Review exercise 1

1 a z1 − z2
= 4 − 5i − pi
=4 − (5 + p )i

b z1 z2
= (4 − 5i ) pi
= 4 pi − 5 pi 2
= 4 pi + 5 p
= 5 p + 4 pi

z1
c
z2
4 − 5i
=
pi
i ( 4 − 5i )
=
−p
4i + 5
=
−p
5 4
= − − i
p p

2 a z 3 − kz 2 + 3 z
= z ( z 2 − kz + 3)
So if there are 2 imaginary roots, the
discriminant of z 2 − kz + 3 < 0
⇒ (−k ) 2 − 12 < 0
k 2 < 12
−2 3 < k < 2 3

b z 3 − 2 z 2 + 3z =
0
2
⇒ z ( z − 2 z + 3) =
0
2 ± −8
⇒ z= 0, z=
2
⇒ z =0, z =1 ± i 2

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3
5 ± 25 − 52
z=
2
5 ± −27
=
2
5 3 3
= ± i
2 2
5 3 3 5 3 3
So z1 , z2 = + i, − i
2 2 2 2

4 (2 − i ) x − (1 + 3i ) y − 7 =0
⇒ (2 x − y − 7) + (− x − 3 y ) i =0
⇒ 2 x − y= 7, x + 3 y= 0
⇒x= 3, y = −1

5 a 2 + 3i 5 − i 10 − 2i + 15i + 3 (5 + i)(5 − i) = 52 + 12 = 26 You should practise doing such

× =
5+i 5−i 26 calculations mentally.
13 + 13i 1 1
= = + i You use the result from part a to simplify the working in part b.
26 2 2
1
= (1 + i)
2
1
λ=
2

4 4
b  2 + 3i=

1 
(1 + i)  (1 + i) 4 is expanded using the binomial expansion

 5+i  2 
1 (a + b) 4 =a 4 + 4a 3b + 6a 2b 2 + 4ab3 + b 4
= (1 + 4i + 6i 2 + 4i3 + i 4 )
16 i3 =i 2 × i =−1× i =−i
1 i 4 = i 2 × i 2 = −1× −1 = 1
= (1 + 4i − 6 − 4i +1)
16
1 1
= × −4 = − , a real number
16 4

6 −1 + i is a root ⇒ −1 − i is also a root

⇒ ( z + 1 − i )( z + 1 + i ) is a factor
⇒ z 2 + 2 z + 2 is a factor
⇒ z 3 + 5 z 2 + 8 z + 6= (z 2 + 2 z + 2)( z + 3)
⇒ z =−3, −1 ± i

7 a f (2 − 3i ) =
0
⇒ (2 − 3i )3 − 6(2 − 3i ) 2 + k (2 − 3i ) − 26 =
0
⇒ 8 − 36i − 54 + 27i − 24 + 72i + 54 + 2k − 3ki − 26 =
0
Equating real coefficients − 42 + 2k = 0 ⇒ k = 21

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7 b 2 + 3i must also be a factor
⇒ ( z − 2 + 3i )( z − 2 − 3i ) = z 2 − 4 z + 13 is a factor
⇒ z 3 − 6 z 2 + 21z − 26 = ( z 2 − 4 z + 13)( z − 2)
⇒ z= 2, 2 + 3i are the other two factors

8 a b − 3 =−1 ⇒ b =2
−4c = −16 ⇒ c =4
⇒ z 4 − z 3 − 6 z 2 − 20 z − 16 = ( z 2 − 3 z − 4)( z 2 + 2 z + 4)

b z 4 − z 3 − 6 z 2 − 20 z − 16 = ( z − 4)( z + 1)( z 2 + 2 z + 4)
−2 ± 12
⇒ z = 4, −1,
2
⇒ z = 4, −1, −1 ± 3i

9 ( z − 1 − 2i )( z − 1 + 2i ) must be a factor
⇒ z 2 − 2 z + 5 is a factor
⇒ z 4 − 8 z 3 + 27 z 2 − 50 z + 50
= ( z 2 − 2 z + 5)( z 2 + kz + 10)
Equating coefficients of z 3
−2 + k =−8 ⇒ k =−6
⇒ ( z 2 − 2 z + 5)( z 2 − 6 z + 10) =
0
6 ± −4
⇒ z =1 ± 2i,
2
⇒ z =1 ± 2i,3 ± i

10 a Comparing constant coefficients

4 4
α × × (α + + 1) = 12
α α
4
⇒ 4(α + + 1) = 12
α
⇒ α 2 + 4 +α =3α
⇒ α 2 − 2α + 4 =0
⇒ α =1 ± 3i
So the roots are 1 ± 3i,3

b f ( z ) = ( z − 3)( z − 1 − 3i )( z − 1 − 3i )
= ( z − 3)( z 2 − 2 z + 4)
=z 3 − 5 z 2 + 10 z − 12
⇒ p= −5, q = 10

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11 a 3z − 1 4
=
2 − i 1 + 2i You multiply both sides of the equation by 2 − i.
8 − 4i 1 − 2i Then multiply the numerator and denominator by
3z −
= 1 ×
1 + 2i 1 − 2i the conjugate complex of the denominator.
8 − 16i − 4i − 8 −20i
= = = −4i
5 5
3 z = 1 − 4i
1 4
z= − i
3 3

b
You place the points in the Argand diagram which represent
conjugate complex numbers symmetrically about the real x-axis.

Label the points so it is clear which is the original number ( z )

and which is the conjugate ( z*).

2 3
2  1   4  1 16 17
c z =   +−  = + =
3  3 9 9 9
17
z =
3 The diagram you have drawn in part b shows that
4
tan θ = 3
= 4 ⇒ θ ≈ 76 z is in the fourth quadrant. There is no need to
1
3
draw it again.

z is in the fourth quadrant. It is always true z * = z and arg z* = − arg z ,

so you just write down the final answer without
arg z = −76, to the nearest degree. further working.
17 17
=z cos(−76) + i sin(−76)
3 3
17 17
=z* cos 76 +i sin 76
3 3

12 z lies on a circle radius 1, centre 4i

So the maximum and minimum arguments lie
on the tangents to the circle from O
⇒ minimum = arctan( 15) =
1.318
maximum = π − arctan( 15) =
1.823

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13 a

17 You have to give your answer to 2 decimal places. To do this

b tan θ = ⇒ θ = 1.084...
9 accurately you must work to at least 3 decimal places. This avoids
rounding errors and errors due to premature approximation.
z is in the second quadrant.

π − 1.084 =
arg z = 2.057 
= 2.06, in radians to 2 d.p.

c w 25
=
+ 35i 25 + 35i 25 + 35i −9 − 17i
= = × In this question, the arithmetic gets complicated.
z −9 + 17i −9 + 17i −9 − 17i Use a calculator to help you with this. However,
−225 − 425i − 315i + 595 when you use a calculator, remember to show
=
(−9) 2 + 17 2 sufficient working to make your method clear.
370 − 740i
= = 1 − 2i
370

2
14 a z1 = 52 + 12 = 26 2
2 2 2
a 2 + b2
a + ib, then z =
If z =
z2 =(−2) + 3 =4 + 9 =13
26 = 2 ×13
When you are asked to show or prove a result, you should
2 2
conclude by saying that you have proved or shown the
Hence z1 = 2 z2 , as required. result. You can write the traditional q.e.d. if you like!

b z1 z2 = (5 + i)(−2 + 3i)
=−10 + 15i − 2i − 3 =−13 + 13i

The argument is the angle with the positive x-axis.

Anti-clockwise is positive.

13 π
tan θ = =1 ⇒ θ =
13 4
As the question has not specified that you should work
z1 z2 is in the second quadrant. in radians or degrees, you could work in either and 135°
would also be an acceptable answer.
π 3π
arg ( z1 z2 ) = π − =
4 4

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15 a z 2 =(2 + i) 2 =4 − 4i + i 2 2
You square using the formula (a − b) =a − 2ab + b
2 2

=4 − 4i − 1
= 3 − 4i, as required.

b From part a, the square roots of The square root of any number k, real or complex, is a root
3 − 4i are 2 − i and −2 + i. of z 2 = k . Hence, part a shows that one square root of
3 − 4i is 2 − i .
Taking square roots of both sides
of the equation ( z + i) 2 =3 − 4i If one square root of 3 − 4i is 2 − i , then the other is
−(2 − i).
z + i = 2 − i ⇒ z = 2 − 2i
z1 and z2 could be the other way round but that
z + i =−2 + i ⇒ z =−2
would make no difference to z1 − z2 or z1 − z2 , the
z1= 2 − 2i , say, and z2 = −2 expressions you are asked about in parts d and e.

c
z1 − z2 can be represented on the diagram you drew in part c
by the vector joining the point representing z1 to the point
representing z2 . The modulus of z1 − z2 is then just the
length of the line joining these two points and this length can
be found using coordinate geometry.

d Using the formula

d 2 = ( x1 − x2 ) 2 + ( y1 − y2 ) 2
= (2 − (−2)) 2 + (−2 − 0) 2
= 42 + 22 = 20

Hence z1 − z2 = 20 = 2 5

e z1 + z2 =2 − 2i − 2 =−2i

The argument of any number on the negative

π
imaginary axis is − or −90.
2
π
arg ( z1 + z2 ) =
−
2

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16 a

2
b z1 = 22 + 22 = 8 = 4 × 2 ⇒ z1 = 2 2
2
z2 =12 + 32 =10 ⇒ z2 = 10

P has coordinates (2, 2) and Q (1, 3)

2 2 2
PQ 2 =(1 − 2) 2 + (3 − 2) 2 =−
( 1) 2 + 12 =2 You use the formula PQ =( x2 − x1 ) + ( y2 − y1 )
PQ = 2 from Coordinate Geometry to calculate PQ 2 .

c From b, OP = 2 2 and OQ = 10.

OP 2 + PQ 2= (2 2) 2 + ( 2) 2
= 8 + 2 = 10
= OQ 2

By the converse of Pythagoras’ Theorem, ∆ OPQ is right-angled.

You use the representation of the addition of complex numbers in an

Argand diagram. The diagonal OQ of the parallelogram represents the
addition of the two adjacent sides, OP and OR, of the parallelogram.
(A rectangle is a special case of a parallelogram).

OP + OR = OQ
2 + 2i + z3 =1 + 3i
z3 =−1 + i

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17

cos 2 x + i sin 2 x
cos9 x − i sin 9 x
(cos 2 x + i sin 2 x)(cos9 x + i sin 9 x)
=
(cos9 x − i sin 9 x)(cos9 x − i sin 9 x)
cos 2 x cos9 x − sin 2 x sin 9 x + i (sin 2 x cos9 x + cos 2 x sin 9 x)
=
cos 2 9 x + sin 2 9 x Use cos 2 A + sin 2 A ≡ 1
= cos 2 x cos9 x − sin 2 x sin 9 x + i (sin 2 x cos9 x + cos 2 x sin 9 x)
= cos11x + i sin 11x Use cos( A + B ) ≡ cos A cos B − sin A sin B
n = 11 and sin( A + B ) ≡ sin A cos B + cos A sin B
with A=2x and B=9x

18 a
k , where a is a complex number and k
The locus of z − a =
is a real number, is a circle with radius k and centre the point
representing a. Rewriting the relation in the question as
z − (2 − i) =
3, this locus is a circle of radius 3 with centre
(2, −1).

z is the distance of the point representing z from the origin.

The point on the circle furthest from O is marked by Q on the
diagram and the point closest to O by P. The distances of Q
and P from O represent the maximum and minimum values of
z respectively.

b OC 2 =12 + 22 =5 ⇒ OC = 5
OQ =OC + CQ = 5 + 3

Hence the maximum value of z is 3 + 5.

OP = 3 5
CP − CO =−

Hence the minimum value of z is 3 − 5.

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19 a The locus of z is a circle of radius 2 and
centre at 2i

b z  2 + 2 because it is the 3rd side of a triangle

whose other sides are both 2. The maximum value
of 4 occurs when z = 4i.

20 a The locus of P is the circle with centre (0, 3) and radius 3.

The coordinates (0, 3) represent the complex number 3i in
the Argand diagram.

3π
The half-line representing arg ( z − 3i) = has been
4
added to the diagram. This starts at (0, 3) and makes an
3π
angle of with the positive x-direction. It is a common
4
error to turn this half into a Full line. The half line has a

different equation,
π
arg( z − 3i) =
− .
4
b From the diagram, z is the intersection
of the circle and the half line marked P
in the diagram.
3  3 
z=
− + i3 + 
2  2 The geometry of the point of intersection is shown here.
The coordinates of P can then be just written down.
3 2  3 2
=
− + i  3 + 
2  2 

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21 ( z + 3 + i ) = ( z − (−3 − i ) so the locus is a vertical half line
from the point − 3 − i.

22 a The locus is the perpendicular bisector of the line

joining the points − 3 − i and 2 − i

b The minimum value of z is the minimum distance of O from the perpendicular bisector,
1
so where the locus crosses the real axis. So minimum =
2

3π
c From the diagram, when arg z = −
4
1 1
the point on the locus is − − i because
2 2
x  3π  1
= tan  −  = 1 and x must = −
y  4  2

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 π 2π
23  arg( z − 1)  is the region between
4 3
the half lines from z=1 making angles
π 2π
of and with the real axis.
4 3

π 3π
24 − < arg( z − 3 − 3i )  is the region
2 4
π 3π
between the half lines from 3+3i making angles of − , with the real axis.
2 4
z − 3i  3 is the inside of a circle centre 3i and radius 3.

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 n n
25 ∑ (2r −=
=r 1 =r 1
1) 2 ∑ (4r 2
− 4r + 1)
n
n n n ∑1 = 1
+ 11 + ... 
+ +1 = n
= 4∑ r 2 − 4∑ r + ∑ 1 r =1 n times
=r 1 =r 1 =r 1

4 n(n + 1)(2n + 1) 4 n(n + 1) It is a common error to write

= − +n n
63 2 ∑1 = 1.
r =1
2n(n + 1)(2n + 1) 6n(n + 1) 3n
= − +
3 3 3 After ‘cancelling’ the
n fractions, you should put
= [ 2(n + 1)(2n + 1) − 6(n + 1) + 3] all terms over a common
3
n denominator, here 3.
=  4n 2 + 6n + 2 − 6n − 6 + 3
3
1
= n ( 4n 2 − 1) , as required.
3

n n n

=
26
r 1
∑ r (r 2 − 3)=
=r 1=r 1
∑ r 3 − 3∑ r After putting both terms over a common
2
n (n + 1) 3n(n + 1) 2 denominator, look for the common factors
= − of the terms, here shown in bold;
4 2
n 2 (n + 1) 2 6n(n + 1)
2 2
n (n + 1) 6n(n + 1) − .
= − 4 4
4 4
n(n + 1) You take these, together with the common
=  n ( n + 1) − 6 
4  denominator 4, outside a bracket;
n(n + 1)
=
n(n + 1) 2
 n + n − 6  [ n(n + 1) − 6].
4  4
You need to be careful with the squared
1
= n(n + 1)(n − 2)(n + 3), as required. terms.
4
n n
27 a ∑ r (2r =
− 1) ∑ (2r 2
− r)
=r 1=r 1
π π
= 2∑ r 2 − ∑ r
=r 1=r 1

2n(n + 1)(2n + 1) n(n + 1)

= −
6 2 You put the expressions over a common
2n(n + 1)(2n + 1) 3n(n + 1) denominator, here 6, and then look for
= − the common factors of the expressions,
6 6
n(n + 1) here n and (n + 1).
= [ 2(2n + 1) − 3]
6
n(n + 1)
= [ 4n + 2 − 3]
6
n(n + 1)(4n − 1)
= , as required
6

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 30 30 10

∑ r (2r= ∑ r (2r − 1) − ∑ r (2r − 1)

30 30 10
27 b − 1)
=r 1 =r 1 =r 1
∑=
f (r )
=r 11 =r 1 =r 1
∑ f (r ) − ∑ f (r ).
Substituting n = 30 and n = 10 into the result You find the sum from the 11th to the 30th term by
in part (a). subtracting the sum from the first to the 10th term
from the sum from the first to the 30th term. It is a
30
30 × 31×119 10 ×11× 39 common error to subtract one term too many, in this
∑=
r (2r − 1)
r =11 6
−
6 case the 11th term. The sum you are finding starts
with the 11th term. You must not subtract it from the
= 18 445 − 715
series – you have to leave it in the series.
= 17 730

n n n n
28 a
=r 1
∑ (6r 2 + 4r −=
5) 6∑ r 2 + 4∑ r − ∑ 5
=r 1 =r 1=r 1
A common error with the last
n
term is to write −∑ 5 =
−5.
6 n(n + 1)(2n + 1) 4 n(n + 1)
= + − 5n r =1
6 2 Correctly:
= n(n + 1)(2n + 1) + 2n(n + 1) − 5n n
−∑ 5 =−(5 + 5 + 5 + ... + 5)
= n[(n + 1)(2n + 1) + 2(n + 1) − 5] r =1
2
= n[2n + 3n + 1 + 2n + 2 − 5] =−5(1
+ 1 + 1... + 1)
n times
= n(2n 2 + 5n − 2), as required
= −5n

25 25 9
b ∑ (6r 2 + 4r −=
=r 10 =r 1 =r 1
5) ∑ (6r 2 + 4r − 5) − ∑ (6r 2 + 4r − 5)
Substituting n = 25 and n = 9 into the result in part (a)
25

∑ (6r
r =10
2
+ 4r − 5)

= 25(2 × 252 + 5 × 25 − 2) − 9(2 × 92 + 5 × 9 − 2)

= 34 325 − 1845= 32 480

n n n
29 a
=r 1
∑ r (r + 1)= =r 1=
∑ r2 + ∑ r
r 1

n(n + 1)(2n + 1) n(n + 1)

= +
6 2
n(n + 1)(2n + 1) 3(n + 1)
= +
6 6
After putting the expressions over a
n(n + 1) common denominator 6, you look for
= [2n + 1 + 3]
6 any factors common to both
n(n + 1) 2 (n + 2)
1
expressions. Here there are two,
= 3 n and (n + 1).
6
1
= n(n + 1)(n + 2), as required.
3

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 3n 3n n −1 n =1
29 b ∑ r(r +=
=r 1 =r 1 =r 1
1) ∑ r(r + 1) − ∑ r(r + 1) To find an expression for ∑ r (r + 1), you
r =1
1 1 replace the n in the result in part (a) by n – 1;
= 3n(3n + 1)(3n + 2) − ( n − 1)n( n + 1)
3 3 1
n(n + 1)(n + 2)
1 3
= n[3(3n + 1)(3n + 2) − ( n − 1)( n + 1)]
3 1
becomes (n − 1) ( (n − 1) + 1)( (n − 1) + 2 )
1 3
= n[27n 2 + 27n + 6 − ( n 2 − 1)]
3 1
= (n − 1)n(n + 1).
1 3
= n(26n 2 + 27n + 7)
3
1 As you are given that (2n + 1) is one factor of
= n(2n + 1)(13n + 7)
3
26n 2 + 27 n + 7, the other can just be written
=p 13,
= q 7
down. (2n + 1)( pn + q )= 26n 2 + 27 n + 7,
only if 2 p = 26 and 1q = 7

n n n
After putting the expressions over a common
30 a
=r 1
∑r 2
(r − 1)
=
=
r 1=r 1
∑r − ∑r 3 2

denominator 12, you look for any factors

n 2 (n + 1) 2 n(n + 1)(2n + 1) common to both expressions. Here there are
= − two, n and (n + 1).
4 6
2 2
3n (n + 1) 2n(n + 1)(2n + 1)
= −
12 12
n(n + 1)
= [3n(n + 1) − 2(2n + 1)]
12
n(n + 1) 2
= [3n + 3n − 4n − 2]
12
1
= n(n + 1)(3n 2 − n − 2)
12
3, q =
p= −1, r = −2

100 100 49

∑=
f (r )
=r 50 =r 1 =r 1
∑ f (r ) − ∑ f (r ).
100 100 49
You find the sum from the 50th to the 100th term
b ∑ r (r = ∑ r 2 (r − 1) − ∑ r 2 (r − 1)
2
− 1)
=r 50 =r 1 =r 1 by subtracting the sum from the first to the 49th
1 Term from the sum from the first to the 100th term.
×100 ×101× (3 ×1002 − 100 − 2)
= It is a common error to subtract one term too many,
12 in this case the 50th term. The sum you are finding
1 starts with the 50th term. You must not remove it
− × 49 × 50 × (3 × 492 − 49 − 2)
2 from the series.
= 25 164150 − 1 460 200
= 23 703 950

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 k
31 a αβ + βγ + γα =
3
⇒k = −12

b In the equation ax3 + bx 2 + cx + d =

0,
b
α + β + γ =− =0
a
d 11
αβγ = − = −
a 3

c (1 − α )(1 − β )(1 − γ )
=1 − (α + β + γ ) + (αβ + βγ + γα ) − αβγ
11
=1 − 0 − 4 +
3
2
=
3

d −4
32 a αβγδ = so =−1 ⇒ a =4
a a

b 7
b ∑ α =− a =− 4
c 5
∑ αβ= =
a 4
d 3
∑ αβγ =− a =− 4

c α 2 + β 2 + γ 2 + δ 2 = (α + β + γ + δ ) 2 − 2∑ αβ
2
 7 5
=  −  − 2×
 4 4
9
=
16

33 Let w
= 2x +1
w −1
⇒x=
2
3 2
 w −1   w −1  w −1
  + 3  + 5× − 1 =0
 2   2  2
w3 − 3w2 + 3w − 1
⇒
8
2
3( w − 2 w + 1) w +1
+ + 5× − 1 =0
4 2
⇒ w3 − 3w 2 +3w − 1 + 6 w2 − 12 w +
6 + 20 w − 20 − 8 =0
⇒ w3 + 3w 2 +11w − 23 =
0

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34 a Let w = 3 x
w
⇒x=
3
4 3 2
 w  w  w w
  −   − 2   + 3 × + 4 =0
3 3 3 3
w4 w3 2 w2
⇒ − − + w+4 = 0
81 27 9
⇒ w4 − 3w3 − 18w 2 +81w + 324 =
0

b Let w
= 2x −1
w +1
⇒x=
2
4 3 2
 w +1   w +1   w +1  w +1
  −  − 2  + 3× + 4 =0
 2   2   2  2
w4 + 4 w3 + 6 w2 + 4 w + 1 w3 + 3w2 + 3w + 1
⇒ −
16 8
2
2( w + 2 w + 1) w +1
− + 3× + 4 =0
4 2
⇒ w4 + 4 w3 + 6 w 2 +4 w + 1 − 2 w3 − 6 w2 − 6 w −
2 − 8w2 − 16 w − 8 + 24 w + 24 + 64 =0
⇒ w4 + 2 w3 − 8w 2 +6 w + 79 =
0

35 a Crosses x-axis at x = a so
a > 0 and a 1 − a 2 =
0
So a = 1

1
b π ∫ x 2 (1 − x 2 )dx
0
1
1 1 
= π  x3 − x5 
3 5 0
2π
=
15

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 36 y = x2 + 3 ⇒ y 2 = x2 + 3
2
x= y2 − 3
k
Volume = π ∫ ( y 2 − 3)dy
2
k
1 
= π  x3 − 3x 
3 2
1 8 
= π  k 3 − 3k − + 6 
3 3 
1 10 
= π  k 3 − 3k + 
3 3
1 10
So k 3 − 3k + = 30
3 3
⇒ k 3 − 9k + 10 = 90
⇒ k 3 − 9k − 80 =
0
⇒ (k − 5)(k 2 + 5k + 16) =
0
5
⇒k =

37 Curve and line cross when 4 − x 2 = 2 x + 1

⇒ x2 + 2x − 3 = 0
⇒ ( x + 3)( x − 1) = 0
So x =1
1 2
So volume = π ∫ (2 x + 1) 2 dx + π ∫ (4 − x 2 ) 2 dx
0 1
1 2
= π ∫ (4 x 2 + 4 x + 1) 2 dx + π ∫ (16 − 8 x 2 + x 4 ) 2 dx
0 1
1 2
4   8 x5 
= π  x 3 + 2 x 2 + x  + π 16 x − x 3 + 
3 0  3 5 1
4   64 32 8 1
= π  + 2 + 1 + π  32 − + − 16 + − 
3   3 5 3 5
= 24.71...  24.7

38 a x 2 + ( y − k ) 2 =
100 is the equation of a circle
centre (0, k ) and radius 10 so k = 20

b b
V π ∫ 100 − ( y − 20 ) =
2
b= dy π ∫ 40 y − y 2 − 300 dy
a a
b
 y 3

= π  20 y 2 − − 300 y 
 3 a
π
=
3
(
60 ( b 2 − a 2 ) − ( b3 − a 3 ) − 900 ( b − a ) )

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38 c Volume of stand
=Volume of cylinder - volume of cut out section
π
(
=π ×102 × 20 − 60(202 − 102 ) − (203 − 103 ) − 900 ×10
3
)
= 4188.79
So cost =4188.79 × .025
= £104.72 to nearest penny

39 a =
y 12 − x 2 crosses the y -axis when y=12.
So the maximum outer radius =12 mm and maximum outer diameter =24 mm.

b Curves cross when 12 − x 2 =8 − 0.2 x 2

⇒ 0.8 x 2 =
5
⇒x=± 5
5
So volume = π ∫ (12 − x 2 ) 2 − (8 − 0.2 x 2 )dx
− 5
5
= π ∫ (80 − 20.8 x 2 + 0.96 x 4 )dx
− 5
5
 20.8 x 3 0.96 x 5 
= π 80 x − + 
 3 5 − 5

= 704.355
So mass = 704.355 ×19.3 ÷ 1000
=13.6 g

c Any valid reason, e.g. the gold may have voids or impurities, the actual dimensions may differ
from those modelled, answer is given to too great a degree of accuracy.

Challenge
 z −8  π
1 a arg  =
 z−2 2
π
⇒ arg ( z − 8 ) − arg( z − 2) =
2
So the angle between the lines joining z to 8
π
and 2 is . So it is a semi-circle
2
radius 3 and centre 5.

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Challenge
1 b z −5 =radius of semi-circle = 3.

2 a Let u=
r ar + b
n
a
∑u
r =1
r
2
n(n + 1) + bn = n 2 + 5n
=

a
⇒ a 2 and =
= +b 5
2
⇒ ur = 2r + 4

2n 2n n −1
b ∑=
ur
=r n =r 1 =r 1
∑ ur − ∑ ur
= ( ( 2n ) 2
) (
+ 5 ( 2n ) − ( n − 1) − 5 ( n − 1)
2
)
= 3n 2 + 7 n + 4 = ( n + 1)( 3n + 4 )

3 Substitute w = x 2 + 1 ⇒ x 2 = w − 1 ⇒ x = w −1
So the equation becomes
w − 1( w − 1) − 5( w − 1) + 11 w − 1 − 15 =0
⇒ w − 1( w − 1 + 11)= 5w + 10
Now squaring both sides
(w − 1)(w + 10) 2 = (5w + 10) 2
⇒ ( w − 1)( w2 + 20 w + 100)= 25w2 + 100 w + 100
⇒ w3 + 19 w2 + 80 w − 100= 25w2 + 100 w + 100
⇒ w3 − 6 w2 − 20 w − 200 =
0

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