of Building Energy Performance:

 ECBC(requires 25% less energy than typical building);

 ECBC+(requires 35% less energy than typical building);
 Super ECBC(requires 50% less energy than typical building).

Source:- Energy Conservation Building Directive –2018

21
 Precedence

The following codes, programs, and policies will take precedence over the
Code in case of conflict:

State or Central Government notified statutory act or rules on safety,

security, health, or environmental issues,

Bureau of Energy Efficiency’s Standards and Labelling for appliances

and Star Rating Program for buildings, provided both or either are
more stringent than the requirements of this Code,

Any policy notified as taking precedence over this Code, by Central,

State, or Local Government.

22
 Purview of ECBC 2017

ECBC 2017 is applicable to:

New commercial buildings with load demand > 100 kW or

120 kVA;

Additions to existing commercial buildings if connected load

demand of building with additions > 100 kW or 120 kVA;

Alterations to existing commercial buildings if altered part of

building or systems > 100 kW or 120 kVA of load demand

23
Energy Conservation Building Code
 Purview of ECBC 2017

Indian Climate Zones

Number and geographic

distribution of climate zones
remained the same as in
ECBC 2007

ECBC 2017 provides climate

zone data for major Indian
cities

24
Energy Conservation Building Code
 Urban Population and Urban Geographical area in India
160

140

India-
120
• Population : 1.21 Billion
Population (Millions)
Area (‘000 Sq. Km)

100
• Geographical Area: 3.29 Million Sq. Km.

80 Total Urban Population -

• 369.8 Million
60 • 31 % of total Indian population
40
Total Urban area -
20
• 120.5 Thousand Sq. Km.
• 3.7 % of total Indian geographical area
0
Warm-Humid Composite Hot-Dry Cold Temperate
Population (Millions) 152.2 147.0 45.8 15.3 9.5 7914 Numbers urban areas across
Area (in '000 sq. km.) 65.8 35.5 13.6 4.6 1.0 638 districts of India
Population (Millions) Area (in '000 sq. km.)

Source: Census 2011, Government of India (http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB.html)

 Applicable Building Types

Hospitality Educational Healthcare

1. Star Hotel 1. College

1. Hospital
2. No Star Hotel 2. University
2. Out-patient Healthcare
3. Resort 3. Institution
4. School

Business Assembly
Shopping Complexes

1. Shopping Mall 1. Multiplex

2. Stand-alone Retails 2. Theatre
3. Open Gallery Malls 1. Daytime use 3. Building used for
4. Super Markets 2. 24-hours use Transport Services

26
Energy Conservation Building Code
Overview of Building Systems and Code
Requirements

27
 Building Envelop

ECBC 2017 prescribes minimum requirements for opaque components (wall and roof),
fenestration systems (window, skylight), shading, and day lighting

 The better the insulation of the wall, the higher the

energy savings;

 In a composite climate, U-value of 0.4 W/m2K for

walls yields 17% Internal Rate of Return and provides
simple payback period of 5 years;

 Adequate daylighting can result in 20-30% of energy

savings;

 The impact of roof insulation 50% higher in buildings

operating 24 hours, compared to 8 hours buildings.
https://www.azom.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=15386

Source:- Energy Conservation Building Directive –2018

28
 Comfort Systems and Ventilation

 Natural ventilation should comply with guidelines of

the National Building Code (NBC) and have at least 3-
star rated ceiling fans;

 Mechanical ventilation systems should ensure air

change rate in accordance with NBC and should have
CO sensors for car park space > 600 m2;

 Buildings with area >50 m2, with occupant density >40

people per 100 m2 should have demand control
ventilation

Source:- Energy Conservation Building Directive –2018

29
Energy Conservation Building Code
 Comfort Systems and Ventilation

 ECBC encourage optimal size/capacity of

HVAC systems, which helps decrease
energy costs;

 Equipment should meet minimum

efficiency standards in terms of coefficient
of performance (COP) for all tiers of
compliance;

 Time clock provisions;

 Controls for cooling towers, condenser fans,

chilled water pumps;

 Use of economizer;

 Insulation requirements for the pipes and

ducts
Source:- Energy Conservation Building Directive –2018

30
Energy Conservation Building Code
 Comfort Systems and Controls

Educational and commercial

buildings with area >20,000 m2 and
mechanical cooling and heating
systems should have building
management systems and control
systems including:

Timeclock;
Occupancy control;
Fan controls;
Temperature controls

Source:- Energy Conservation Building Directive –2018

31
Energy Conservation Building Code
 Lighting and Controls

Lighting is largest electricity consuming end-user within a building in India.

 ECBC 2017 sets minimum requirements for light

power density (LPD) of buildings and lighting control
systems;

 Maximum LPD defined as per application area as

W/m2;

 Occupancy sensor to automatically switch on/off

the lights in buildings >20,000 m2 after 15 minutes
of inactivity;

 90% of interior lighting of buildings with area >300

m2 should have automatic control systems

Source:- Energy Conservation Building Directive –2018

32
Energy Conservation Building Code
 Lighting and Controls

 The lower the LPD value, the higher will be savings;

 Compared to ECBC 2007 minimum requirements, on average ECBC 2017 will deliver
following savings in lighting (savings can be higher for typical buildings):

Source:- Energy Conservation Building Directive –2018

33
 Electrical Systems

Transformers
 Power transformers should have efficiency at
least 50%;
 Maximum loss values specified for different
types and classes of transformers;

Motors
 Power of motors should not > 20% of the
calculated maximum load;

Diesel Generators for buildings >20,000 m2should

have following ratings (BEE rated):
 ECBC > 3 Stars
 ECBC+ > 4 Stars
 Super ECBC > 5 Stars

34
Energy Conservation Building Code
 Service & Solar Water Heating

Service Water Heating Solar Water Heating

 ECBC 2017 encourages maximum energy  Solar water heaters minimum design requirements;
efficiency and heat recovery utilization (for  Applies to Hotels and Hospitals in all climatic zones
example, condensers of AC units); and all buildings in cold climate zone;
 Minimum provisions of Solar water heaters of total
 Insulation required for the entire hot water hot water design capacity:
system including the storage tanks and
pipelines;
ECBC ECBC+ Super ECBC
 Heating systems that should meet or exceed Floor area Regardless
minimum requirements set in Indian Regardless of
< than Floor area of building
Standards: building floor
20,000m2 > 20,000 m2 floor area
 Solar water heaters; area
 Gas instantaneous water heaters; At least 40% At least At least 60%
 Electric water heaters; At least 20%
40%

 Gas heaters should be used where gas is

available;
 Electric systems should be used as last resort;

35
Energy Conservation Building Code
 Renewable Energy Systems

 All buildings should have >25% of dedicated

space (rooftop or the site) for installation of
renewable energy systems in the future;

 All buildings should have Renewable Energy

Generating Zones (REGZ) for installing solar PV
on rooftops or on site of total electricity load is:

ECBC ECBC+ Super ECBC

1% 2-3% 4-6%

 REGZ should be free from obstructions and

shadows.

36
Compliance approach to the ECBC 2017

37
 Compliance to ECBC 2017

To comply with the Code, buildings shall

 (a) have an Energy Performance Index Ratio (EPI Ratio) as defined in §3.1.2 that is less
than or equal to 1 ,and,
 Meet all mandatory requirements mentioned under Sections ECBC 4.2,Compliance
5.2 , 6.2, and 7.2.
and achieved efficiency
level

Energy Performance Index Ratio

compliance
1. ECBC Complaint
2. ECBC +
3. Super ECBC
Mandatory requirements for Building Systems 1. Prescriptive Method
1. EPI ratio through
prescriptive method
2. Envelop tradeoff method
1. Building Envelope 3. Total system efficiency
2. Comfort Systems & method
Controls 4. Low energy comfort
3. Lighting systems systems
4. Electrical and Renewable
energy 2. Whole Building Performance
Method

38
 Compliance options

 Component-based (prescriptive): requires little energy expertise, provides

minimum performance requirements, no flexibility;

 System-based (trade-off ): allows some flexibility through the balance of some

high-efficiency components with other lower efficiency components;

 Whole building design analysis (performance): allows flexibility in meeting or

exceeding energy efficiency requirements (as compared to a baseline building)

Mandatory provision Expert Use of Energy

Approaches Flexibility
for ECBC knowledge Simulation

1. Prescriptive Required Low Low No

2. Trade-off Required Medium Medium No

3. Performance
Required High High Yes
Based
Source:- Energy Conservation Building Directive –2018

39
Energy Conservation Building Code
 EPI & EPI Ratio

The Energy Performance Index (EPI) of a building is its annual energy consumption in kilowatt-
hours per square meter of the building. While calculating the EPI of a building, the area of
unconditioned basements shall not be included. EPI can be determined by:

𝐴𝑛𝑛𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑘𝑊ℎ

𝐸𝑃𝐼 =
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐵𝑢𝑖𝑙𝑡 𝑢𝑝 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑒𝑥𝑐𝑙𝑢𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑈𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑞. 𝑚

The EPI Ratio of a building is the ratio of the EPI of the Proposed Building to the EPI of the
Standard Building:

𝐸𝑃𝐼 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝐵𝑢𝑖𝑙𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔

𝐸𝑃𝐼 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 =
𝐸𝑃𝐼 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝐵𝑢𝑖𝑙𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔

EPI ratio of ECBC compliant building = 1 [mandatory]

EPI ratio of ECBC+ and Super ECBC buildings < 1 as per Table 9-5 to Table 9-7 (varies from 0.91 to
0.66 for different building types in different climate zones)

40
 EPI Ratio compliance

Prescriptive Approach
 If all the requirements are met through the prescriptive approach, then the building is
deemed to have an EPI ratio of 1
 For ECBC+ and Super ECBC buildings, the EPI ratio is deemed to be as per Table 9-5 to 9-
7 for the specific building type

EPI Ratio for Core & Shell Buildings

EPI shall be calculated for the entire building based on the final design of the common
areas and the relevant mandatory undertaking(s) in the tenant lease agreement for the
leased areas, as per Section 3.1.2.1 or 3.1.2.2.

EPI Ratio for Mixed use development

Mixed use building with sub-classification <10%
 The building type of the larger area will be considered to calculate the EPI ratio

Mixed use building with sub-classification >10%

 The building type of the sub-classification should be meet the EPI ratio

41
 EPI Ratio compliance

Proposed Building
 Consistent with the actual design and

 Complies with all the mandatory requirements of ECBC.

Standard Building
 Building that has the same building floor area, gross wall area and gross
roof area as the Proposed Building,

 Complies with the mandatory requirements Section 4.2, 5.2 ,6.2, and 7.2,
and

 Minimally complies with prescriptive requirements of Section 4.3, 5.3, and

6.3 for ECBC Buildings

42
Compliance Requirements

43
 Compliance Requirements

New Building Compliance

 Full building Compliance :- New buildings with completed fit-outs shall comply with either the
provisions of §3.2.1 (Mandatory requirements) and either the provision of §3.2.2 (Prescriptive) or
§3.2.3 (Whole building Performance approach).

 Core & Shell Compliance :- New core and shell building shall comply with the provisions of §3.2.1
and either the provision of §3.2.2 or §3.2.3 following base building systems in the common areas:
 Building envelope; Thermal comfort systems and controls (only those installed by developer/
owner); Lighting systems and controls (only those installed by developer/ owner); Electrical
systems (installed by developer/ owner); Renewable energy systems

 Additionally, the tenant lease agreement shall have a legal undertaking clause to ensure
interior fit-outs made by tenant shall be Code compliant. The legal undertaking shall mandate
the relevant energy efficiency compliance requirements in accordance with the provisions of
§3.2.1 and §3.2.2 for all interior fit-outs within the tenant leased area.

44
Energy Conservation Building Code
 Compliance Requirements

Additions and Alterations to Existing Buildings

The addition shall comply with the applicable requirements, or

The addition, together with the entire existing building, shall comply
with the requirements of this Code that shall apply to the entire building,
as if it were a new building.

Exceptions to §3.3.2: When space conditioning is provided by existing

systems and equipment, the existing systems and equipment need not
comply with this code. However, any new equipment installed must
comply with specific requirements applicable to that equipment.

45
Energy Conservation Building Code
 Compliance Tools

A building following the whole building performance method of §9 or Total System Efficiency –
Alternate compliance approach of §5.3.12 shall show compliance through online BEP-EMIS or whole
building energy simulation software endorsed by BEE..
Analysis Software
AECOsim
Design Builder- Energy Plus
eQUEST- DOE2
HAP
IDA-ICE IES-VE
Whole Building Performance Method OpenStudio
Simergy
Trace700
TRNSYS
Visual DOE
BEP-EMIS

AGI32 (Licaso) Daysim

Design Builder DIVA
Groundhog IES-VE
Daylighting OpenStudio
Radiance
Rhino-Grasshopper with Daylighting Plugins
Sefaira
Sensor Placement + Optimization Tool (SPOT)

46
 Compliance Documents

Details shall include, but are not limited to:

 Building Envelope: opaque construction materials and their thermal properties

including thermal conductivity, specific heat, density along with thickness; fenestration
U-factors, solar heat gain coefficients (SHGC), visible light transmittance (VLT) and
building envelope sealing documentation; overhangs and side fins, building envelope
sealing details;

 Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning: system and equipment types, sizes,
efficiencies, and controls; economizers; variable speed drives; piping insulation; duct
sealing, insulation and location; solar water heating system; requirement for balance
report;

47
 Compliance Documents

Details shall include, but are not limited to:

 Lighting: lighting schedule showing type, number, and wattage of lamps and ballasts;
automatic lighting shutoff, occupancy sensors, and other lighting controls; lamp
efficacy for exterior lamps;

 Electrical Power: electric schedule showing transformer losses, motor efficiencies, and
power factor correction devices; electric check metering and monitoring system.

 Renewable energy systems: system peak installed capacity, technical specifications,

solar zone area

 The authority having jurisdiction may require supplemental information necessary to

verify compliance with this code, such as calculations, worksheets, compliance forms,
manufacturer’s literature, or other data.

48
THANK YOU

Rana Pratap Poddar

ECBC Master Trainer
ranapratap.poddar@gmail.com

49
 Eco-Niwas Samhita : Part I (Building Envelope) and Part 2
Electro Mechanical System and Renewable Energy Services

Rana Pratap Poddar

ECBC Master Trainer

12 October 2021
 Eco-Niwas Samhita 2018
• Eco-Niwas Samhita 2018 (Part I: Building Envelope) is the new Energy
Conservation Building Code for Residential Buildings; launched by Ministry of
Power (MoP) on 14 December 2018.

Building envelope provisions to

improve thermal comfort and
reduce energy consumption
 Approach for reducing energy consumption in building
Part I: Building Envelope Part II: Electro-Mechanical Systems
100%
Minimize energy Efficient systems and Use renewable
requirements operations energy
Energy Consumption

Residential Labelling
Passive Measures Program
Business As Usual (Orientation, WWR, Active Measures
glazing, Shading, (Proper design and On-site Renewable
Insulation, natural sizing of lighting Energy Generation
ventilation, and cooling system,
daylight…) high star rated
equipment / Net Energy
appliance, assisted
ventilation,…)
Minimize heat gain/loss,
Improve Daylight & Efficient cooling &
Natural Ventilation lighting system
Potential
 Heat Exchange in a Building
Design &
material
selection Energy
Conduction
through roof efficient
appliances

wall
Scope and Code Provisions
 ECO Niwas Samhita: Scope
• Code is applicable to:
– ‘Residential buildings’ built on a plot area ≥ 500 m2
– Residential part of ‘Mixed land-use building projects’, built on a plot area of ≥ 500 m2.
Provisions include
Minimum performance standards for residential building envelope
• Residential envelope transmittance value (RETV)

• Thermal transmittance value (Ucold) for cold climate

• Thermal transmittance value (Uroof) for building envelope for all climate

• Minimum openable window-to-floor area ratio (WFRop)

• Minimum visible light transmittance (VLT) for non-opaque building envelope components

[States and Municipal Corporations can lower this limit]

 Combined heat gains from the building envelope (except roof)
Walling material
Conduction & construction
through roof (U value of walls)

Conduction
Solar Direction of Window to wall
through
radiation wall/openings ratio
opaque
through non-
surfaces
opaque RETV
Conduction surfaces
through
non-opaque
RETV
surfaces

Shading of Glass
openings (U value)

Glass
(SHGC value)

RETV: Residential Envelope Transmittance Value

 IV. Residential envelope transmittance value (RETV) for building envelope (except roof)
for four climate zones, except cold
• Provision: RETV ≤ 15 W/m2. (Composite Climate, Hot-Dry Climate, Warm-Humid Climate, and Temperate
Climate)
• RETV is the net heat gain rate (over the cooling period) through the building envelope (excluding roof) of the
dwelling units divided by the area of the building envelope (excluding roof) of the dwelling units.
𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐: coefficients, based on climatic zone
𝐴𝑒𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 : envelope area (excluding roof) of
dwelling units (m2)
𝐴𝑜𝑝𝑎𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑖 : areas of wall / opaque part
Dependent on wall (m2)
properties
𝐴𝑛𝑜𝑛−𝑜𝑝𝑎𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑖 : areas of glass / non-opaque
Dependent on window
part (m2)
properties 𝑈𝑜𝑝𝑎𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑖 : thermal transmittance values of
wall / opaque part (W/m2.K)
Dependent on window 𝑈𝑛𝑜𝑛−𝑜𝑝𝑎𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑖 : thermal transmittance values
properties & shading
of glass / non-opaque part (W/m2.K)
𝑆𝐻𝐺𝐶𝑒𝑞𝑖 : equivalent solar heat gain
coefficient values of glass / non-opaque part
𝜔𝑖 : orientation factor
 Development of RETV Formula
Climatic zone segregation and city selection in climatic zone

Preparing typical building floor plans

Input parameters and their values for energy simulation

Simulation results and their post processing

Calculation of orientation factor & external shading factor

RETV formulation

Regression analysis for determination of coefficients

Validation of results

Final formula with coefficients

 Development of RETV Formula
Variable No. of values
Locations 7 Can accurately predict
Floor plan 2 sensible cooling load if
External Wall 5 RETV is known
Glazing 4
Shading 3
6 (for 3 locations of composite /
hot-dry climatic zone)
WWR
5 (for 4 locations of warm-humid /
temperate climatic zone)
High RETV → High Sensible Cooling
Openable area 2 Loads → High Electricity for Cooling
1 (for point block)
Orientation
2 (for doubly loaded corridor)
Cooling scenario 2
27,360 simulation cases Correlation between Qsensible and RETVsimulated for point block
model at Delhi
 What does RETV formula do?
Energy Simulation RETV Formula
• Prepare energy model • Get the areas from
(drawings, construction, architectural drawings
internal load, schedule,
• Get the construction details
cooling & ventilation
of building envelope
system, etc.)
• Use RETV formula to
• Do energy simulation
calculate RETV
• Extract net heat results for
all building envelope
components Simplified calculation to predict
• Divide by envelope area to cooling requirement of building.
calculate RETV
Results very close to detailed energy
simulation.
Coefficients of RETV Formula
 Non-opaque Area & Envelope Area (Excluding Roof)
Non-opaque Area Envelope Area (Excluding Roof)

Non- Exposed areas of common spaces (stairwells,

opaque lobbies etc.) and un-exposed walls of the units
area (facing corridors etc.) are not included.

*Frame area is not taken in calculation

Envelope area =
Non-opaque area: Non-opaque area: Total wall length (m), exposed to ambient x
100% opening area 33.3% opening area Total wall height (m), exposed to ambient
 Definition of Thermal transmittance (U value)
It is the heat transmission in unit time through unit area of a material or construction and the boundary air films,
induced by unit temperature difference between the environments on either side. Unit of U value is W/m2.K.
1
𝑈=
1 1
σ𝑛 𝑡𝑖
+ + 𝑖=1
ℎ𝑖 ℎ𝑜 𝑘𝑖

ℎ𝑖 is the inside air heat transfer coefficient, W/(m2.K)

ℎ𝑜 is the outside air heat transfer coefficient, W/(m2.K)
𝑡𝑖 is the thickness of material 𝑖, m
𝑘𝑖 is the thermal conductivity of material 𝑖, W/(m.K)

U value for the wall/roof/glazing indicates its ability to transfer heat through conduction.
Higher the U-value, higher the heat transfer
 III. Thermal Transmittance of Roof (Uroof)

• Provision: Uroof ≤ 1.2 W/m2.K

Roof construction type U value (W/m2.K)
100 mm RCC 3.66
Finishing tile + Concrete laid to slope (min. 50 mm) + 0.62
100 mm Foam Concrete + Water-proofing + 20 mm
Screed + 150 mm RCC slab
Finishing tile + Concrete laid to slope (min. 50 mm) + 50 0.54
mm Expanded Polystyrene + Water-proofing + 20 mm
Screed + 150 mm RCC slab
 U value of few wall and glazing types
Wall construction type U value (W/m2.K)

150 mm RCC (No plaster) 3.77

200 mm Solid Concrete Block with 15 mm plaster on both 2.8

sides
230 mm Brick with 15 mm plaster on both sides 1.72-2.24

200 mm Autoclaved Aerated Concrete (AAC) with 15 mm 0.77

plaster on both sides
300 mm Autoclaved Aerated Concrete (AAC) with 15 mm 0.54
plaster on both sides
Glazing type U value (W/m2.K)
Single pane glass 5.0 - 5.8
Double pane glass 1.8 - 2.7
 Definition of Equivalent SHGC (𝑆𝐻𝐺𝐶𝑒𝑞 )
• Solar heat gain coefficient (SHGC) is the fraction of incident solar
radiation admitted through a fenestration, both directly transmitted,
and absorbed and subsequently released inward through conduction,
convection and radiation.

Transmission + Secondary heat gain

𝑆𝐻𝐺𝐶𝑢𝑛𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑑𝑒𝑑 = Overhang
Incident solar radiation

• External shading (overhang, side fins) cut the solar radiation; “External Side fin Side fin
Shading Factor (ESFtotal ≤ 1) accounts the impact of shading.

𝑆𝐻𝐺𝐶eq = 𝑆𝐻𝐺𝐶𝑢𝑛𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑑𝑒𝑑 × 𝐸𝑆𝐹total

 Orientation has an impact on solar radiation falling on walls
Orientation Factor
1.400 • E.g. For Chennai
(LAT<23.5˚N), if total solar

1.211

1.202

1.156
1.155
1.155

1.143
1.125

1.124
1.200
radiation falling on

1.089
‘North’ façade during the

0.966
1.000

0.908
0.906

cooling period (Mar-Oct)

0.829

0.821
0.800 is “Iincident”, then the same
0.659

on ‘West’ façade would

0.550

0.600
be 1.156 x Iincident / 0.659
OR 1.75 x Iincident
0.400

0.200

0.000
N (0.deg) NE (45.deg) E (90.deg) SE (135.deg) S (180.deg) SW (225.deg) W (270.deg) NW (315.deg)
Incident.Solar.LAT=>23.5.deg Incident.Solar.LAT<23.5.deg
 Orientation Factor

Accounts for variation in incident

solar radiation falling on walls
with different orientations; Worst
orientations must be treated first
 V. Thermal transmittance of building envelope (except roof) for
cold climate (Uenvelope,cold)
• Provision: Uenvelope,cold ≤ 1.8 W/m2.K

1
U𝑒𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒,𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑑 = 𝑈𝑜𝑝𝑎𝑞𝑢𝑒 × 𝐴𝑜𝑝𝑎𝑞𝑢𝑒 + 𝑈𝑛𝑜𝑛−𝑜𝑝𝑎𝑞𝑢𝑒 × 𝐴𝑛𝑜𝑛−𝑜𝑝𝑎𝑞𝑢𝑒
𝐴𝑒𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒
 I. Openable Window-to-Floor Area Ratio (WFRop)
• Provision: Minimum openable window-to-floor
area ratio (WFRop) with respect to the climatic zone.

• It is the ratio of openable area (Aopenable) to the carpet

area (Acarpet) of dwelling units.

Climatic zone Minimum WFRop (%)

𝐴𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒
𝑊𝐹𝑅𝑜𝑝 = Composite 12.50
𝐴𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑝𝑒𝑡
Hot-Dry 10.00
Warm-Humid 16.66
Temperate 12.50
Cold 8.33
 Openable Area & Carpet Area
Openable Area Carpet Area

Windows: Only openable area; fixed Casement window: Two pane sliding window: 50%
panes excluded 90% openable openable

Outside Doors:

Opening in Balcony
Net usable floor area of a dwelling unit;
Opening in Corridor excludes: area covered by the external
Top hung ventilator: 90% walls, areas under services shafts,
openable balcony or verandah area
Three pane sliding window: includes: area covered by internal
66.6% openable partition walls
 II. Visible Light Transmittance (VLT)
• Provision: Minimum VLT of the glass used in non-
opaque building envelope components
(transparent/translucent panels in windows, doors,
etc.) with respect to the window-to-wall ratio (WWR)
• WWR is the ratio of the area of non-opaque building
envelope components of dwelling units to the
WWR Minimum VLT
envelope area (excluding roof) of dwelling units.
0 - 0.30 0.27
𝐴𝑛𝑜𝑛−𝑜𝑝𝑎𝑞𝑢𝑒
𝑊𝑊𝑅 = 0.31 - 0.40 0.20
𝐴𝑒𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒
It is advised that: 0.41 - 0.50 0.16
a) the WWR ≤ 0.15, minimum VLT should be 40% and
b) the WWR in residential buildings may not exceed 0.40 0.51 - 0.60 0.13
0.61 - 0.70 0.11
ENS Electro Mechanical and RE System: Code Compliance Part2
Proposed Components of ENS CC & 2
 Indoor Electric End Renewable Energy
Building Service
use System
• Common area • Indoor Lighting • Solar Water Heating
Lighting • Comfort System • Solar Photo Voltaic
• Elevator • Other Renewable
• Pumps Energy System
• DG set
• Transformer
 Chapter 4: Mandatory Requirements

• Building Envelope: All mandatory requirements as mentioned in ENS Part I

• Power Factor Correction: 0.97 at point of connection in all 3 phases or State requirement, which ever
is stringent.
• Energy Monitoring
- Common area lighting (Outdoor lighting, corridor lighting and basement lighting)
– Elevators
– Water pumps
– Basement car parking ventilation system
– Electricity generated from power back-up
– Electricity generated through renewable energy systems
– Lift pressurization system
• Electrical Vehicle Charging Station: If installed, it shall be as per revised guidelines issued by MoP for
Charging Infrastructure.
• Electrical Systems: Distribution losses shall not exceed 3% of the total power usage in the ENS building
Voltage drop for feeders < 2% at design load. Voltage drop for branch circuit < 3% at design load
Chapter 5: Prescriptive Requirements
Chapter 5: Prescriptive Requirements
Transformer – Oil Type
Transformer – Oil Type
Chapter 6: Point System Method
Chapter 6: Point System Method
EXAMPLE
Example
Point Calculation
 Chapter 6: Point System Method

• 2. Common Area and Exterior Lighting (9 Points)

• Additional Points (6 points)

• Corridor lighting
• & Stilt Parking
• 1 Point for installing 95 lm/W
• Or
• 2 Point for installing 105 lm/W
• Basement
• Lighting
• 1 Point for installing 95 lm/W
• Or
• 2 Point for installing 105 lm/W
• Exterior Lighting
• Areas
• 2 Points for Installing photo
• sensor or astronomical time
• switch
 Chapter 6: Point System Method

• 3. Elevators (22 Points)

Minimum: 13 Points
Elevators installed in the ENS building shall meet all the following requirements:
i. Install high efficacy lamps for lift car lighting having minimum luminous efficacy of
85 lm/W
ii. Install automatic switch-off controls for lighting and fan inside the lift car when are
not occupied
iii. Install minimum class IE 3 high efficiency motors
iv. Group automatic operation of two or more elevators coordinated by supervisory

Additional: 9 Points
i. Additional points can be obtained by meeting the following requirements:
ii. Installing the variable voltage and variable frequency drives. (4 points)
iii. Installing regenerative drives. (3 points)
iv. Installing class IE4 motors. (2 points)
4. Pumps (14 Points)
Minimum: 6 Points
Either hydro-pneumatic pumps having minimum mechanical efficiency of
60% or BEE 4 star rated Pumps shall be installed in the ENS building.

Additional: 8 Points
Additional points can be obtained by meeting the following
requirements:
i. Installation of BEE 5 star rated pumps (5 Points)
ii. Installation of hydro-pneumatic system for water pumping having
minimum mechanical efficiency of 70% (3 Points)
• 5. Electrical Systems (6 Points)

Minimum: 1 Point
i. Power transformers of the proper ratings and design
must be selected to satisfy the minimum acceptable
efficiency at 50% and full load rating. The permissible
loss shall not exceed the values listed in Table 8 for dry
type transformers and BEE 4-star rating in Table 9 for oil
type transformers.
Additional: 5 Points
Additional points can be obtained by providing all oil type
transformers with BEE 5 star rating.
• 6. Indoor Lighting (12 Points)

Minimum: 4 Point
All the lighting fixtures shall have lamps with luminous efficacy of minimum 85
lm/W installed in all bedrooms, hall and kitchen.

Additional: Upto 8 Points

Additional points for indoor lighting by installing all lighting fixtures in all
bedrooms, hall and kitchen shall have lamps luminous efficacy as per following:
i. 95 lm/w (3 Points)
ii. 105 lm/W (8 Points)
7. Comfort System (50 Points)
– Ceiling fans
Minimum: 6 Points
i. All ceiling fans installed in all the bedrooms and hall in all the dwelling units shall have a
service value as given below:
For sweep size <1200 mm: equal or greater than 4 m3/minute·Watt
For sweep size >1200 mm: equal or greater than 5 m3/minute·Watt
i. BEE Standards and Labeling requirements for ceiling fans shall take precedence over the
current minimum requirement, as and when it is notified as mandatory.
Additional: 1 Point
Additional points for ceiling fans by installing in all the bedrooms and hall in all the dwelling 3 Points
units as per following:
i. 4 Star
ii. 5 Star
• Weighted Average of different Comfort Systems installed in a building allowed for better
flexibility
𝑃𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑎𝑐ℎ𝑖𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝐴𝐶 = Σ 𝐼𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑛𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚 × 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑙

Σ 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑛𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑤𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡

Minimum: 20 Points
i. Unitary Type: 5 Star
ii. Split AC: 3 Star
iii. VRF: 3.28 EER
iv. Chiller: Minimum ECBC Level
Additional 9 points for : 9 Points
i. Split AC: 4 Star
ii. VRF: Not Applicable as on date, however, whenever Star labelling of BEE
is launched,
Star 4 will be applicable
iii. Chiller: Minimum ECBC+ Level as mentioned in ECBC 2017
Additional 21 points for : 21 Points
i. Split AC: 5 Star
ii. VRF: Not Applicable as on date, however, whenever Star labelling of BEE
is launched,
Star 5 will be applicable
iii. Chiller: Minimum SuperECBC Level as mentioned in ECBC 2017
• 8. Solar Water Heating (10 Points)
Minimum: 5 Points
The ENS compliant building shall provide a solar water heating system
(SWH) of minimum BEE 3Star label and is capable of meeting 100% of the
annual hot water demand of top 4 floors of the residential building.
or
100% of the annual hot water demand of top 4 floors of the residential
building is met by the system using heat recovery
Additional: Upto 5 Points
Additional points can be obtained by installing SWH system as per as per
following:
i. 100% of the annual hot water demand of top 6 floors of the
residential building (2 points)
ii. 100% of the annual hot water demand of top 8 floors of the
residential building (5 points)
• 8. Solar Photo-Voltaic (10 Points)
Minimum: 5 Points
The ENS compliant building shall provide a dedicated Renewable
Energy Generation Zone (REGZ) –
Equivalent to a minimum of 2 kWh/m2.year of electricity; or
Equivalent to at least 20% of roof area.
The REGZ shall be free of any obstructions within its boundaries and
from shadows cast by objects adjacent to the zone.
Additional: Upto 5 Points
Additional points can be obtained by installing solar photo voltaic as
per following:
i. Equivalent to a minimum of 3 kWh/m2.year of electricity or
Equivalent to at least 30% of roof area (2 points)
ii. Equivalent to a minimum of 4 kWh/m2.year of electricity or
Equivalent to at least 40% of roof area (5 points)
EXAMPLES OF CODE
COMPLIANCE
Examples for Point System
Point System - A building opting for all 3 sections and
getting 100 points
Point System - A building opting for 2 sections only
(Building envelope and Services) with RE
Point System - A building opting for all 3 sections with
RE
 Thank You
Rana Pratap Poddar
ranapratap.poddar@gmail.com