Fundamentals of Information Technology (CT-174)

Introduction to Database
Week 9

Miss Saadia Arshad

File Processing System
▸ A file processing system is a method for storing, reading, writing, and
modifying data in files.

▸ A collection of application programs that perform services for the end-

users such as production of reports.

▸ Each program defines and manages its own data.

Example:
Library Examination Registration

Library Examination Registration

Applications Applications Applications

Library Examination Registration

Data Data Data
Files Files Files
Example
Library Examination Registration
Reg_Number Reg_Number Reg_Number
Name Name Name
Father Name Address Father Name
Books Issued Class Phone
Fine Semester Address
Grade Class
Example
Library Examination Registration
Problems
Reg_Number Reg_Number Reg_Number Duplication / Redundancy
Name Name Name Separation / Limited Sharing
Father Name Address Father Name
Class Dependence
Books Issued Phone
Fine Semester Address
Grade Class
Data Dependency
▸ Each application programmer maintains their own data.
▸ Each application program must have its own processing routines for
reading, inserting, updating and deleting data.
▸ Lack of coordination and central control.
▸ Non-standard file formats.
Data Redundancy
▸ Waste of space to have duplicate data
▸ Causes more maintenance headaches
▸ When data changes in one file, could cause inconsistencies (Vulnerable
to Inconsistency).
▸ Compromises data integrity (data reliability).
Solution – Database Approach
▸ Central repository of shared data.
▸ Data is managed by a controlling agent.
▸ Stored in a standardized, convenient form.
Database
▸ A database is an organized collection of structured information, or
data, typically stored electronically in a computer system.
▸ A database is usually controlled by a database management system
(DBMS).
 Advantages of Database Approach

Library Examination Registration

Library Examination Registration

Applications Applications Applications

Database
Management
System

- Data Sharing - Data Independence

- Controlled Redundancy University
Students - Better Data Integrity
Database
Database Management System – DBMS
▸ A software system that enables users to define, create, maintain, and
control access to the database.
▸ Database Management Systems (DBMS) are software systems used to
store, retrieve, and run queries on data.
▸ A DBMS serves as an interface between an end-user and a database,
allowing users to create, read, update, and delete data in the database.
DBMS Examples
Structured Query Language - SQL
▸ SQL stands for Structured Query Language.

▸ It is used for storing and managing data in a database.

▸ It enables a user to create, read, update and delete relational databases and
tables.

▸ It uses English-like statements that are easy to understand.

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What Can SQL do?
▸ SQL can execute queries against a database.
▸ SQL can retrieve data from a database.
▸ SQL can insert records in a database.
▸ SQL can update records in a database.
▸ SQL can delete records from a database.
▸ SQL can create new databases.
▸ SQL can create new tables in a database.
▸ SQL can create views in a database.
▸ SQL can set permissions on tables etc.

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SQL Commands
▸ SELECT - extracts data from a database

▸ UPDATE - updates data in a database

▸ DELETE - deletes data from a database

▸ INSERT INTO - inserts new data into a database

▸ CREATE DATABASE - creates a new database

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SQL Commands
▸ ALTER DATABASE - modifies a database

▸ CREATE TABLE - creates a new table

▸ ALTER TABLE - modifies a table

▸ DROP TABLE - deletes a table

▸ etc.

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SQL Queries
▸ Suppose we have data of people who shopped from an online store stored in a
Table called Customers.

CustomerID CustomerName Address City

1 Ali ABC Street Lahore

2 Ahmed XYZ Street Karachi

3 Bisma GHI Lane Multan

4 Faraz RTY Road Islamabad

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SQL Queries- Select
▸ Write a query to show all entries of the table
SELECT * FROM Customers;
Output:

CustomerID CustomerName Address City

1 Ali ABC Street Lahore

2 Ahmed XYZ Street Karachi

3 Bisma GHI Lane Multan

4 Faraz RTY Road Islamabad
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SQL Queries - Select
▸ Write a query to display customer name and city from the table
SELECT CustomerName, City FROM Customers;
Output:

CustomerName City
Ali Lahore
Ahmed Karachi
Bisma Multan
Faraz Islamabad

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SQL Queries - Select
▸ Write a query to display all customers from Multan city

SELECT * FROM Customers

WHERE City=‘Multan';
Output:

CustomerID CustomerName Address City

3 Bisma GHI Lane Multan

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SQL Queries - Insert

INSERT INTO Customers (CustomerName, Address, City)

VALUES (‘Shehzad’, ‘lane345 street 6’, ‘Multan’);

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SQL Queries - Insert

INSERT INTO Customers (CustomerName, Address, City)

VALUES (‘Shehzad’, ‘lane345 street 6’, ‘Multan’),
VALUES (‘Ahsan’, ‘House no 45 street 9’, ‘Karachi’);

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SQL Queries - Delete
DELETE FROM table_name WHERE condition;
Example:
▸ DELETE FROM Customers WHERE CustomerName= ‘Ahsan';
▸ DELETE FROM Customers; (deletes all rows)
▸ DROP TABLE Customers; (delete the table completely)

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SQL Queries - Update
UPDATE table_name
SET column1 = value1, column2 = value2, ...
WHERE condition;

Example:
▸ UPDATE Customers
SET CustomerName = Ahmed Ali', City= ’Islamabad'
WHERE CustomerID = 2;

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NoSQL Databases
▸ NoSQL, or "not only SQL" or "non-SQL", is a database
design approach that stores and retrieves data in a non-
tabular format.
▸ They are often used for large data volumes, real-time web
applications, and big data.
▸ Example: MongoDB

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NoSQL Features
▸ No tables: NoSQL databases don't use tables like traditional
databases do. Instead, they use other structures like documents, key-
value pairs, or graphs.
▸ Flexibility: NoSQL databases can handle different types of data, like
text, images, or videos, and can store them in a flexible way.
▸ Scalability: NoSQL databases are designed to handle large amounts
of data and scale easily, making them perfect for big data and real-
time applications.

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NoSQL Real World Example
▸ Social media: NoSQL databases are used to store user
data, posts, and comments etc.

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Big Data
▸ Big Data refers to a huge amount of information that is too large and
complex to be processed by traditional data processing tools.
▸ Big Data is generated from a diverse range of sources like social
media platforms (Facebook etc.), Online transactions (including e-
commerce and digital marketplaces etc.
▸ This data is then stored, processed, and analyzed to gain insights,
make predictions, and inform decisions, driving business, innovation,
and progress.
▸ The five characteristics of big data are often described as the 5 V’s.

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