Assignment #03
Course Title: Pre-Calculus
Submitted by :Amina Tarar
Submitted to :Prof.Syeda Laraib Zahra
Submission date :30-01-2025
Topic :Trigonometric Functions
Department :CS 1st SMESTER
Trigonometric Functions:
Trigonometric functions are also known as Circular Functions can be simply defined as
the functions of an angle of a triangle. It means that the relationship between the angles and
sides of a triangle are given by these trig functions.
The basic trigonometric functions are sine, cosine, tangent, cotangent, secant and cosecant.
Six Trigonometric Functions:
The angles of sine, cosine, and tangent are the primary classification of functions of
trigonometry. And the three functions which are cotangent, secant and cosecant can be
derived from the primary functions. Basically, the other three functions are often used as
compared to the primary trigonometric functions. Consider the following diagram as a
reference for an explanation of these three primary functions. This diagram can be referred to
as the sin-cos-tan triangle. We usually define trigonometry with the help of the right-angled
triangle.
Sine Function:
In trigonometry, the sine function can be defined as the ratio of the length of the opposite side
to that of the hypotenuse in a right-angled triangle. The sine function is used to find the
unknown angle or sides of a right triangle.
For any right triangle, say ABC, with an angle α, the sine function will be:
Sin α= Opposite/ Hypotenuse
Sine Function Formula:
In a right-angled triangle, the sine of an angle is equal to the ratio of side opposite to the
angle (also called perpendicular) and hypotenuse.
Suppose, ‘α’ is the angle, in a right triangle ABC.
Then, the sine formula is given by:
Sin α= Opposite side/ Hypotenuse
or
Sin α = Perpendicular/Hypotenuse
As per the given figure, the sine formula becomes,
Sin α = a/h
where ‘a’ is the opposite side to angle ‘α’ and ‘h’ is the hypotenuse.
Sine Function Graph
The sine graph looks like the image given below. The sine graph or sinusoidal graph is an up-
down graph and repeats every 360 degrees i.e. at 2π. In the below-given diagram, it can be
seen that from 0, the sine graph rises till +1 and then falls back till -1 from where it rises
again.
The function y = sin x is an odd function, because;
Sin (-x) = -sin x
Cosine function:
In a right-triangle, cos is defined as the ratio of the length of the adjacent side to that of the
longest side i.e. the hypotenuse. Suppose a triangle ABC is taken with AB as the hypotenuse
and α as the angle between the hypotenuse and base.
Now, for this triangle,
Cos α = Adjacent Side/Hypotenuse
Cosine Formula
From the definition of cos, it is now known that it is the adjacent side divided by the
hypotenuse. Now, from the above diagram,
Cos α = AC/AB
Or,
Cos α = b/h
Cos Graph
The cosine graph or the cos graph is an up-down graph just like the sine graph. The only
difference between the sine graph and the cos graph is that the sine graph starts from 0 while
the cos graph starts from 90 (or π/2). The cos graph given below starts from 1 and falls till -1
and then starts rising again.
Tangent function:
The tangent function, along with sine and cosine, is one of the three most common
trigonometric functions. In any right triangle, the tangent of an angle is the length of the
opposite side (O) divided by the length of the adjacent side (A). In a formula, it is written
simply as ‘tan’.
Tan a = Opposite/Adjacent = CB/BA
Also, in terms of sine and cos, tan can be represented as:
Tan a = sin a/cos a
We know that the sine of an angle is equal to the length of the opposite side divided by the
length of the hypotenuse side whereas the cosine of the angle is the ratio of the length of the
adjacent side to the ratio of the hypotenuse side.
That is, Sin A = Opposite Side/ Hypotenuse Side
Cos A = Adjacent Side/ Hypotenuse Side
Graph of tan:
Secant, Cosecant and Cotangent Functions:
Secant, cosecant (csc) and cotangent are the three additional functions which are derived
from the primary functions of sine, cos, and tan. The reciprocal of sine, cos, and tan are
cosecant (csc), secant (sec), and cotangent (cot) respectively. The formula of each of these
functions are given as:
Sec a = 1/(cos a) = Hypotenuse/Adjacent = CA/AB
Cosec a = 1/(sin a) = Hypotenuse/Opposite = CA/CB
cot a = 1/(tan a) = Adjacent/Opposite = BA/CB
Note: Inverse trigonometric functions are used to obtain an angle from any of
the angle’s trigonometric ratios. Basically, inverses of the sine, cosine, tangent,
cotangent, secant, and cosecant functions are represented as arcsine, arccosine,
arctangent, arc cotangent, arc secant, and arc cosecant.
Formulas:
Let us discuss the formulas given in the table below for functions of trigonometric ratios(sine,
cosine, tangent, cotangent, secant and cosecant) for a right-angled triangle.
Here is the graph for all the functions based on their respective domain and range.
