Artificial Intelligence in the Legal Profession: A review on its

Transformative Potential and Ethical Challenges

Lalit Singh K. A. Joshi Ravindra Koranga
Graphic Era Hill University, Bhimtal, Graphic Era Hill University, Bhimtal, Graphic Era Hill University, Bhimtal,
Uttarakhand Uttarakhand Uttarakhand
jaipur_lalit@yahoo.com kavitajayjoshi@gmail.com 333koranga@gmail.com

Satish Chandra Pant Priya Mathur

Doon Business School, Dehradun, Poornima Institute of Engineering
Uttarakhand and Technology
fdp20satishchandrap@iima.ac.in priya.mathur@poornima.org

ABSTRACT language processing, and robotics, in areas ranging from research

By automating processes, improving decision-making, and alter- and analysis to document review and client interactions. As a result
ing the parameters of legal practice, artificial intelligence (AI) is of these developments, there is a chance to improve access to legal
reinventing the legal profession. This study examines the many services, increase efficiency, and resolve the age-old problem of
ramifications of AI in the legal system, emphasizing its revolu- ”justice delayed is justice denied. The surge of AI acceptance in law
tionary potential and moral dilemmas. The paper examines how is not without its complexity and moral problems, though. As AI
well-liked AI technologies are among legal professionals, looks into systems advance, concerns are being raised regarding the potential
privacy issues raised by networked AI bots, and imagines the emer- replacement of lawyers, the protection of privacy in a connected
gence of AI lawyers who can make and present cases on their own. society, and the creation of AI agents that can independently make
In light of technical breakthroughs, the research paper emphasizes legal decisions. A significant difficulty that necessitates investiga-
the necessity for fair regulation, moral AI development, and the tion is finding the proper balance between utilizing AI’s capabilities
preservation of fundamental legal principles. and respecting the ideals of justice, fairness, and openness.

CCS CONCEPTS 2 LITERATURE REVIEW

• Information systems; • Information retrieval; • Retrieval Artificial Intelligence (AI) in law refers to the application of ma-
models and ranking; chine learning algorithms, natural language processing, and other
advanced computational techniques to perform various tasks within
KEYWORDS the legal profession. These tasks can range from automating repeti-
Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, Legal Process, Legal tive and time-consuming processes to assisting legal professionals
Ethics in research, analysis, and decision-making. AI in law aims to stream-
line legal operations, improve the efficiency of legal services, and
ACM Reference Format:
enhance the quality of legal outcomes by harnessing the power of
Lalit Singh, K. A. Joshi, Ravindra Koranga, Satish Chandra Pant, and Priya
Mathur. 2023. Artificial Intelligence in the Legal Profession: A review data and algorithms. In a recent study made in 2019 it has been
on its Transformative Potential and Ethical Challenges. In International deciphered that Industry-specific possibilities and difficulties have
Conference on Information Management & Machine Intelligence (ICIMMI 2023), emerged as a result of the development of artificial intelligence.
November 23–25, 2023, Jaipur, India. ACM, New York, NY, USA, 8 pages. The conflict between robots and people has drawn a lot of interest
https://doi.org/10.1145/3647444.3647953 from legal scholars. In one such exploratory study, potential clients,
judges, lawyers, and experts in artificial intelligence participated in
1 INTRODUCTION semi-structured interviews to discuss challenges related to the use
Artificial intelligence (AI), which has previously been based on of robots in the provision of legal services. It suggests an extended
custom and precedent, has been driving a significant revolution robot lawyer technology acceptance model with five facets and
in the legal profession. The legal ecosystem has been thoroughly eleven components. The two characteristics that this approach em-
impacted by AI technologies, such as machine learning, natural phasizes are ”legal use” and ”perception of trust.” In conclusion, this
study offers fresh, unique consequences and demonstrates three
Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or
classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed traits, namely derivative, macroscopic, and instructive, in the field
for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation of artificial intelligence-based legal services. Additionally, robot
on the first page. Copyrights for components of this work owned by others than the attorneys with artificial intelligence are being created with some
author(s) must be honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or
republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission of the requisite skills [1]. In earlier research made in 2015 the
and/or a fee. Request permissions from permissions@acm.org. researchers’ findings demonstrated that although technology is
ICIMMI 2023, November 23–25, 2023, Jaipur, India clearly developing and altering the profession of law, it is replac-
© 2023 Copyright held by the owner/author(s). Publication rights licensed to ACM.
ACM ISBN 979-8-4007-0941-8/23/11 ing lawyers more slowly. The study reaffirmed that professional
https://doi.org/10.1145/3647444.3647953 regulation of legal technology must be abandoned, even though
ICIMMI 2023, November 23–25, 2023, Jaipur, India Lalit Singh et al.

current methods of professional regulation are unsatisfactory and cognitive domains, allowing for a deeper analysis of morality and
ineffectual. The study made clear how crucial it is to undertake the values that will improve the practice of law [9]. The analysis of
challenging but necessary work of creating more efficient regula- the above research reveal that AI has completely changed the legal
tory frameworks that safeguard customers and the principles of profession, from research and analysis to document review and
our legal system by utilizing both technical and legal knowledge client interactions. Examples of this include machine learning and
[2]. In important study that evaluated often offered ideas that au- natural language processing and overview has been shown table 1.
tomation will soon replace most of the job currently performed by The application of AI in legal process has been shown in table 2.
lawyers has mapped out the future of AI-integrated legal systems. In summary, AI can enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of
By doing this, they address three shortcomings in the literature that the legal system, which in turn can help prevent the delays that
already exists: (i) a lack of knowledge about new and developing often lead to the denial of justice. By automating routine tasks,
legal technologies; (ii) a lack of information about how attorneys providing valuable insights, and facilitating alternative dispute
allocate their time between tasks; and (iii) a lack of consideration resolution, AI contributes to ensuring that justice is not delayed
for whether computerized approaches to a task are in line with the and thereby upholds the principle of ”justice delayed is justice
goals, values, and challenges of the legal profession. By combining denied.” But there are certain cases which require human touch of
a distinct collection of data on time allocation in large legal firms lawyers indispensably.
with in-depth technical analysis, they calculated that automation Mukesh v. State (NCT of Delhi) 6 SCC 1 (2017) Supreme Court
has a quantifiable effect on the demand for lawyers’ time, although Cases (Cri) 673: 2017 SCC Online SC 533. Popularly known as
a smaller one [3]. The focus of research was made by Pagallo, Ugo Nirbhaya Case. A young woman was brutishly gang-raped and
in 2013. was on the class of robots for personal or context [4]. The died in Delhi in December 2012, a crime that shocked the nation.
research highlighted that the Robots in smart homes with internet Even though the offenders were eventually found guilty and given
connections cause privacy issues. Data collection can go ”out of sentences, there were problems with the protracted, multi-year
control” as they grow more independent. The expectation of pri- justice delivery process. During these 7 years, Nirbhaya’s lawyer
vacy is affected by human-robot contact. There are legal parallels Seema Kushwaha strongly and empathetically supported Asha Devi,
between accountability for children, animals, and employees, but Nirbhaya’s mother to stand firm [10]. AI lawyers would not be able
cloud-based robot management presents unique challenges. The to render this emotional support. Karen J. Mathis, President of the
emphasis should be on how people interact and treat these robots, American Bar Association stated, “Caring is as much a part of the
as this will affect how information is disclosed in various situations. legal profession as intelligence” [11].
Dervanović, Dena in their study made in 2018 deliberated on AI For many years, legal experts and philosophers believed that
lawyers, dismantling barriers to the law and ensuring that everyone emotion has been eliminated from the law and its foundational
receives justice. According to the researchers, AI will do the heavy ideas of justice, allowing reason and logic to take precedence. They
job, freeing up human lawyers to concentrate on strategy and inno- now admit that emotions eventually seep in and affect juries’ and
vation. Efficiency and a humane judicial system are promised when judges’ choices, as well as occasionally the fundamental essence
humans and AI work together. Although there are ethical issues to of the law. There is a need for empathy—for defendants, plaintiffs,
be resolved, there is no denying the possibility of accessible justice. people, and groups [12].
The study underlined the fact that Artificial intelligence is a positive Suchita Srivastava v. Chandigarh Administration 14 SCR 989,
force that will level the playing field and provide a just legal future (2009) 9 SCC 1: In Suchita Srivastava v. Chandigarh Administration,
[5]. Ross is the first AI lawyer in worldwide [6]. Long back in 1970 the Supreme Court reversed a decision to forcefully end a woman
Buchanan et al. in their study related to speculation about AI and with an intellectual disability’s pregnancy. The Court differentiated
Legal reasoning explored how the incorporation of computer sys- between ”mental retardation” and ”mental illness” when interpret-
tems and artificial intelligence (AI) may change the practice of law ing the Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP) Act, highlighting
and the function of attorneys. This could have several important her autonomy under Article 21 of the Indian Constitution. It was
effects like Enhanced Access: AI could automate repetitive legal considered arbitrary to reduce the need for consent for women who
work, increasing access to high-quality legal services for a wider are mentally retarded. The Court emphasized that the state must
range of people. Lawyers may modify their duties as they get a respect women with mental impairments’ choices for reproductive
better knowledge of the arguments they defend. However, there health by the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities.
are worries that excessive reliance on AI could result in a drop in Though Suchita Srivastava’s case was sensitive since the victim had
service quality. Convenient AI technologies may make it possible been impregnated by a heinous act of rape, in situations like these,
for people to handle legal problems on their own [7]. After the com- the victim’s parents, guardians, or court have to act in their best
pletion of five decades, the speculations have gradually precipitated interests because the victim is unable to make decisions for herself.
the as the need for assessing ethical risks. As AI software is used AI Lawyers would not be able to possess this human touch.
and adopted in everyday legal practice, more thorough guidelines Indeed, attorneys have had a significant impact on the develop-
are required for determining the extent and kind of ethical risks ment of Indian law history. Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala
[8]. Even while welcoming transformative potential changes in the (1973) 4 SCC 225 is a seminal case in which distinguished legal
legal system with the AI integration, we must not compromise with scholars, including Nani Palkhivala, argued in favor of the basic
the ethical aspects, especially the human touch. This is substanti- structure concept, which restricts the ability of the Parliament to
ated by researchers in one significant study made in 2017 asserted change the Indian Constitution. A noteworthy case is of Maneka
that empathy can be a useful tool for integrating the emotive and Gandhi v. Union of India (1978), in which attorney H.M. Seervai
Artificial Intelligence in the Legal Profession: A review on its Transformative Potential and Ethical Challenges ICIMMI 2023, November 23–25, 2023, Jaipur, India

Table 1: Overviews of studies on AI in the legal field.

Study Aspects Inference

Xu, Ni; Wang, Kung-Jeng (2019) Potential Benefits Using AI in law is intended to increase
efficiency, improve access to legal services,
and solve the long-standing problem of
delayed justice.
Remus, Dana; Levy, Frank S. (2015). Concerns and Complexities: The increasing use of AI in law gives rise to
questions regarding the ethical
ramifications of AI making autonomous
legal decisions, privacy in a connected
society, and the possibility that AI will
replace attorneys in the legal profession.

Remus, Dana; Levy, Frank S. (2015). Regulatory Difficulties Research from 2015 and 2019 underscores
the difficulties in regulating AI in the legal
Xu, Ni; Wang, Kung-Jeng (2019) field and the necessity of efficient
regulatory frameworks that strike a
compromise between legal and technical
know-how.
Nunez, Catherine (2017) Effect on Legal Practitioners Although technology is transforming the
Dervanović, Dena(2018) practice of law, the rate at which lawyers
are being replaced is slow. Although
quantifiable, the effect of automation on
attorneys’ time is not as great as popular
belief.
Privacy Concerns Research conducted in 2013 and 2018
Pagallo, Ugo (2013) highlights the significance of human-robot
interaction and how it affects expectations
S. A. Wright (2018) of privacy when discussing privacy issues
relating to artificial intelligence,
particularly in smart homes.
Dervanović, Dena.(2018) AI Lawyers According to research conducted in 2018,
AI will handle complex legal chores, freeing
up human attorneys to focus on strategy
and creativity. While ethical issues are
taken into account, the possibility of
accessible justice is highlighted.
Buchanan, Bruce G.; Headrick, Thomas E. Historical Perspective Speculations about AI in legal reasoning
(1970). date back to 1970, anticipating enhanced
access to legal services and concerns about
a potential drop in service quality.
WESTABY, Chalen and JONES, Emma Ethical Concern However, ethical risks associated with AI
(2017). integration in legal practice need thorough
evaluation. Balancing Ethical Aspects:
S. A. Wright (2020) Despite the transformative potential of AI
integration in law, maintaining ethical
considerations, regulatory frameworks, and
the human touch in legal practice is crucial
for a just and fair legal future. In summary,
AI in law brings both promise and
challenges, requiring careful navigation to
harness its capabilities while preserving the
ethical foundations of the legal system.
ICIMMI 2023, November 23–25, 2023, Jaipur, India Lalit Singh et al.

Table 2: Applications of AI in Law: The Cutting-edge

AREA DOMAIN BENEFIT

1 Case Prioritization Artificial intelligence algorithms are capable of evaluating case This guarantees that cases with
information and ranking them according to variables including a high priority are handled
complexity, urgency, and possible effects on the parties concerned. faster, avoiding unnecessary
delays in instances of utmost
importance.
2 Predictive Analytics AI can forecast how long future cases will probably take by These forecasts can help judges
about Case Length analyzing data from past cases. and legal experts manage
resources more effectively and
set reasonable expectations for
litigants, which will lessen the
annoyance that comes with
drawn-out legal proceedings.

3 Managing Documents Large amounts of data and documents can be quickly processed and By doing this, cases move
and Electronic categorized by e-discovery and document review technologies through the discovery phase
Discovery driven by AI. more quickly and the
document review process takes
less time.
4 Legal Analysis and Artificial intelligence (AI) can help lawyers locate pertinent statutes, Lawyers can construct stronger
Research case law, and legal precedents more swiftly. arguments more quickly with
the help of faster legal research,
which could result in faster
case decisions.
5 Early Evaluation of AI can shed light on the advantages and disadvantages of certain This may result in early case
the Case legal theories, empowering parties to decide whether to settle or resolutions and a decrease in
press their case. the backlog.

6 Online Conflict AI-driven platforms for alternative dispute resolution (ODR) can Online participation by parties
Settlement (OCS) help settle conflicts outside of court. in mediation, negotiation, or
arbitration frequently leads to
quicker and more affordable
resolutions.

7 Court Calendaring By guaranteeing the effective use of judicial resources and AI systems can optimize court
and Docket minimizing delays brought on by scheduling conflicts, schedules.
Administration

8 Translation and When dealing with situations requiring several languages or AI can help with real-time
transcription between accessibility requirements, this might expedite communication and court transcript transcription
languages proceedings. and document translation.

9 Self-help tools and Self-help resources and chatbots with AI capabilities can help Prompt delivery of legal
legal chatbots people navigate the legal system, relieving pressure on already information and support helps
overworked legal aid agencies. avert delays.

10 Monitoring AI can track organizational legal compliance and spot possible Legal problems can be avoided
compliance and problems or infractions. altogether with early notice
identifying issues and intervention.
early

11 Effectiveness in Administrative functions like scheduling, record keeping, and case Buttresses the swift legal
Administrative Work monitoring can be automated by AI. system as it frees up legal
professionals to focus on more
complex legal work, potentially
expediting cases.
Artificial Intelligence in the Legal Profession: A review on its Transformative Potential and Ethical Challenges ICIMMI 2023, November 23–25, 2023, Jaipur, India

Figure 1: Conventional Legal Process

Figure 2: Comparison between AI based legal process and Conventional Legal process.
ICIMMI 2023, November 23–25, 2023, Jaipur, India Lalit Singh et al.

Figure 3: AI based legal process.

prevailed in arguing that Article 21 of the Constitution should be process. It might also cause discriminatory decisions due to bias in
expanded to include the right to life and personal liberty. training data. Thus there might be issue of unfairness and biasness
Legal battles undertaken by attorneys such as Ram Jethmalani in with AI. AI also lack emotions and empathy. Lack of emotions
the Bhopal Gas Tragedy case (1984) sought justice for the victims, and empathy may cause concerns regarding the quality of human
demonstrating the importance of legal experts in standing up for the interactions.
rights of those impacted. These instances demonstrate the crucial
roles Indian lawyers have played in historic cases, shaping legal
doctrine and promoting justice.
2.3 Privacy and Data Protection:
A large amount of data is needed for proper function of AI system.
2.1 Ethical Concerns in AI and Law This can cause issue with data privacy. While dealing with cases,
there may be personal and sensitive information which is provided
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is being used in a vast range of fields to AI system. It is necessary to ensure that this data remains secure
including sports, education, law, technology, medical and entertain- and hidden so that unauthorized access can be avoided. It also
ment. AI is extremely useful in Law as it can assist in various tasks raises concern regarding user consent. User data may be given to
and streamline the process of justice. Through AI, case research AI without the consent of user who may object to the use of AI. So
and document analysis can be done very effectively. AI can help use of data must be transparent and open. Data ownership must be
in better case management through predictive case analysis and
ensured so that only an authorized individual should be able to use
through the use of Machine Learning based Dispute Resolution and control the data. It must not be made public. Data retention
Platform justice can be delivered easily and in an organized manner. should be avoided for long duration and personal and sensitive data
AI also helps in verification and validation through E Discovery and should be discarded as soon as it is no longer needed.
AI based Information Retrieval system which can fetch documents
faster than a human can.
In spite of all these benefits there are some challenges associated 2.4 Intelligent Autonomous Law
with AI. Major challenges are associated with ethics. The following Decision-Making:
ethical concerns have been raised in the study: Allowing AI to autonomously make decisions may raise very criti-
cal ethical concerns. It is essential to ensure fairness in the decision
2.2 Possible Substitution of Lawyers: making. If the AI system is biased, then it might cause discrim-
Use of AI in justice can help to a great extent but it also causes the inatory outcomes. This is possible if the training data is biased.
concern that legal professionals might be displaced from jobs. This In complex and morally sensitive matters, AI may face challenges
issue is a major concern in all the fields which have adopted AI. as it lacks the ability to comprehend nuanced context. Humans
Loss of job may cause problem with livelihood of lawyers and their oversight may be needed for correctness. Autonomous AI may face
families. Another problem that may arise is access to justice. Those problem with liability and accountability. How to hold AI responsi-
with limited resources may find it difficult to access AI driven legal ble for any wrong decisions and incorrect interpretations. There
Artificial Intelligence in the Legal Profession: A review on its Transformative Potential and Ethical Challenges ICIMMI 2023, November 23–25, 2023, Jaipur, India

may be lack of transparency as AI algorithms are very difficult to to be able to take care of people with diverse backgrounds, demo-
understand for general user. graphics and geography so that it is equitable across socioeconomic
groups.
2.5 Law and Expertise:
2.9 Justice Accessible:
Legal matters are very complicated and need expert skill and judge-
AI driven technology may face barrier with accessible justice. This
ment. AI may face challenge with legal matters due to its complexity.
may be due to digital divide as some people may face affordabil-
Cases often involve proper knowledge of context, understanding
ity issue with technology or the inability to use technology. AI
of interpretations and historical precedents. AI may not accurately
driven technology often require use of infrastructure like internet,
capture and interpret this complex information. The landscape
computer, connectivity, mobile devices, which may pose issue with
of historical precedents and interpretations is ever evolving and
individuals with limited financial resources. Some individuals may
may pose challenge for AI. Legal matters are subjective and moral
lack the skill to use AI driven technology as they might not be edu-
reasoning is required which may be complicated for AI to deal with.
cated or proficient. Some may be hesitant due to privacy concerns
Creativity and skills are required to defend cases and presenting
and might not prefer the use of AI as it might undermine their
compelling arguments might not be possible for AI as humans need
privacy. Lack of widespread awareness and regulatory framework
years of experience to become expert. The data may not be avail-
makes it difficult for AI to be generally accessible.
able in proper structured format as required while dealing with AI.
The data may require manual processing by humans before AI can
process it.
2.10 Effect on the Quality of Legal Services:
The quality of Legal Services based on AI might be questionable.
Errors in data or incorrect implementation of algorithms may cause
2.6 Effect on the Legal Field: wrong outcomes in legal advice. Thus, the AI system might be
Use of AI can be beneficial, but it should be ensured that it aligns inaccurate. Legal strategies play an important role in justice and it
with the ideals of law and principles of justice. Technology should might be missing from AI system. AI system might not be able to
be used in a way that it upholds the core moral values. It is necessary understand the context and nuance of a case as well, thus effecting
to understand the limitations, and implications of AI technology the quality of legal services.
before incorporating it in law. Measures should be taken to avoid
misinterpretations, flawed decisions, inaccurate outcomes. The 2.11 Human Touch & Empathy:
focus should be on to provide more awareness and training on the When AI is used, there may be loss of personal connection between
correct use of AI. Continuous learning is necessary to make better legal professional and their clients. This diminishes the interper-
use of AI technology (Figure 1, Figure 2 and Figure 3). sonal relationships and human touch. AI is not able to understand
the emotional needs and empathetic support needed during chal-
2.7 Human-Robot Relationships and lenging times. When a person is in stress a lot of emotional support
Accountability: is needed which is not provided by AI. Clients may not build trust on
AI and there is little confidence on AI. Humans provide customized
While using AI, it is necessary to ensure accountability. Utmost
and personalized advice based on situation, but AI can provide
care must be taken when AI is used independently in cases with
only standard advice. Emotional intelligence is much needed factor
significant consequences. Establishing accountability is necessary
which is missing from AI.
to avoid any types of errors and unintended outcomes. The AI
system must align with human values, ethics and standards. Man- 3 CONCLUSION
aging accountability becomes a challenge if AI is allowed to work
autonomously. It cannot provide explanations to the stakeholders Application of AI and ML in the legal profession is inevitable since
which can lead to distrust and chaos. Some cases might require the technologies can sift through large and complex databases to
moral reasoning and human experience to make correct decisions. identify relevant laws, rules, and precedence that would aid the legal
Thus, accountability is important for proper functioning of justice process and make it faster. However, it is possible that AI-assisted
system. legal process may not have the empathy and subjective assessments
that are based on human contextual experiences. Only with a
significant data set can an empirical study be made to substantiate
2.8 Equity in AI-Powered Decision-Making: the thesis that AI-assisted legal process will be devoid of empathy
Ensuring equity in decision making is very important to ensure and may compromise the right to privacy of the litigants.
integrity of society. If the training data or AI system is bias, then it
can reinforce the existing inequalities. Society with diverse groups REFERENCES
may find it difficult to uphold the rights of each group especially [1] N. Xu and K.-J. Wang, ”Adopting a robot lawyer? The extending artificial intelli-
gence robot lawyer technology acceptance model for the legal industry by an
the minority groups. AI algorithm might be inherently unbiased or exploratory study,” “Journal of Management & Organization”, vol. 25, no. 6, pp.
unfair due to complex nature of training data. The developers or or- 1–19, 2019.
ganizations using AI system might overlook some key perspectives [2] D. Remus and F. S. Levy, ”Can Robots Be Lawyers? Computers, Lawyers, and
the Practice of Law,” “SSRN Electronic Journal”, 2015.
while creating the AI system. This may be done unintentionally [3] L. P. Gorlamudiveti and S. G. Sethu, ”Role of Artificial Intelligence in the Indian
however it still causes issues. Such risk is a part of AI system. It has Judicial System,” 2023 International Conference on Computational Intelligence
ICIMMI 2023, November 23–25, 2023, Jaipur, India Lalit Singh et al.

and Knowledge Economy (ICCIKE), Dubai, United Arab Emirates, 2023, pp. 305- [9] C. Westaby and E. Jones, ”Empathy: an essential element of legal practice or
310, doi: 10.1109/ICCIKE58312.2023.10131795. ‘never the twain shall meet’?,” “International Journal of the Legal Profession”, vol.
[4] U. Pagallo, ”Robots in the cloud with privacy: A new threat to data protection?,” 25, no. 1, pp. 107-124, 2017.
“Computer Law & Security Review”, vol. 29, no. 5, pp. 501-508, 2013. [10] Basit Aijaz, Meet Seema Kushwaha, The Lawyer Who Tirelessly Fought For
[5] D. Dervanović, ”I, inhuman lawyer: developing artificial intelligence in the legal Nirbhaya’s Justice & Delivered, https://www.indiatimes.com/news/india/meet-
profession,” in “Robotics, AI and the Future of Law”, 2018, pp. 209-234. seema-kushwaha-the-lawyer-who-tirelessly-fought-for-nirbhayas-justice-
[6] C. Nunez, ”Artificial intelligence and legal ethics: Whether AI lawyers can make delivered-508889.html
ethical decisions,” *Tul. J. Tech. & Intell. Prop.*, vol. 20, p. 189, 2017. [11] Gerdy, K. B. (2013). The Heart of Lawyering: Clients, Empathy, and Compassion.
[7] B. G. Buchanan and T. E. Headrick, ”Some Speculation about Artificial Intelligence [12] M. L. Hoffman, ”Empathy, Justice, and the Law,” in A. Coplan and P. Goldie (eds),
and Legal Reasoning,” “Stanford Law Review”, vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 40–, 1970. *Empathy: Philosophical and Psychological Perspectives*, Oxford, 2011.
[8] S. A. Wright, ”AI in the Law: Towards Assessing Ethical Risks,” in “2020 IEEE In-
ternational Conference on Big Data (Big Data)”, Atlanta, GA, USA, 2020, pp. 2160-
2169. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1109/BigData50022.2020.9377950