Class 11ᵗʰ
Science
PHYSICS
Units & Measurement
Unit & Measurements
Overview
Physical Quantities & System of Units Dimensions of Physical Quantities
Dimension analysis & it’s application Significant numbers Accuracy & Precision
Unit & Measurements
Which of these can not be measured by an instruments ?
A. Time Speed
B. Weight
C. Motivation
D. Volume
Unit & Measurements
Physical Quantities
In Physics, all the quantities which are used to describe the laws
of physics and can be measured are called Physical Quantities.
Types of Physical Quantities
Fundamental Derived
Unit & Measurements
Fundamental Physical Quantities
Fundamental quantities are independent of each other.
All other physical quantities can be expressed in terms of fundamental quantities.
Mass Length Time Amount of Substance
Electric Current Temperature Luminous Intensity
Unit & Measurements
Derived Physical Quantities
Physical quantities, which depend on a fundamental quantity or can
be expressed as a combination of two or more fundamental
quantities are known as Derived quantities.
Example
Velocity
Speed
Acceleration
Momentum
Force
Unit & Measurements
Unit
Measurement of any physical quantity is expressed in terms of an
internationally accepted reference standard called unit.
Standardization of Fundamental Units
The Units of Fundamental quantities
Should be accurately defined
Should have suitable size
Should not change with time and condition
Should be easy to access and reproduce
Unit & Measurements
Systems of Unit
System
Physical Quantity
𝐂𝐆𝐒 𝐌𝐊𝐒 𝐅𝐏𝐒
Length centimeter meter foot
Fundamental Mass gram kilogram pound
Time second second second
Unit & Measurements
Fundament al Physical Quantities
Length
Mass
Time
Current Electric
Temperature
Amount of Substance
Luminous Intensity
Supplementary Physical Quantities Unit & Measurements
Plane angle Solid angle
Unit & Measurements
Dimensions of a physical quantity
Dimensions of a physical quantity are the powers to which
the fundamental quantities must be raised to represent the
given physical quantity.
Unit & Measurements
Acceleration
Force
Torque
Unit & Measurements
Pressure
Work
Energy
Unit & Measurements
Given the gravitational force between two objects of mass 𝑚₁ and m₂ respectively separated by
𝑅 is 𝐹 = 𝐺 𝑚¹𝑚²/R² Find the dimensional formula of gravitational constant 𝐺.
Unit & Measurements
KHASS BAAT
The physical quantities separated by the symbols +, – , =, >, <
have the same dimensions.
Unit & Measurements
Applications of Dimensional Analysis
[Link] of Units 2. Checking Dimensional 3. Establish the relation
correctness of an equation between given PQ
Unit & Measurements
Conversion of Units
Unit & Measurements
Conversion of Units
POWER OF 10 PREFIX
tera
giga
mega
kilo
hecto
deka
pico
nano
micro
milli
centi
deci
Unit & Measurements
Conversion of Units
Astronomical unit AU
Light year ly
parsec -
Unit & Measurements
Unit & Measurements
Checking Dimensional correctness of an equation
Unit & Measurements
Let us consider an equation
where m is the mass of the body, v its velocity, g is the acceleration due to gravity and h is the height.
Check whether this equation is dimensionally correct.
Unit & Measurements
A dimensionally correct relation is always physically correct.
Is the above statement true?
A dimensionally correct equation may or may not be physically correct
Unit & Measurements
Establish the relation between given physical quantities
Unit & Measurements
Limitations of Dimensional analysis
The value of dimensionless constant of proportionality can not be predicted.
In an equation trigonometrical, exponential and logarithmic terms cannot be predicte.
If a physical quantity depends on more than three factors, then relation among them cannot
be established.
Only product or ratio type of relations can be predicted.
Sum or difference type relations cannot be predicted.
Displacement
Unit & Measurements
Significant Figures
In a measured quantity, significant figures are the digits which
are absolutely correct plus the first uncertain digit
The larger the number of significant figures obtained in a
measurement, the greater is the accuracy of the measurement.
The opposite is also true.
Unit & Measurements
Rules for Counting Significant Figures
1. All the non-zero digits are significant
Example : 42.3 243.4 24.123
Number of
Significant
figures
2. All the zeros between two non-zero digits are significant,
no matter where the decimal point is.
Example : 5.03 5.604 4.004
Number of
Significant figures
Unit & Measurements
Rules for Counting Significant Figures
3. Leading zeroes or the zeroes placed to the left of the first non-zero digit are insignificant.
Example : 0.545 0.045 0.006
Number of
Significant figures
4. The terminal or trailing zeros in a number without a decimal point are not significant
5. Zeroes placed to the right of the number after a decimal place are significant.
Example : 4.330 2300 430 343.000
Number of
Significant
figures
Unit & Measurements
Rules for Counting Significant Figures
6. The powers of ten are not counted as significant figures
7. Change in units of measurement of a quantity does not change the number of significant figures
8. Exact measurements have infinite number of significant figures
Unit & Measurements
Count total number of significant figures in the following measurements:
(a) 4.080 cm
(b) 10.00 cm
(c) 0.079 m
(d) 4.07080
(e) 950
(f) 7.090 x 105
Unit & Measurements
Rules for Rounding Off
1. If the digit to be dropped is less than 5, then the preceding digit is left unchanged.
2. If the digit to be dropped is more than 5, then the preceding digit is raised by one.
3. If the digit to be dropped is simply 5 or 5 followed by zeros, then the preceding digit it left
unchanged if it is even.
4. If the digit to be dropped is 5 or 5 followed by zeros, then the preceding digit is raised by one
if it is odd
5. If the digit to be dropped is 5 followed by digits other than zero, then the preceding digit is
increased by 1.
Unit & Measurements
Round off the following numbers to three significant figures :
(a) 24572
(b) 24.937
(c) 36.350
(d) 42.450 x 109
Unit & Measurements
Round 742396 to
four, three and two significant digits.
Unit & Measurements
Arithmetic Operations involving significant figures
Case 1: Addition/Subtraction Case 2: Multiplication/Division
In addition or subtraction, the final result In multiplication or division, the final
should retain as many decimal places as result should retain as many significant
are there in the number with the least figures as are there in the original number
decimal places with the least significant figures
(a) 13.214+234.6 + 7.0350+ 6.38 (a) 0.00435 X 4.6 (b) 1101
10.2
(b) 1247 +134.5+ 450 + 78
Unit & Measurements
Least Count
The smallest measurement that can be measured accurately by an instrument is called its least count.
Unit & Measurements
Accuracy Precision
It is the measure of how close the It tells us to what limit or resolution the
measured value is to the true value quantity is measured and the degree of
of that quantity. repetitiveness of the measured values.
Unit & Measurements
Unit & Measurements
Classification of Errors
Absolute Error Relative or Fractional Percentage error
Unit & Measurements
In a series of successive measurements in an experiment, the readings of the length of
a rod are found to be 10.3 m, 10.6 m, 9.4 m, 9.7 m, 10.2 m and 9.8 m. Calculate the
Relative Error and Percentage Error.
Unit & Measurements
Combination of Errors
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