Chapter 8

OPTICAL TRANSMISSION SYSTEM

DESIGN

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Fig. 8.1.1. Schematic diagram of data flow through the components of an IMDD link. (A) Block diagram of an optical transmission system,
(B) ideal binary data sequence, (C) distorted signal waveform after transmission, (D) eye-diagram of the received signal, and (E)
recovered data sequence after the decision circuit.

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Fig. 8.1.2. Illustration of bit decision in a binary receiver.

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Fig. 8.1.3. Probability distribution function (PDF) of the eye diagram.

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Fig. 8.1.4. BER as a function of receiver Q-value.

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Fig. 8.1.5. Statistic distribution of noise when the eye diagram is distorted. Smooth lines represent noise-free eye diagram in which eye
closure is caused by waveform distortion.

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Fig. 8.2.1. An example of photocurrent waveform with (A) and without (B) the random noise.

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Fig. 8.2.2. Schematic representation of an optical eye distortion mask mapped onto a measured eye diagram with (A) and without (B) the
random noise.

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Fig. 8.2.3. Q-degradation parameter D as a function of x (solid line). Dashed line: 10log(A1/2+B1/2); dashed-dotted line: 10log(A−B).

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Fig. 8.3.1. Direct detection receivers with (A) and without (B) optical preamplifier.

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Fig. 8.3.2. Receiver sensitivity plot (continuous line) for a 10-Gb/s system using a PIN photodiode. Dashed, dash-dotted and dotted lines
represent Q calculation only consider thermal noise, shot noise, and dark current noise, individually.

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Fig. 8.3.3. Receiver sensitivity plot for a 10-Gb/s system with an optically preamplified PIN receiver.

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Fig. 8.3.4. Fiber-optic transmission system with N optically amplified fiber spans.

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Fig. 8.3.5. Q-value as the function of signal OSNR (curve marked with total) considering contributions from shot noise, ASE-ASE beat
noise, and signal-ASE beat noise.

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Fig. 8.4.1. Block diagram of point-to-point WDM transmission system.

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Fig. 8.4.2. Configurations of tunable lasers based on wavelength tuning through MEMS. (A) Use MEMS tilt mirror to select the desired
wavelength from an array of DFB laser diodes. (B) Use MEMS tilt grating to control optical feedback condition in an external cavity to
select the desired wavelength and minimize spectral linewidth.

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Fig. 8.5.1. (A)–(D) Eye diagrams of received 10 Gb/s binary optical signal propagating through single mode fiber with lengths of 0 km (A),
40 km (B), 80 km (C), and 120 km (D). Fiber dispersion parameter is D = 15.8 ps/nm/km at the signal wavelength. (E)–(F): Eye opening
(E) and eye closure penalty (F) as the function of fiber length.

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Fig. 8.5.2. (A) Calculated eye closure penalty as the function of fiber length using modulated optical signal with chirp parameters
of αc=−0.2π (blue, dashed curve in print versions), 0 (black), and 0.2π (red, dark gray curve in print versions), respectively. (B) Illustration
of instantaneous frequency deviation δf(t)=dϕ(t)/dt for a single pulse with modulation chirp.

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Fig. 8.5.3. (A) Illustration of a Gaussian pulse which is split into two (dashed and dash-dotted lines) with 0.6/0.4 ratio, and relatively
delayed. The recombined pulse (solid line) has a shifted average position and broader width. (B) Eye closure penalty calculated
with Eq. (8.5.14).

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Fig. 8.5.4. Probability of fiber DGD, τ, which has a Maxwellian distribution with τrms=25ps and a mean DGD of τmean=27ps. (A) In linear
scale, and (B) in logarithm scale.

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Fig. 8.5.5. Fiber-optic transmission system with multiple optical amplifiers. Tx: optical transmitter, PD: photodiode.

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Fig. 8.5.6. OSNR as the function of the number of fiber spans for the total system length of 1000km (solid line), 3000km (dashed line),
and 5000km (dash-dotted line). The solid dot on each curve indicates where the length of each fiber span is 80km.

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Fig. 8.5.7. Linear crosstalk caused by (A) beam splitting and combining, and (B) optical reflections.

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Fig. 8.5.8. Illustration of phase noise to intensity noise conversion through phase-dependent transfer function of multipath interference.

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Fig. 8.5.9. (A) illustration of normalized binary waveform with multipath interference, and (B) probability distribution function of the
waveform.

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Fig. 8.5.10. Divide a long fiber into k short sections for split-step Fourier simulation.

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Fig. 8.5.11. Optical spectra (top row) and eye diagrams (bottom row) of a three-channel WDM system with per-channel average powers
of −10dBm [(A) and (D)], 0dBm [(B) and (E)], and 5dBm [(C) and (F)] at the input of 80km standard single-mode fiber.

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Fig. 8.5.12. Illustration of pump-probe interaction through XPM process.

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Fig. 8.5.13. Illustration of elementary contribution of XPM from a short fiber section.

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Fig. 8.5.14. Linear superposition of XPM contributions from each amplified span.

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Fig. 8.5.15. Experimental setup for frequency domain XPM measurement.

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Fig. 8.5.16. XPM frequency response in the system with single span (114km) nonzero dispersion shifted fiber. Stars: 0.8-nm channel
spacing (λprobe=1559nm and λpump=1559.8nm), open circles: 1.6-nm channel spacing (λprobe=1559nm and λpump=1560.6nm). Continuous
lines are corresponding theoretical results.

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Fig. 8.5.17. XPM frequency response in the system with two spans (114 and 116km) of NZDSF. Stars: 0.8nm channel spacing
(λprobe=1559nm and λpump=1559.8nm), open circles: 1.6nm channel spacing (λprobe=1559nm and λpump=1560.6nm). Continuous lines are
corresponding theoretical results.

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Fig. 8.5.18. XPM frequency response in a system with two spans (114 and 116km) of NZDSF and one span (75km) of normal SMF.
Stars: 0.8nm channel spacing (λprobe=1559nm and λpump=1559.8nm), open circles: 1.6nm channel spacing (λprobe=1559nm
and λpump=1560.6nm).

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Fig. 8.5.19. Time-domain waveforms. Trace (A): input pump signal (10Gb/s (27−1) pseudo-random bit pattern). Trace (B): XPM crosstalk
of the probe channel in a single-span 130km NZDSF system. Trace (C): XPM crosstalk of the probe channel in a three-span system with
130km NZDSF+115km NZDSF+75km normal SMF.

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Fig. 8.5.20. XPM power transfer functions: trace (B) corresponds to time domain trace (B) in Fig. 8.5.19 and trace (C) corresponds to time
domain trace (C) in Fig. 8.5.19.

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Fig. 8.5.21. Normalized power crosstalk levels vs. the receiver bandwidth for 2.5, 10, and 40Gb/s bit rates in the pump channel.
(A) The system has a 130-km single fiber span with fiber dispersion of 2.9ps/nm/km and optical channel spacing of 0.8nm. Launched
pump optical power at each span is 11.5dBm. (B) The system has five fiber spans (100km/span) with fiber dispersion of 2.9ps/nm/km
and optical channel spacing of 0.8nm. Launched pump optical power at each span is 8.5dBm.

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Fig. 8.5.22. Normalized power crosstalk levels vs. the fiber dispersion for 2.5, 10, and 40Gb/s bit rates. Five cascaded fiber spans
(100km/span). Optical channel spacing 0.8nm; 8.5dBm launched pump optical power at each span.

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Fig. 8.5.23. Normalized power crosstalk levels vs the percentage of dispersion compensation in a 10Gb/s, six-span system (100km/span)
with fiber dispersion of 2.9ps/nm/km. An 8.5-dBm launched pump optical power at each fiber span. (1) Dispersion compensation after
each span, (2) dispersion compensation after every two spans, (3) dispersion compensation after every three spans, and (4) one-lumped
dispersion compensation in front of the receiver.

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Fig. 8.5.24. XPM index for (A) a two-span system and (B) a three-span system (Chiang et al., 1996).

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Fig. 8.5.25. (A) Illustration of FWM components in a four-channel system and (B) evaluating FWM crosstalk in a WDM system with one
empty channel slot.

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Fig. 8.5.26. FWM-to-carrier power ratio measured in a five-span optical system with three wavelength channels. The horizontal axis is the
frequency separation of the two outer channels.

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Fig. 8.5.27. (A) and (B) WDM optical spectrum with eight equally spaced channels and the measured eye diagram; (C) and (D) WDM
optical spectrum with eight unequally spaced channels and the corresponding eye diagram (Forghieri et al., 1995).

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Fig. 8.5.28. Illustration of dividing fiber into short sections for transfer matrix analysis.

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Fig. 8.5.29. (A) and (B) Nonlinear amplification of ASE along the longitudinal direction of a single-span fiber. Input optical
power Pin=13dBm, fiber nonlinear coefficient γ=2.07W−1km−1, and fiber loss α=0.22dB/km. (C) and (D) Nonlinear amplification
of ASE in a 100km fiber for positive (C) and negative (D) dispersions. Input power Pin=15dBm. Solid line: D=±1ps/nm/km, dashed
line: D=±0.5ps/nm/km, and dash-dotted line: D=±0.05ps/nm/km.

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Fig. 8.5.30. (A) and (B) Nonlinear amplification of RIN along the longitudinal direction of a single-span fiber. Input optical signal
power Pin=13dBm, fiber nonlinear coefficient γ=2.07W−1km−1 and fiber loss α=0.22dB/km. (C) and (D) Nonlinear amplification of
RIN of 100km fiber for positive (C) and negative (D) dispersions. Input power Pin=15dBm. Solid line: D=±1ps/nm/km, dashed
line: D=±0.5ps/nm/km, and dashed-dotted line: D=±0.05ps/nm/km.

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Fig. 8.5.31. Normalized RIN spectra for 0% (solid line), 50% (dash-dotted line), and 100% (dashed line) dispersion compensations. Fiber
length L=100km, fiber nonlinear coefficient γ=2.07W−1km−1, fiber loss α=0.22dB/km, Pin=15dBm, and D=1ps/nm/km (Hui et al., 1997).

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Fig. 8.5.32. Experimental setup. L1: 84.6km (1307ps/nm), L2: 84.6km (1291ps/nm), L3: 90.4km (1367ps/nm). Optical powers at the output
of EDFA5, EDFA6, and EDFA7 are less than 0dBm. DCM: dispersion compensation module.

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Fig. 8.5.33. Measured (open points) and calculated (solid lines) RIN spectra in the three-span standard SMF as described in Fig. 8.5.32.
The optical power at the output of EDFA2, EDFA3, and EDFA4 is 8dBm (triangles-down), 10dBm (triangles-up), 12dBm (squares), and
14dBm (circles). Curves are shifted for 10dB between one and another for better display. (A) Without dispersion compensation and (B)
with −4070ps/nm dispersion compensation (Hui et al., 1997).

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Fig. 8.5.34. Comparison of δσ between calculation (solid line) and measurement (diamonds) for the three-span system described in
Fig. 8.5.32 with optical power Pin=12dBm (Hui et al., 1997).

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