Ultra-Thin, Ultra-Light, Rainbow-Free AR Glasses Based on Single-

Layer Full-Color SiC Diffrcative Waveguide

Boqu Chen1,3, Ce Li5,6, Xiaoxuan Li2, Ding Zhao5,6, Lu Cai4*, Kaikai Du4,5,6*and Min Qiu2,3,5,6*
1
. College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310007, Zhejiang Province, China
2
. Key Laboratory of 3D Micro/Nano Fabrication and Characterization of Zhejiang Province, School of Engineering, Westlake

University, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang Province, China.

3
. Institute of Advanced Technology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang

Province, China.
4
. Moldnano (Hangzhou) Technology Co., LTD., Hangzhou 311100, Zhejiang Province, China.
5
. Westlake Institute for Optoelectronics, Fuyang, Hangzhou 311421, Zhejiang Province, China.
6
. Zhejiang Key Laboratory of 3D Micro/Nano Fabrication and Characterization, Westlake Institute for Optoelectronics, Fuyang,
Hangzhou 311421, Zhejiang Province, China.

Abstract
As information interaction technology advances, the efficiency, dimensionality, and user
experience of information transmission have significantly improved. Communication has evolved
from letters to telegraphs, markedly increasing transmission speed; from telephones to video calls,
enhancing communication dimensions; and from smartphones to augmented reality (AR) displays,
which provide increasingly immersive user experiences. Surface relief grating (SRG) diffractive
waveguides have attracted considerable attention for their optimal balance between weight, size,
optical performance, and mass production capabilities, positioning them as a leading solution for
AR displays. However, as consumer expectations for higher display quality and better device
integration rise, traditional high-refractive-index glass-based diffractive waveguides face limitations,
including bulkiness, heavy weight, and conspicuous rainbow artifacts in full-color displays. To
overcome these challenges, a novel solution: ultra-thin, lightweight silicon carbide (SiC) AR
prescription glasses was proposed. This solution achieves full-color displays without rainbow
artifacts, with total weight of just 2.685 g and thickness of only 0.55 mm. Moreover, these glasses
are compatible with prescription Fresnel lenses and are well-suited for scalable mass production.
This innovation provides a robust platform for the seamless integration of augmented reality into
daily life, offering significant potential to enhance user interaction.

Introduction
With the advancement of technology, the speed, dimensions, and interactivity of information
transmission have significantly improved. Alongside the increasing demand for efficient and rapid
information exchange, there is a growing expectation for more immersive interactive experiences.
In recent decades, AR technology has evolved rapidly, spearheading a revolution in human-
computer interaction. AR allows users to experience an interaction between the physical and virtual
worlds, where virtual objects are superimposed or integrated into real-world environments1-3. Based
on different methods of merging virtual images with reality, AR head-mounted displays (HMDs)
can be classified into video see-through HMDs4,5 and optical see-through HMDs.
Optical see-through HMDs are widely adopted due to their portability, real-time capabilities,
and safety advantages. The first optical see-through HMD was proposed by Sutherland in the 1960s6.
Since then, optical see-through technology has been continuously explored in military 7-11,
industrial12,13, and consumer electronics applications14-16. Various approaches have been developed
to guide images from micro projector to the observer, integrating real-world views with virtual
images16,17. Early HMD optical combiners were based on traditional axial beam splitters, as seen in
Google Glass18-20. However, since the field of view (FOV) and frame size are proportional to the
size of the optical elements, achieving a balance between performance and comfort led to smaller
FOVs in such smart glasses. To achieve a larger FOV, HMDs using off-axis aspheric mirrors were
introduced21, but the large size and off-axis aberrations compromised user comfort. Later, full
internal reflection (TIR) solutions based on freeform optics 22 were proposed, offering high-quality
displays with a large FOV (e.g., Canon23-25). However, the bulky form factor limited their adoption.
To achieve a satisfactory display with an acceptable FOV and compact size, waveguide HMDs with
cascaded mirror arrays26-28 and light-guiding optical elements (such as Lumus29-31) were developed.
This system, based on reflection, results in relatively low optical aberrations, but the high
manufacturing precision and coating quality required remain difficult problem. Compared to
traditional bulky refractive optics, planar diffractive waveguides have become a recent research
focus due to their excellent trade-offs between form factor, FOV, frame size, and mass
production32,33. The optical system works by coupling light from a micro projector into a thin plate
via a small coupling area34, then projecting the image to the human eye through pupil expansion and
outcoupling area35. With the continuous advancements in optical design and micro-nano fabrication,
diffractive waveguides are increasingly applied in military36,37 and consumer electronics, gradually
becoming the optimal choice for future development.
As shown in Figure 1, a mass-producible, ultra-light, and thin SiC AR prescription glasses with
30° FOV, full-color, rainbow-artifacts-free display was proposed. SiC was chosen for its high
refractive index, excellent thermal conductivity, low optical loss, low density, mechanical hardness,
and chemical resistance across the visible to near-infrared spectrum38-41. To address the limitations
of traditional nanoimprinting technologies, a mass-production-compatible nanoimprint lift-off
process was developed, enabling the large-scale transfer of metal patterns onto SiC wafers. The SiC
waveguide was fabricated by transferring the patterns from the metal mask to the SiC surface using
dry etching. To enhance transmittance and protect the waveguide structure, a novel ultra-thin
packaging process was introduced, employing a sandwich structure of hard coating and anti-
reflective coatings to enclose the SiC waveguide. After packaging and laser cutting, the final
monolithic SiC waveguide weighs only 2.7 g with a thickness of 0.55 mm, representing a significant
improvement over current mainstream AR glasses. Experimental results demonstrated that the SiC
waveguide achieves full-color, rainbow-free display at a 30° FOV, with potential for further FOV
expansion as optical system performance improves. To meet the refractive correction needs of
myopic users, ultra-thin vision correction lenses were developed, which can be attached to the SiC
waveguide surface, providing low-cost, high-performance visual correction functionality. The SiC
AR glasses achieve full-color display without requiring multiple waveguides, addressing the
industry's challenge of rainbow artifacts while optimizing weight, volume, and vision correction.
This innovation advances diffractive waveguide display technology, providing a clear direction for
the future of information interaction.
Figure 1: Operational schematic of SiC AR glasses. (a) Comparison of SiC AR glasses (left) and conventional AR glasses (right)
in achieving full-color display and vision correction. SiC AR glasses demonstrate advantages in being lighter, thinner, offering
superior heat dissipation, and eliminating rainbow artifacts. (b-c) Photographs of the full-color display produced by SiC AR glasses.

Design and Principle

The proposed structure for an ultra-thin colored light waveguide in AR optical combiners is a
hard coatings, SiC waveguide, and anti-reflect coating sandwish configuration, referred to simply
as the SiC waveguide. This design employs a SiC layer as the waveguide to fulfill the requirements
for light turning and exit pupil expansion (EPE) for RGB light. Hard coating layers are applied on
both sides of the SiC waveguide, replacing the traditional cover layer to protect the waveguide.
Meanwile, hard coating can eliminates the gap in conventional AR waveguide and reduces weight.
Figure 2a-b shows the overall layout of the waveguide and the corresponding k-space, respectively.
Figure 2b illustrates the k-space image of the SiC waveguide: the inner circle representing the k-
vector in an air environment, and the dashed middle circle for the k-vector of the hard coatings layer,
and the outer RGB circles corresponding to the k-vectors of red, green, and blue light, respectively.
All k-vectors are normalized by (2π/λ). The central rectangle indicating the k-vector range of the
FOV. The grating vectors for the IC, EPE, and OC regions form angles of -60°, 60°, and 0° with the
horizontal axis, respectively. Light from the projection system, confined within the k-vectors of the
FOV, enters the IC region of the SiC waveguide. It is first modulated by the IC region grating, then
undergoes TIR within the SiC layer to reach the EPE region. Continuing through the EPE, the light
reaches the OC, where it is modulated by the OC grating and coupled out of the SiC waveguide to
be captured by the human eye. The k-space image demonstrates that RGB light within the FOV
range can undergo TIR in the SiC layer and be coupled out in the same direction as the incident
light, this confirms the theoretical feasibility of using the SiC waveguide for AR applications.
In addition, due to the smaller period design of SiC waveguide, rainbow artifacts can be
suppressed effectively. Rainbow artifacts are an optical phenomenon in waveguides where ambient
light diffracted by the grating on the waveguide surface disperses, creating bright regions that
resemble rainbows and significantly degrade the user experience of AR glasses. Reducing or
suppressing rainbow has become one of the most important issues for AR glasses to achieve
widespread market adoption. In SiC waveguide, ambient light can be diffracted at a larger angle,
directing it mostly outside the human eye's line of sight, which effectively suppresses rainbow
artifacts. Figures 2c-d illustrate the rainbow suppression effect in the SiC waveguide, where the
large rectangle represents the k-vector angles that the eye can perceive within the Eye-box. The blue
ring denotes that the ambient light, after being diffracted by the grating in OC region, produces
outgoing light rays that are positioned outside the angle receivable by the Eye-box, ensuring that
rainbow artifacts are not visible to the human eye. For a clearer comparison, consider a waveguide
with a refractive index of n=1.9. To achieve a single-pane full-color display with a 30° FOV, the
grating period is calculated as P=370 nm. Under the same Eye-box conditions, some blue and green
components of ambient light diffracted by this grating enter the eye's reception area, indicating a
potential for rainbow artifacts to be observed in such a waveguide structure.
Using independently developed code for waveguide structure optimization, the coupling
efficiency for RGB colors across various FOV angles can be calculated, as shown in Figures 2e-g.
Binary grating structure with 262 nm period are selected for all grating regions. The optimized
grating structure parameters are: for the IC region, duty cycle is 58%, grating height is 169 nm; for
the EPE region, duty cycle 50.5%, grating height is 167 nm; for the OC region, duty cycle 42.1%,
grating height 27 nm. Figures 2e-g demonstrate that, with these parameters, the coupling efficiency
for all angles and colors is greater than zero, allowing for the output of a complete full-color image
across the entire FOV. Furthermore, to enhance the uniformity of the output image, further
partitioning of the EPE and OC regions could be implemented to improve image quality.

Figure 2: Optical simulation of SiC AR glasses. (a) Layout distribution of SiC AR. (b) The k-space and k-vectors of SiC AR. (c)

Diffraction of ambient light in SiC AR k-space does not overlap with the eye-box, eliminating the rainbow artifacts. (d) Overlap
of ambient light diffraction with the eye-box in conventional AR (n=1.9), leading to the rainbow artifacts. (e-g) Outcoupling
efficiency of SiC AR at 456, 520, and 617 nm wavelengths within the FOV range.

Results and Discussion

To evaluate the breakthrough performance of SiC AR glasses, a series of static and optical tests
were designed, as shown in Figure 3. The large-area homogeneous SiC waveguides were fabricated
using the custom-developed NIL-to-lift-off process on 4-inch 4H-SiC wafers (Figure 3a). This
process effectively addressed challenges associated with the conventional NIL process, specifically
the low etch selectivity of nanoimprint resists and contamination from residuals in the NIL-to-etch
method. The process enabled the precise replication of homogeneous SiC nano-gratings with a
period of 262 nm, covering a large structural area of 3.34 cm². SEM images (Figure 3b) confirm
that the nano-grating structure maintained excellent morphology and dimensional accuracy,
matching the design specifications with high precision. These results demonstrate the feasibility of
mass production for dense, small-period micro-nanostructures in hard-to-etch materials, such as SiC,
introducing a scalable method for fabricating high-hardness materials in industrial applications.
In addition to waveguide fabrication, the focus was on protecting the SiC waveguide and
improving light transmission by developing an ultra-thin packaging method. This approach used a
sandwich structure composed of a hard coating and anti-reflective coating, applied through spin-
coating and deposition, respectively. The SiC AR glasses were laser-cut into lens shapes (Figure 3c)
to allow for evaluation in practical use cases. Weight measurements using a high-precision balance
showed that a single SiC AR lens weighs only 2.6856 g (Figure 3d), significantly lighter than
conventional AR glasses, which typically weigh 10–15g per lens. Additionally, the thickness of the
SiC AR glasses was measured to be just 0.55 mm using a vernier caliper and optical microscope
(Figure 3e), much thinner than the 2–3 mm thickness of mainstream AR glasses made with high-
refractive-index glass or resin. These reductions in size and weight highlight the SiC AR glasses’
potential for enhanced portability, improved comfort, and easier integration into compact AR
systems.
To evaluate the optical performance of the SiC AR glasses, a custom optical testing platform
was designed and assembled. This setup, mounted on a vibration isolation table, included a DLP
light engine, a luminance colorimeter mounted on a six-axis translation stage, and a sample holder
for the AR glasses (Figure 3f). The light engine projected images through the optical path to the
sample holder, where the SiC AR glasses were positioned. By aligning the AR glasses with the
projector's optical path, proper waveguide coupling was ensured. The luminance colorimeter was
adjusted to capture the light exiting the waveguide, allowing for measurements at nine points within
the display FOV.
The results of the optical tests demonstrated excellent brightness uniformity across the display.
Specifically, the brightness uniformity for RGB mixed light was measured at 3.18%, with red at
4.68%, green at 2.82%, and blue at 3.57%. The luminous efficiency for RGB mixed light was
measured at 175.45 nit/lm, with red at 163.36 nit/lm, green at 179.13 nit/lm, and blue at 148.95
nit/lm. Despite the absence of specific optimizations for display uniformity, the measured
MTF@22PPD score was 0.2669 (horizontal) and 0.3055 (vertical), indicating that the waveguide
was capable of achieving high-quality full-color displays. Further improvements in uniformity could
be achieved by implementing structural duty cycle or height modulation. The FOV for the SiC AR
glasses was measured at 45.7°, slightly higher than the design value due to the 50° FOV of the
projector. Additionally, distortion was measured at 1.48%, well within the acceptable range and
consistent with design targets. The comprehensive optical performance tests confirmed that the SiC
AR glasses can deliver full-color displays with high FOV and minimal distortion. These features,
combined with the device's lightweight and thin form factor, offer significant advantages over
conventional AR glasses. The SiC AR technology provides a promising solution for next-generation
diffractive waveguide displays, offering improved optical performance, enhanced portability, and
the potential for mass production in commercial applications.

Figure3. Static and optical test of SiC AR glasses. (a) SiC AR waveguide. (b) SEM diagram of SiC nano-grating. (c) SiC AR
glasses after packaging and laser cutting. (d) Weight measurement using a high-precision balance. (e) Cross-sectional image of the

SiC AR glasses. (f) Optical testing setup, including the light engine, luminance colorimeter, and multi-axis sample holder.

Materials and methods

The SiC AR glasses consist of a SiC waveguide and a Fresnel prescription lens, with the
fabrication process illustrated in Figure 4. Conventional diffractive waveguide AR glasses use NIL
for mass production, but the soft imprint resist materials are prone to damage. To enhance display
performance and durability, an imprint-to-etch process transfers the pattern from the resist to the
substrate. However, this method is limited by rapid resist consumption during etching, which
constrains structure depth. This limitation was addressed by developing a NIL to lift-off process,
enabling mass production of metal masks that prevent defects from residual resist during etching
and improve cleanliness. In addition, bulky resin covers were replaced with an ultra-thin sandwich
cover featuring anti-reflective and hard coatings, which protect the nano-gratings while improving
light transmission. For vision correction, an ultra-thin Fresnel lens was developed using diamond
turning to create NIL masters, allowing for mass production of prescription lenses that integrate
seamlessly with the waveguide cover. These optimized processes enabled the successful integration
of SiC waveguides, ultra-thin packaging, and planar prescription lenses.
The NIL master was created using electron beam lithography (EBL) and inductively coupled
plasma (ICP) etching to form high-precision grating structures on a silicon substrate (Figure 4, NIL
mask fabrication). A 100 kV EBL system (Raith EBPG) was used to pattern a 4-inch silicon wafer.
A high-current 10 nA exposure improved writing speed while maintaining morphology and accuracy.
After development, the EBL resist (ZEP 520A) acted as an etch mask, allowing the target depth to
be etched into the substrate. Residual resist was removed via NMP flushing and oxygen plasma
cleaning, completing the NIL master fabrication.
To extend the lifespan of the NIL master and improve release properties, the pattern was
transferred to a PET film, which served as the working stamp for subsequent imprinting (Figure 4,
Working stamp fabrication). After anti-adhesion treatment, the master was coated with working
stamp resist, UV-cured, and pressed onto the PET film. The PET film was then separated, retaining
the inverse pattern for future imprinting.
For SiC waveguide mass production, a NIL to lift-off process was developed (Figure 4,
Waveguide mass production), addressing the limitations of conventional NIL in fragility and
optical performance. Unlike the NIL-to-etch process, this method utilizes a metal mask, providing
higher etch selectivity and broader applicability. The process begins with spin-coating lift-off resist
on a SiC wafer, followed by SiO2 deposition and NIL resist application. After imprinting and UV
curing, the NIL residual layers, SiO2, and lift-off resist were removed through multiple etching steps.
To ensure high lift-off success, reactive ion beam etching (RIBE) was used to remove residual
materials, leaving a clean photomask. Chromium was deposited onto the desired area, and non-
patterned areas were lifted off. The nano-grating structure was then etched into the SiC substrate
using ICP, and the chromium mask was subsequently removed.
To improve optical transmission and protect the waveguide, a novel ultra-thin packaging
process was introduced, involving a sandwich structure with anti-reflective and hard coatings
(Figure 4, SiC AR packaging process). A 30 μm protective layer was formed by spin-coating
hardening liquid onto the waveguide, followed by UV curing. Alternating layers of SiO2 and TiO2
were deposited to form a multi-layer anti-reflective coating.
With the growing demand for vision correction in AR devices, prescription lenses are becoming
critical. Current solutions add custom lenses in front of the waveguide, increasing weight and cost.
This issue was addressed by using diamond turning to fabricate Fresnel lens masters, enabling low-
cost mass production through NIL. Ultra-thin Fresnel lenses were affixed to the lens surface,
providing efficient vision correction with minimal size and cost (Figure 4, Prescription Fresnel
lens fabrication).
Figure4. SiC AR fabrication flow.

Conclusion
In conclusion, the experiments demonstrated that SiC AR glasses provide lightweight, thin,
full-color display capabilities without rainbow artifacts. The design objectives were successfully
met, achieving full-color display via a monolithic waveguide while effectively eliminating rainbow
artifacts. To enable scalable fabrication of homogeneous nano gratings on SiC substrates, a NIL to
lift-off process was developed, allowing for the mass production of waveguides on 4-inch 4H-SiC
wafers. To safeguard the SiC waveguide and improve optical transmission, an ultra-thin packaging
technique was implemented, utilizing spin-coated hard coating and anti-reflective coatings,
achieving encapsulation with a thickness of just 30 μm per side. Following laser cutting, each SiC
AR lens weighed 2.6856 g and measured 0.55 mm in thickness—representing a significant
enhancement over conventional full-color AR glasses in terms of both size and weight. In optical
tests, the SiC AR glasses demonstrated a wide field of view (FOV) with minimal image distortion,
while maintaining full-color display quality. These findings underscore the superior performance of
SiC AR glasses compared to conventional AR systems, which often rely on more complex designs
and higher fabrication complexity to achieve similar results.
The techniques developed in this work open up possibilities for high-performance devices
compatible with semiconductor manufacturing, particularly through the use of materials with
exceptional optical and mechanical properties, such as diamond. While the current SiC AR design
already achieves monolithic full-color display, further enhancements in display brightness and color
uniformity could be realized by modulating the structural duty cycle and depth in specific regions.
Additionally, adopting a two-dimensional pupil expansion strategy could lead to a more compact
design while enabling an even larger FOV. By integrating these optimization approaches, future
optical devices with enhanced performance could be developed for a range of applications,
including augmented reality, metasurfaces, and aerospace. This advancement addresses critical
optical challenges in modern information interaction and industrial systems, positioning SiC AR
technology as a key player in next-generation optical solutions.
 References
1 Azuma, R. T. A Survey of Augmented Reality. Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual
Environments/MIT press (1997).
2 Feiner, S., MacIntyre, B. & Seligmann, D. Knowledge-based augmented reality.
Communications of the ACM 36, 53-62 (1993).
3 Zhang, Y. & Fang, F. Development of planar diffractive waveguides in optical see-through head-
mounted displays. Precision Engineering 60, 482-496 (2019).
4 Choy, C.-T. et al. in 2005 Digest of Technical Papers. International Conference on Consumer
Electronics, 2005. ICCE. 427-428 (IEEE).
5 Rolland, J. P. & Fuchs, H. Optical versus video see-through head-mounted displays in medical
visualization. Presence 9, 287-309 (2000).
6 Sutherland, I. E. in Proceedings of the December 9-11, 1968, fall joint computer conference,
part I. 757-764.
7 Arthur III, J. J. et al. Review of head-worn displays for the next generation air transportation
system. Optical Engineering 56, 051405-051405 (2017).
8 Ferrin, F. J. in Helmet-and Head-Mounted Displays IV. 178-185 (SPIE).
9 Roberts, D. C. et al. in Head-and Helmet-Mounted Displays XVII; and Display Technologies
and Applications for Defense, Security, and Avionics VI. 30-41 (SPIE).
10 Bleha, W. P. & Lei, L. A. in SID Symposium Digest of Technical Papers. 297-300 (Wiley Online
Library).
11 Kress, B., Victorien, R. & Meyrueis, P. Digital combiner achieves low cost and high reliability
for head-up display applications. SPIE Newsroom. DOI 10, 1599 (2009).
12 Peli, E., Luo, G., Bowers, A. & Rensing, N. Applications of augmented‐vision head‐mounted
systems in vision rehabilitation. Journal of the Society for Information Display 15, 1037-1045
(2007).
13 Weng, D., Cheng, D., Wang, Y. & Liu, Y. Display systems and registration methods for
augmented reality applications. Optik 123, 769-774 (2012).
14 Kress, B., Saeedi, E. & Brac-de-la-Perriere, V. The segmentation of the HMD market: optics for
smart glasses, smart eyewear, AR and VR headsets. Photonics applications for aviation,
aerospace, commercial, and harsh environments V 9202, 107-120 (2014).
15 Rolland, J. & Cakmakci, O. Head-worn displays: the future through new eyes. Optics and
Photonics News 20, 20-27 (2009).
16 Kress, B. & Starner, T. A review of head-mounted displays (HMD) technologies and
applications for consumer electronics. Photonic Applications for Aerospace, Commercial, and
Harsh Environments IV 8720, 62-74 (2013).
17 Cakmakci, O. & Rolland, J. Head-worn displays: a review. Journal of display technology 2,
199-216 (2006).
18 Martinez-Millana, A., Bayo-Monton, J.-L., Lizondo, A., Fernandez-Llatas, C. & Traver, V.
Evaluation of Google Glass technical limitations on their integration in medical systems.
Sensors 16, 2142 (2016).
19 Miao, X., Wong, A. & Amirparviz, B. (Google Patents, 2013).
20 Starner, T. Project glass: An extension of the self. IEEE Pervasive Computing 12, 14-16 (2013).
21 Rolland, J. P. Wide-angle, off-axis, see-through head-mounted display. Optical engineering 39,
 1760-1767 (2000).
22 Fang, F., Zhang, X., Weckenmann, A., Zhang, G. & Evans, C. Manufacturing and measurement
of freeform optics. Cirp Annals 62, 823-846 (2013).
23 Hoshi, H. et al. in Stereoscopic Displays and Virtual Reality Systems III. 234-242 (SPIE).
24 Yamazaki, S., Inoguchi, K., Saito, Y., Morishima, H. & Taniguchi, N. in Stereoscopic Displays
and Virtual Reality Systems VI. 453-462 (SPIE).
25 Takagi, A., Yamazaki, S., Saito, Y. & Taniguchi, N. in Proceedings IEEE and ACM International
Symposium on Augmented Reality (ISAR 2000). 68-77 (IEEE).
26 Cheng, D., Wang, Y., Xu, C., Song, W. & Jin, G. Design of an ultra-thin near-eye display with
geometrical waveguide and freeform optics. Optics express 22, 20705-20719 (2014).
27 Wang, Q., Cheng, D., Hou, Q., Hu, Y. & Wang, Y. Stray light and tolerance analysis of an
ultrathin waveguide display. Applied optics 54, 8354-8362 (2015).
28 Gu, L., Cheng, D., Wang, Q., Hou, Q. & Wang, Y. Design of a two-dimensional stray-light-free
geometrical waveguide head-up display. Applied Optics 57, 9246-9256 (2018).
29 Amitai, Y. in SID Symposium Digest of Technical Papers. 360-363 (Wiley Online Library).
30 Frommer, A. in SID Symposium Digest of Technical Papers. 134-135 (Wiley Online Library).
31 Amitai, Y. in SID Symposium Digest of Technical Papers. 310-313 (Wiley Online Library).
32 Amitai, Y., Reinhorn, S. & Friesem, A. Visor-display design based on planar holographic optics.
Applied Optics 34, 1352-1356 (1995).
33 Kress, B. & Shin, M. in Proceedings of the 2013 ACM conference on Pervasive and ubiquitous
computing adjunct publication. 1479-1482.
34 Gurwich, I., Weiss, V., Eisen, L., Meyklyar, M. & Friesem, A. A. in Wave-Optical Systems
Engineering II. 212-221 (SPIE).
35 Upatnieks, J. (Google Patents, 1987).
36 Wilmington, I. K. & Valera, M. in SID Symposium Digest of Technical Papers. 278-280.
37 Simmonds, M. & Howard, R. A projection display with a rod-like, rectangular cross-section
waveguide and a plate-like waveguide, each of them having a diffraction grating. WO Patent
(2007).
38 Ankit, Kishor, K. & Sinha, R. K. Design, fabrication, and characterization of epsilon negative
and near-zero index metasurface. Applied Physics A 130, 98 (2024).
39 Ahamad, M. A., Inam, F. A. & Castelletto, S. Silicon carbide metasurfaces for controlling the
spontaneous emission of embedded color centers. arXiv preprint arXiv:2301.04961 (2023).
40 Zhang, B., Hendrickson, J., Nader, N., Chen, H.-T. & Guo, J. Metasurface optical antireflection
coating. Applied Physics Letters 105 (2014).
41 Ou, K. et al. Advances in meta-optics and metasurfaces: fundamentals and applications.
Nanomaterials 13, 1235 (2023).