Computer Science 22:
Object Oriented Programming
Lecture #2: OOP: Motivation and
History
About This Lecture
• Definition of Object Oriented Programming
– As well as Object Oriented Analysis and Design
• History of Object Oriented Programming
– Motivations for OOP
– OOP languages and their creators
Object Oriented Programming
• Programming using objects
• Method of implementation in which
programs are organized as cooperative
collections of objects, each of which
represents an instance of some class, and
whose classes are all members of a hierarchy
of classes united via inheritance relationships.
What makes an Object?
• Descartes (the 17th century philosopher)
observed that humans view the world in object-
oriented terms. The human brain wants to think
about objects, and our thoughts and memories
are organized into objects and their relationships.
• One of the ideas of object-oriented programming
is to organize the software in a way that matches
the thinking style of our object-oriented brains.
Characteristics of Objects
• An object has identity
• An object has state
• An object has behavior
Characteristics of Objects
Software Objects
• Many programs are written to do things
concerning the real world. It is convenient to
have “software objects” that are similar to
“real world objects” making the program and
its computation easier to think about.
• Software objects will have identity, state, and
behavior just as do real world objects.
Software Objects
• Objects (real world and software) have identity, state,
and behavior
• Software objects have identity because each is a
separate chunk of memory
• Software objects have state because some of the
memory that makes a software object is used for
variables which contains values
• Software objects have behavior because some of the
memory that makes a software object is used to
contain programs that enable the object to “do things”.
The object does something when one of its methods
runs.
Software Objects
• A self-contained programming unit packaged
with an enclosed data/data structure and
methods that operate on the data.
The Object Oriented Paradigm
• It is all in the mind of the programmer
Object Orientation Source Code
Machine Object
Code Oriented?
The Object Oriented Paradigm
• A certain arrangement of the source code into
logical units called classes to represent
objects.
• The programmer/designer/analyst must have
an object-oriented view
– That is, any object is composed of smaller objects
that interact with each other to achieve the larger
object’s purpose and/or functions
The Object Oriented
Problem Solving Process
• Object Oriented Analysis
– Method of analysis that examines requires from
the perspective of classes and objects found in the
vocabulary of the problem domain
• Object Oriented Design
– Method of design encompassing the process of
object-oriented decomposition and a notation for
depicting models of the system under design
Main Concepts in Object Orientation
• Abstraction
• Encapsulation
• Modularity
• Hierarchy
• Typing, Concurrency, and Persistence
Bit of History
• SIMULA (Simulation
Language) introduced
object-oriented
programming concepts
such as object, class,
dynamic binding, etc.
Ole-Johann Dahl and Kristen Nygaard
Fathers of Object Technology
Creators of Simula I and Simula 67
Bit of History
• 1970s – Alan Kay led a
tem that developed
Smalltalk at Xerox PARC
– inspired by Simula,
graphics-driven, used in
Dynabook
– Coined the term “Object
Oriented Programming”
Bit of History
• Bjarne Stroustrup
implemented “C with
Classes” aka C++
• Became the most
widely used OO
language
Bit of History
• 1990s – James Gosling
and his team at Sun
developed Java
• Java rode with the
popularity of the
Internet*
• Simplified C++
Other Notable Languages
• Eiffel • The ‘Visual’ languages
• Objective-C • CLOS
• Modula-2
• Oberon
• Python
• Ruby
Trends in Programming Languages
• Since the 1990’s, Object-Oriented Analysis,
Design, and Programming is the mainstream
paradigm for developing software
• Previous non-object-oriented programming
languages are now rewritten with OO
capabilities
• New languages are usually “multi-paradigm”
Criteria for OOPL
• Supports objects that are data abstractions
with interface of named operations and
hidden local state (abstraction)
• Objects have an associated type [class]
(encapsulation)
• Types [classes] may inherit attributes from
supertypes [superclasses] (inheritance)
VS. Object Based PL
• Also uses objects
• Programmers use built-in objects and may not
create new object types
• Use in specialized environments (i.e.,
database, game engines, etc)
• Cannot do inheritance
Types of OOPLs
• Class-based OOPLs
– Makes use of class to define objects
• Prototype-based OOPLs
– Define a prototype which becomes the basis for
new objects
• Pure OOPL
– All “datatypes” are objects
• Hybrid OOPL
– Mix of primitives and objects
