ENGINEERING WORKSHOP LAB
(EL-1006)
LABORATORY MANUAL
INTRODUCTION TO MATLAB
(LAB # 01)
Engr. Shehzad Ahmad
Engr. Tooba
Student Name: ______________________________________________
Roll No: ________________ Section: ____
Date performed: 28th January, 2024
MARKS AWARDED: ________ / 10
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF COMPUTER AND EMERGING SCIENCES, ISLAMABAD
Introduction to MATLAB LAB 1
Lab # 01: Introduction to MATLAB
Learning Objectives:
In this lab, you will learn:
The interface of MATLAB
Basic arithmetic operators
Matlab variables
Matrix manipulation
Software Used: MATLAB
Description:
Matlab (stands for Matrix Laboratory), it integrates computation, visualization, and programming
in an easy-to-use environment, where problems and solutions are expressed in familiar
mathematical notation.
Examples:
Matrix computations and linear algebra
Solving nonlinear equations
Numerical solution of differential equations
Mathematical optimization
Statistics and data analysis
Signal processing
Modelling of dynamical systems
Solving partial differential equations
Simulation of engineering systems
Strengths of MATLAB
MATLAB is relatively easy to learn.
MATLAB code is optimized to be relatively quick when performing matrix operations.
MATLAB may behave like a calculator or as a programming language.
MATLAB is interpreted, errors are easier to fix.
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Introduction to MATLAB LAB 1
“Fig 1.1”
Desktop Tools
1. Command Window
Use the Command Window to enter variables and run functions and M-files.
“Fig 1.2”
2. Command History:
Statements you enter in the Command Window are logged in the Command History. In
the Command History, you can view previously run statements, and copy and execute selected
statements.
Enter a command “commandhistory” in Command Window to see commands historY.
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Introduction to MATLAB LAB 1
“Fig 1.3”
“Fig 1.4”
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Introduction to MATLAB LAB 1
“Fig 1.5”
3. Workspace Browser:
The MATLAB workspace consists of the set of variables (named arrays) built up during
a MATLAB session and stored in memory.
“Fig 1.6”
4. Variable Tab:
Double-click a variable in the Workspace browser to see it in the Variable Tab.
Use the Variable Tab to view and edit a visual representation of one- or two-dimensional
numeric arrays, strings, and cell arrays of strings that are in the workspace.
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Introduction to MATLAB LAB 1
“Fig 1.7”
5. Current Folder:
It lists all the files that are available in current directory.
“Fig 1.8”
“Fig 1.9”
Reserved Words:
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Introduction to MATLAB LAB 1
Reserved Words List:
for end if while
function elseif case otherwise
switch continue else try
catch global persistent break
This list is returned as an output of the ‘iskeyword’ function. For example,
>> iskeyword(‘case’)
ans =
1 (else 0 will be displayed)
The function isvarname(‘MCS’) work in the same manner.
Matlab will report an error if you try to use a reserved word as variable.
Basic Arithmetic Operations:
Operations Symbol Example
Addition + 3 + 22
Subtraction - 54.4 – 16.5
Multiplication * 3.14 * 6
Division / or \ 10/2 or 2\10
Expressions are evaluated from left to right, with precedence;
Exponentiation > Multiplication & Division > Addition & Subtraction.
Variables Naming Rule:
The first character MUST be alphabetic followed by any number of letters, digits, or
underscore.
The variable names are case sensitive.
Blanks are NOT allowed in a variable name.
Variable names can contain up to 63 characters.
Punctuation characters are not allowed, because many of them have special meanings in
Matlab.
Matlab Special Variables:
ans Default variable name for results
pi Value of p
inf infinity
NaN Not a number e.g. 0/0
i and j i = j = -1
realmin The smallest usable positive real number
realmax The largest usable positive real number
Examples:
>>a = 2
a=
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Introduction to MATLAB LAB 1
>> 2*pi
ans =
6.2832
Types of Variables:
Type Examples
Integer 1362,-5656
Real 12.33,-56.3
Complex X=12.2 – 3.2i (i = sqrt(-1))
Complex numbers in MATLAB are represented in rectangular form. To separate real & imaginary
part
H = real(X)
K = imag(X)
Conversion between polar & rectangular
C1 = 1-2i
Magnitude: mag_c1 = abs(C1)
Angle: angle_c1 = angle(C1)
Note that angle is in radians
Useful Matlab Commands:
who List known variables
whos List known variables plus their size
clear all Clear all variables from work space
clear x y Clear variables x and y from work space
clc Clear the command window only and not any variable
close all closes all open figures
Extras:
Using up-arrow key allow user to recall most recently used commands
Another trick is to use a ‘letter’ prior using up-arrow
Other MATLAB symbols:
, separate statements and data
% start comment which ends at end of line
; (1) suppress output
(2) used as a row separator in a matrix
: specify range
MATLAB Matrices:
MATLAB treats all variables as matrices. For our purposes a matrix can be thought of as an
array, in fact, that is how it is stored.
Vectors are special forms of matrices and contain only one row OR one column.
Scalars are matrices with only one row AND one column.
A matrix can be created in MATLAB as follows (note the commas AND semicolons):
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Introduction to MATLAB LAB 1
» matrix = [1 , 2 , 3 ; 4 , 5 ,6 ; 7 , 8 , 9]
matrix =
1 2 3
4 5 6
7 8 9
Row Vector:
A matrix with only one row is called a row vector. A row vector can be created in MATLAB
as follows (note the commas):
» rowvec = [12 , 14 , 63]
rowvec =
12 14 63
Row vector can also defined in a following way:
rowvec = 2 : 2 : 10; % start : step size : stop
rowvec =
2 4 6 8 10
Column Vector:
A matrix with only one column is called a column vector. A column vector can be created in
MATLAB as follows (note the semicolons):
» colvec = [13 ; 45 ; -2]
colvec =
13
45
-2
Extracting a Sub-Matrix:
A portion of a matrix can be extracted and stored in a smaller matrix by specifying the names of
both matrices and the rows and columns to extract. The syntax is:
sub_matrix = matrix ( r1 : r2 , c1 : c2 ) ;
where r1 and r2 specify the beginning and ending rows and c1 and c2 specify the
beginning and ending columns to be extracted to make the new matrix.
A column vector can be extracted from a matrix. As an example we create a matrix below:
» matrix=[1,2,3;4,5,6;7,8,9] Here we extract the column 2 of matrix and
make a column vector:
matrix = » col_two =matrix( 1:3 ,2: 2)
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Introduction to MATLAB LAB 1
1 2 3 col_two = 2
4 5 6 5
7 8 9 8
A row vector can be extracted from a matrix. As an example we create a matrix below:
» matrix=[1,2,3;4,5,6;7,8,9] Here we extract row 2 of matrix and make a row
vector. Note that 2:2 specifies the 2nd row and
matrix = 1:3 specifies columns of 2nd row.
1 2 3 » rowvec =matrix(2 : 2 , 1 : 3)
4 5 6 rowvec =
7 8 9 4 5 6
Concatenation:
New matrices may be formed out of old ones
Suppose we have:
a = [1 2; 3 4]
a=12
34
Input output
[a , a, a] ans = 1 2 1 2 1 2
3 4 3 4 3 4
[a ; a; a] ans =
1 2
3 4
1 2
3 4
1 2
3 4
[a, zeros(2); zeros(2), a'] ans = 1 2 0 0
3 4 0 0
0 0 1 3
0 0 2 4
Scalar Matrix Addition & Subtraction:
» a=3;
» b=[1, 2, 3;4, 5, 6]
b=
1 2 3
4 5 6
» c= b+a % Add a to each element of b
c=
4 5 6
7 8 9
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Introduction to MATLAB LAB 1
Scalar - Matrix Multiplication:
» a=3;
» b=[1, 2, 3; 4, 5, 6]
b=
1 2 3
4 5 6
» c = a * b % Multiply each element of b by a
c=
3 6 9
12 15 18
Other matrices Operations:
Let a=[1 4 3;4 2 6 ;7 8 9]
det(a) : Find the determinent of a matrix.
ans = 48
inv(a) : Find the inverse of matrix.
ans =
-0.6250 -0.2500 0.3750
0.1250 -0.2500 0.1250
0.3750 0.4167 -0.2917
a' : Find the transpose of a matrix.
ans =
1 4 7
4 2 8
3 6 9
min(a) :Return a row vector containing the minimum element from each column.
ans = 1 2 3
min(min(a)): Return the smallest element in matrix:
ans = 1
max(a) : Return a row vector containing the maximum element from each column.
ans = 7 8 9
max(max(a)): Return the max element from matrix:
ans = 9
a.^2 :Bitwise calculate the square of each element of matrix:
ans =
1 16 9
16 4 36
49 64 81
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Introduction to MATLAB LAB 1
sum (a) : treats the columns of ‘a’ as vectors, returning a row vector of the sums of each
column.
ans = 12 14 18
sum(sum(a)): Calculate the sum of all the elements in the matrix.
ans = 44
size (a) : gives the number or rows and the number of columns:
>> [r c] = size(a)
r=3 c=3
Let a =[ 4 5 6] , length(a) finds the number of elements in row vector.
Bitwise Multiplication of Two Vectors:
Let a=[1 2 3] ; b=[4 5 6];
a.*b :Bitwise multiply the each element of vector ‘a’ and ‘b’:
ans =
4 10 18
Matrix Division:
MATLAB has several options for matrix division. You can “right divide” and “left divide”.
Right Division: use the slash character
»A/B
This is equivalent to the MATLAB expression
» A*inv (B)
Left Division: use the backslash character
»A\B
This is equivalent to the MATLAB expression
» inv (A)*B
Matrix of Zeros:
Syntax : zeros array
Format : zeros(N), zeros(M,N)
Description:
This function is used to produce an array of zeros, defined by the arguments.
(N) is an N-by-N matrix of array.
(M,N) is an M-by-N matrix of array.
Example;
>> zeros(2) >> zeros(1,2)
ans = ans =
0 0 0 0
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Introduction to MATLAB LAB 1
0 0
Matrix of Ones:
Syntax : ones array
Format : ones(N), ones(M,N)
Description:
This function is used to produce an array of ones, defined by the arguments.
(N) is an N-by-N matrix of array.
(M,N) is an M-by-N matrix of array.
Example;
>> ones(2) >> ones(1,2)
ans = ans =
1 1 1 1
1 1
Identity Matrix:
Syntax : identity matrix
Format : eye (N), eye (M,N)
Description:
Create an NxN or MxN identity matrix (i.e., 1’s on the diagonal elements with all others
equal to zero). (Usually the identity matrix is represented by the letter “I”. Type
Example;
>> I=eye(3)
I=
100
010
001
Exercises:-
NOTE:
Solve these questions in MATLAB and write answers/code in the manual.
Q.1 Run the MATLAB help desk by typing helpdesk. The help desk provides a hypertext interface
to the MATLAB documentation.
Q.2 Use MATLAB as a calculator. Try the following:
pi*pi – 10
sin(pi/4)
ans ˆ 2 %<--- "ans" holds the last result
Q.3 Create a vector
a. ‘A’ of even whole numbers between 31 and 75.
b. ‘B’ of odd whole numbers between 75 and 131.
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Introduction to MATLAB LAB 1
Q.4 Make sure that you understand the colon notation. In particular, explain in words what the
following MATLAB code will produce.
jkl = 0 : 6
jkl = 2 : 4 : 17
jkl = 99 : -1 : 88
ttt = 2 : (1/9) : 4
tpi = pi * [ 0:0.1:2 ];
Q.5 Enter the following in MATLAB.
A=
[ 26 34 ] [ 16 62 ]
,B=
Find AB, and A-1.
TASKS:
Matrix Manipulation:
A. Generate a 6x6 matrix A with magic command and replace first column with:
1
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
B. Generate a 6x1 matrix z as given
1
2
3
4
5
6
C. Solve linear system of equations Ax=z
D. Compute determinant of matrix A
E. Extract a 4x4 matrix (first 4 rows and first 4 columns) from matrix A.
F. Write commands to make a matrix of 2nd , 4th and 6th columns of the original matrix?
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