COBOL

COBOL – Common Business Oriented Language

 COBOL is an application programming language

 COBOL implemented (introduced) by CODASYL in 1950’s
 CODASYL – Conference On Data Systems Languages
 COBOL was standardized by ANSI in 1960’s
 ANSI – American National Standards Institute
 COBOL is structured programming language
 COBOL does not contain any graphics
 COBOL is an English like language which is easily readable
 COBOL is easy to understand, easy to code, easy to write also because 90%
of COBOL code runs on character based environment
 COBOL is commercial programming language mainly implemented to solve
business problems
 COBOL is very famous in file handling
 COBOL is an 80 byte record structure divided into different areas as
follows…..

COBOL CODING SHEET

1-6 7 8-11 12-72 73-80

COBOL / Area-A or Area-B or Ignored or

Standard * Margin-A Margin-B Comment
Numbers - 1. Divisions 1. field
D 2. Sections Statements
3. 2. Sentences
Paragraphs 3. Level
4. Level No# No#(02-49,
(01,77) 66, 88)

Column 1-6

 In COBOL column 1-6 defined for COBOL STANDARD NUMBERS.

These are auto generated, no need to declare
 COBOL STANDARD NUMBERS will always appear in yellow color

Column 7
 Column 7 in COBOL is used as continuation column
 The possible values in Column 7 are
1. / - Specifies new line (also used for commenting COBOL lines)
2. * - it is used for commenting COBOL lines
3. –(HIPHEN) – Continuation Character
4. D – Debugging

Column 8-11

 It is called as Area-A also called as Margin-A

 In Area-A we can write
1. Divisions
2. Sections
3. Paragraphs
4. Level No# (01,77)

Level No’s we have start from column 8 only

Column 12-72

 It is called as Area-B also called as Margin-B

 In Area-B we can write
1. Statements
2. Sentences
3. Level No# (02-49, 66, 88)

Level No’s should start from column 12(May or MayNot)

Column 73-80

 It is an ignored field also called as commented field

COBOL RESERVED WORDS

 In COBOL programming we are having some predefined words, they are

also called as COBOL RESERVED WORDS
 All COBOL RESERVED WORDS are also called as COBOL VERBS
 In COBOL we are having mainly 3 types of COBOL RESERVED
WORDS. They are………….
1. Keywords
2. Optional Words
3. Figurative Constants
1. KEYWORDS

 All Keywords are also called as COBOL VERBS. The list of Keywords
available in COBOL are as follows…………
1. ADD
2. SUBTRACT
3. DIVIDE etc..

2. OPTIONAL WORDS

 Optional Words does not affect the application programming

 EX. GIVING, AFTER, BEFORE, ROUNDED etc…..

ADD A TO B GIVING C. C = A + B.

ADD A TO B. A+B

3. FIGURATIVE CONSTANTS

 All Figurative Constants will contain a predefined value in it

 The list of Figurative Constants is
EX
HIGH-VALUE ZERO SPACE LOW-VALUE
HIGH-VALUES ZEROES SPACES LOWVALUES
ZEROS
 ZERO, ZEROS are used to initialize Numeric Data types
 ZEROES is used to initialize Alphanumeric Data types
 SPACE, SPACES is used to initialize Alphabetic and Alphanumeric Data
types
 LOWVALUE, LOWVALUES and HIGHVALUE, HIGHVALUES are
mainly used to set lowest and highest ordinal values. We use
LOWVALUE(S) in CICS to initialize the MAPS

USER DEFINED WORDS

 In COBOL we can also use USER DEFINED WORDS

 While writing USER DEFINED WORDS we are having some rules as
follows..
1. USER DEFINED WORDS should not be COBOL RESERVED WORDS
2. The max length of USER DEFINED WORD is 35 characters
3. USER DEFINED WORD should not start or end with ‘ – ‘
 4. Possible values are a-z, 0-9, and’ – ‘
5. The names must be Alphabetic only
6. Spaces between the characters not allowed
7. Special characters not allowed in the name field
 We have several user defined words as follows………

1. Statements – Statement is a collection of COBOL word ending with a period

(.)

Statements are two types. They are

a. Imperative Statement
b. Conditional Statement

a. IMPERATIVE STATEMENT – it starts with a verb and no conditional

action is to be taken out

EX. MOVE, DISPLAY etc

b. CONDITIONAL STATEMENT – it starts with a COBOL VERB and

specifies a conditional action to be taken

EX. IF and ELSE, EVALUATE etc..

2. Sentence

Sentence is a collection of Statements

3. Paragraphs

 It is a collection of Sentences
 PARAGRAPH must start from Area-A
 PARAGRAPH name may contain a-z, 0-9 and ‘ – ‘ combinations
 The max length of PARAGRAPH name is 35 characters
 Spaces between the PARAGRAPH name not allowed

4. Sections

 It is a collection of PARAGRAPHS
 SECTION is a second highest unit in COBOL
 SECTION always contain the PARAGRAPHS

5. Divisions
 DIVISION is a collection of SECTIONS
 Every SECTION must be derived from DIVISION only

DIVISIONS in COBOL

 In COBOL we are having 4 divisions. The DIVISION is largest unit in

COBOL
 The 4 DIVISIONS in COBOL are
1. Identification Division
2. Environment Division
3. Data Division
4. Procedure Division

1. IDENTIFICATION DIVISION

 This is the 1st division in COBOL and also it is mandatory for every COBOL
program
 Identification division does not contain any Sections
 The list of Paragraphs in Identification division are as follows……
PROGRAM-ID.<NAME>.
AUTHOR.<NAME>
DATE-WRITTEN.<DATE>
DATE-COMPILED.<DATE>

In all the above PARAGRAPH PROGRAM-ID.<NAME>. is mandatory

because PROGRAM-ID.<NAME>. specifies name of a program written by the
user

2. ENVIRONMENT DIVISION

 It specifies external resources using in a program like files and printer

etc(data base access)
 This is optional. When we use files in a COBOL program then only it is
mandatory
 In environment division we are having mainly 2 sections
1. Configuration Section
2. Input – output Section
1. CONFIGURATION SECTION

It is optional. It contain 3 paragraphs

a. Source-Computer
b. Object-Computer
c. Special-names

These 3 paragraphs are not required for every program

2. INPUT – OUTPUT SECTION

It is useful for including the files into a COBOL program. In this we have
an important paragraph FILE-CONTROL

FILE-CONTROL

It is mainly used to declare the files in program (logical file

declaration)

3. DATA DIVISION

It specifies the data names using in a program (variable names). In this

we have 3 sections. They are……

A. Linkage Section
B. File Section
C. Working-storage Section

A. LINKAGE SECTION

 It is also called as GLOBAL VARIABLE DECLARATION SECTION

 Mainly used for accepting the data from outside the program into currently
running application program (sub routines)

B. FILE SECTION

It is required only when FILE-CONTROL in ENVIRONMENT

DIVISION is declared because FILE SECTION specifies the attributes of a file

C. WORKING-STORAGE SECTION

 It is also called as LOCAL VARIABLES DECLARATION SECTION

 In general this is alone required for individual COBOL programs to declare a
variable

4. PROCEDURE DIVISION

 It does not contain SECTIONS

 In procedure division user can write logic
 Procedure division is also required for every program

NOTE

 In COBOL continuation character is’ – ‘

 In COBOL each and every statement must end with period (.)
 It is called as SCOPE TERMINATOR
 In COBOL there are 2 types of SCOPE TERMINATORS. They are…..
1. IMPLICIT SCOPE TERMINATOR – PERIOD (.)
2. EXPLICIT SCOPE TERMINATOR

EXPLICIT SCOPE TERMINATOR always start with the prefix “END-“

EX END-IF

END-EVALUATE

END-PERFORM etc

 In COBOL whenever an application programmer want to print a data in

output area. We use “DISPLAY” statement. “DISPLAY” will send the data
or data of a variable on to the spool (output section)
 In COBOL we can also receive the data into a program dynamically at run-
time by using ACCEPT statement

DATA NAMES AND ITS RULES

 Data Name gives the reference in the storage

 Data Names in general called as Variable Names
 Data Name should not start or end with ‘ - ‘
EX -AB
AB-
 Spaces in the data name not allowed
EX AB is right A B is wrong
 Data name should start with alphabet only
 Possible values are a-z, 0-9, and ‘ – ‘

DATA TYPES IN COBOL

In COBOL application programming language we are having mainly 3

data types

1. Numeric
2. Alphabetic
3. AlphaNumeric

NUMERIC data types are represented with ‘9’

ALPHABETIC data types are represented with ‘A’

ALPHANUMERIC data types are represented with ‘X’

1. Numeric Data Types (9)

 The possible values for Numeric are 0-9

 In numeric the default values 0’s
 In numeric the allocation will be done from right to left
 The maximum range is 18 digits

9(02) = 2 bytes of numeric data type

00

00 = 05 = 5?

9(03) 000 12

012 =12

9(06) 12345

012345

9(01) = 10101010

2. Alphabetic (A)
 Possible values are a-z
 The default values are Spaces
 Allocation will be done from left to right

A(04) = Balaji

Bala

3. Alphanumeric (X)

 Possible values are a-z, 0-9

 Default values are Spaces
 Allocation is from left to right

X(04) Balaji

Bala

ZEROES = X(04) 1234

01 A PIC X(04) VALUE ZEROES.

1234

ALLOCATION OF DATA ITEMS

To declare any data item in COBOL program we have to follow the

structure as follows…..
 PICTURE DATA
LEVEL NO# DATA NAME VALUE CLAUSE
CLAUSE TYPE(LENGTH)
01 a-z PIC 9(n) VALUE..........
02-49 0-9 A(n) VALUE '..........'
66 - X(n) VALUE '...........'
77
88

LEVEL NO#

 In COBOL level no# specifies hierarchy of the COBOL program

 In COBOL all level no’s must be written in ascending order only
 The available level no# are

01

 Used as group item as well as elementary data item

 01 should start from column 8

02-49 – it is used as sub-groups should start in Area-B only

66 – specifies RENAMES should start in Area-B

77 – elementary dataitem

 Pure elementary data item must begin from column 8

 It does not contain sub-groups

88 – used for condition checking begin in Area-B

PICTURE CLAUSE (PIC)

 Picture Clause specifies the attributes of a data item

 It also specifies the data types and its properties
 In picture clause we are having 2 types
a. Edited Picture Clause
b. Non-Edited Picture Clause

VALUE CLAUSE

 By using value clause we can assign a data for the data item
 Depends on data type we have to write a value
 Value clause should not exceed the length given for the data item

FILLER CLAUSE

 Filler is a predefined word in COBOL mainly used for to allocate spaces

between the data items in group
 Filler also used in files to nullify the unused fields with spaces

NOTE

In COBOL only Identification division is mandatory and sometimes

Procedure division also

PICTURE CLAUSE AND ITS TYPES

 Picture Clause always specifies the attributes of a data item

 Picture Clause mainly divided into 2 types
a. Edited Picture Clause
b. Non-Edited Picture Clause

a. Edited Picture Clause

 Edited picture clause mainly used for display purpose

 We cant implemented in arithmetic operations
 Edited picture clause divided into 2 types
A. Insertion
B. Suppression

A. INSERTION

In Insertion we are having mainly 4 types

 1. Simple Insertion
2. Special Insertion
3. Fixed Insertion
4. Float Insertion

1. SIMPLE INSERTION

In simple insertion we are having some possible values

B – Blank

/ - Inserting ‘ / ‘

0 (zero) – Inserting ‘ 0 ‘

, - Insering ‘ , ‘

According to the picture clause the values will be allocated

EX.1 SAMPLE COBOL PROGRAM

ID DIVISION.

PROGRAM-ID. PGM1.

DATA DIVISION.

WORKING-STORAGE SECTION.

01 A PIC A(3) VALUE 'ABC'.

01 B PIC 9(3) VALUE 456.

01 C PIC X(3) VALUE 'A3C'.

PROCEDURE DIVISION. OUTPUT

DISPLAY ‘WELCOME TO COBOL’. WELCOME TO

COBOL

DISPLAY ‘A VALUE ::’ A. A VALUE:: ABC

DISPLAY ‘B VALUE ::’ B. B VALUE:: 456

 DISPLAY ‘C VALUE ::’ C. C VALUE:: A3C

STOP RUN.

EX.2

ID DIVISION.

PROGRAM-ID. PGM1.

DATA DIVISION.

WORKING-STORAGE SECTION.

01 A PIC A(3).

01 B PIC 9(3).

01 C PIC X(3).

PROCEDURE DIVISION.

DISPLAY ‘WELCOME TO COBOL’.

ACCEPT A.

ACCEPT B.

ACCEPT C.

DISPLAY A.

DISPLAY B.

DISPLAY C.

STOP RUN.

OUTPUT

WELCOME TO COBOL

ABC

456

A3C
NOTE

 By using the ‘VALUE CLAUSE’ we cant assign a value more the given
‘PICTURE CLAUSE’
 But in case of ‘ACCEPT’ even though the input value is greater it takes only
the character depends on ‘PICTURE CLAUSE’ length (In ACCEPT the
value will be assigned to the data item position by position)
 When you assign a value using VALUE CLAUSE 1st allocation will be done
depending on PICTURE CLAUSE

PROGRAM TERMINATOR STATEMENTS

 Mainly used to stop the flow of an application program

 We have 3 program terminator statements. They are
1. STOP RUN – After successful execution of the program the control
will be transferred to Operating System
2. GO BACK – After execution of called cursor will be sent to calling
program. It also acts as ‘STOP RUN’ when coded in calling program
3. EXIT PROGRAM – After successful execution of called program
control will sent to calling program

EX. SIMPLE INSERTION

ID DIVISION.

PROGRAM-ID. PGM1.

DATA DIVISION.

WORKING-STORAGE SECTION.

01 VAL1 PIC 9(4) VALUE 1234.

01 A PIC 9(3)B9(1).

01 B PIC 9(2)/9(2).

01 C PIC 9(2),9(2).

01 D PIC 9(2)09(1)09.

PROCEDURE DIVISION.

MOVE VAL1 TO A,B,C,D.

 DISPLAY VAL1.

DISPLAY A.

DISPLAY B.

DISPLAY C.

DISPLAY D.

STOP RUN.

OUTPUT

A – 123 4

B – 12/34

C – 12,34

D – 120304

NOTE

 In insertion according to the given picture clause the value will be allocated
 In general
9 = 9(1) A = A(1) X = X(1)
99 = 9(2) AA = A(2) XX = X(2)
999 = 9(3) AAA = A(3) XXX = X(3)

2. SPECIAL INSERTION
 In ‘special insertion’ we are having only one value i.e., Decimal Point (.)
 In Decimal always allocation will be done before Decimal Point only
 We cant use special insertion in arithmetic operations

01 A PIC 9(5).9(5).

MOVE 12.34 TO A

00012.34000

EX

ID DIVISION.

PROGRAM-ID. PGM1.

DATA DIVISION.

WORKING-STORAGE SECTION.

01 A PIC 9(3).9(2).

01 B PIC 9(2).9(2).

01 C PIC 9.9.

01 D PIC 9(3).(5) VALUE ZEROS.

01 E PIC 9(3).

PROCEDURE DIVISION.

MOVE 1234 TO A.

DISPLAY A.

MOVE 121.1173 TO A.

DISPLAY A.

MOVE 4567.6674 TO B.

DISPLAY B.

MOVE 1.11 TO C.
 DISPLAY C.

MOVE 131415.0130 TO D.

DISPLAY D.

MOVE 4532.113 TO E.

DISPLAY E.

STOP RUN.

3. FLOAT INSERTION

In float insertion we are having mainly 3 possible values

1. S – Sign
2. + - Positive
3. - - negative

1. S (Sign Clause)

In general, in COBOL we cant write ‘+‘ or ‘–‘ values for the data item
but by using sign clause we can write the values because in COBOL each and
every ‘+’ and ‘–‘ values are having their own combinations in sign clause

+0 = { -0 = }

+1 = A -1 = J

+2 = B -2 = K

+3 = C -3 = L

+4 = D -4 = M

+5 = E -5 = N

+6 = F -6 = O

+7 = G -7 = P

+8 = H -8 = Q

+9 = I -9 = R

In sign clause we are having mainly 4 types. They are……..

 a. SIGN LEADING
b. SIGN LEADING SEPERATE
c. SIGN TRAILING
d. SIGN TRAILING SEPARATE

a. SIGN LEADING

 LEADING means left most position

 In SIGN LEADING the sign will be applied to the left most position i.e., 1st
character
 At a time only one value will be converted
EX -123 +123

J23 A23

Because -1 = J and +1 = A

b. SIGN LEADING SEPARATE

In SIGN LEADING SEPARATE the sign will be displayed separately

from the data in leading position

EX +123 -123

+ 123 - 123

c. SIGN TRAILING

 Trailing means right most position

 In SIGN TRAILING the sign will be applied right most positioned 1st
character
 It is default in sign clause
EX +123 -123
123+ 123-
12+3 12-3

d. SIGN TRAILING SEPARATE

In SIGN TRAILING SEPARATE the sign will be displayed separately

from the data in trailing position

EX +123 -123

123+ 123-
 123 + 123 –

EX

ID DIVISION.

PROGRAM-ID. PGM1.

DATA DIVISION.

WORKING-STORAGE SECTION.

01 A PIC S9(3)VALUE +345.

01 B PIC S9(3) SIGN LEADING.

01 C PIC S9(3) SIGN LEADING SEPERATE.

01 D PIC S9(3) SIGN TRAILING.

01 E PIC S9(3) SIGN TRAILING SEPERATE.

PROCEDURE DIVISION.

MOVE A TO B,C,D,E.

DISPLAY A.

DISPLAY B.

DISPLAY C.

DISPLAY D.

DISPLAY E.

STOP RUN.

OUTPUT

A – 34E

B – C45

C - + 345
D – 34E

E – 345 +

+, - Insertion

In sign clause we are having predefined rules while moving the data from
one sign to another sign

+ - NO SIGN

+ + +

- + -

- - -

EX

ID DIVISION.

PROGRAM-ID. PGM1.

DATA DIVISION.

WORKING-STORAGE SECTION.

01 A PIC S9(3)VALUE +345.

01 B PIC +9(3).

01 C PIC -9(3).

01 D PIC S9(3) VALUE -345.

01 E PIC +9(3).

01 F PIC -9(3).

PROCEDURE DIVISION.

MOVE A TO B,C.

MOVE D TO E,F.

DISPLAY A. 34E

DISPLAY B. +345
 DISPLAY C. 345

DISPLAY D. 34N

DISPLAY E. -345

DISPLAY F. -345

STOP RUN.

4. FIXED INSERTION

In fixed insertion we are having mainly 3 values. They are……

1. CR – Credit
2. DB – Debit
3. $ - Inserting $ symbol

CR,DB will appear only for negative values

EX

ID DIVISION.

PROGRAM-ID. PGM1.

DATA DIVISION.

WORKING-STORAGE SECTION.

01 A PIC S9(3)VALUE -123.

01 B PIC 9(3)CR.

01 C PIC 9(3)DB.

01 D PIC S9(3) VALUE +123.

01 E PIC 9(3)CR.

01 F PIC 9(3)DB.

01 G PIC $ 9(4) VALUE ZEROS.

PROCEDURE DIVISION.

MOVE A TO B,C.
 MOVE D TO E,F.

MOVE 1234 TO G.

DISPLAY A. 123- = 12L

DISPLAY B. 123CR

DISPLAY C. 123DB

DISPLAY D. 123+ = 12C

DISPLAY E. 123

DISPLAY F. 123

DISPLAY G. $1234

STOP RUN.

In the above example CR,DB signs will be displayed

only for negative values

B. SUPPRESSION

In suppression we are having mainly two values. They are…

1. Z – leading Zeros suppression

2. * - leading Zeros replacement by’*’

According to the given picture clause the zeros will be suppressed

EX

ID DIVISION.

PROGRAM-ID. PGM1.

DATA DIVISION.

WORKING-STORAGE SECTION.

01 A PIC 9(7)VALUE 0001234.

01 B PIC Z9(6).

01 C PIC ZZ9(5).
 01 D PIC ZZZ9(4).

01 E PIC *9(6).

01 F PIC **9(5).

01 G PIC ***9(4).

PROCEDURE DIVISION.

MOVE A TO B,C,D,E,F,G. OUTPUT

DISPLAY A. 0001234

DISPLAY B. 001234

DISPLAY C. 01234

DISPLAY D. 1234

DISPLAY E. *001234

DISPLAY F. **01234

DISPLAY G. ***1234

STOP RUN.

b. NON-EDITED PICTURE CLAUSE

 Non-Edited picture clause may be included in arithmetic operations

 In non-editing picture clause we are having a value i.e.,
V – Imaginary decimal point

EX

1. 9(2).9(2) VALUE 12.34 – wrong

2. 9(2)V9(2) VALUE 12.34 – right
1.34 internally is 1234

EX

ID DIVISION.

PROGRAM-ID. PGM1.

DATA DIVISION.
WORKING-STORAGE SECTION.

01 A PIC 9(3)V9(3) VALUE 123.456.

01 B PIC 9(3)V9(3) VALUE 111.123.

01 C PIC 9(3).9(3) VALUE ZEROS.

PROCEDURE DIVISION.

ADD ATO B GIVING C. 123456+111123

DISPLAY ‘C VALUE IS::’ C. C VALUE IS:: 234.579

STOP RUN.

RENAMES CLAUSE

 In COBOL level no# 66 is used as RENAMES

 66 level no# must start in Area-B
 Using 66 level no# we can re-group the data items only within a group
 We can’t use renames between two groups
SYNTAX

66 DATANAME RENAMES <D.NAME1> THRU <D.NAMEn>

EX

ID DIVISION.

PROGRAM-ID. PGM10.

DATA DIVISION.

WORKING-STORAGE SECTION.

01 GRP1.

02 ENO PIC 9(4) VALUE 1001.

02 ENAME PIC A(15) VALUE 'SRI'.

02 ESAL PIC 9(5) VALUE 3000.

 02 EADDR PIC X(10) VALUE 'HYD1'.

02 RES1 PIC X(55).

66 A RENAMES ENO THRU ESAL.

66 B RENAMES ENAME THRU EADDR.

66 C RENAMES ENO THRU EADDR.

66 D RENAMES ESAL THRU EADDR.

PROCEDURE DIVISION.

DISPLAY A.

DISPLAY B.

DISPLAY C.

DISPLAY D.

MOVE C TO RES1.

DISPLAY RES1.

STOP RUN.

DECLERATION OF GROUP ITEMS

 In COBOL 01 level no# is used for group item

 Group item does not contain picture clause because……
Sub group elements size = group size
 We can use 02 – 49 level no# for sub-groups
 Sub-group 02 – 49 must start from Area-B (12th Column)

EX

ID DIVISION.

PROGRAM-ID. PGM11.

DATA DIVISION.

WORKING-STORAGE SECTION.

01 GRP1.
 02 ENO PIC 9(4) VALUE 1001.

02 ENAME PIC A(15) VALUE 'RAJU'.

02 ESAL PIC 9(5) VALUE 25000.

02 EADDR PIC X(10) VALUE 'HYD'.

PROCEDURE DIVISION.

DISPLAY 'GROUP ITEMS'.

DISPLAY GRP.

DISPLAY LENGTH OF GRP1.

STOP RUN.

USING FILLER CLAUSE

By using filler clause we can also allocate no of required

spaces between the sub-group elements existed in a group

EX

ID DIVISION.

PROGRAM-ID. PGM12.

DATA DIVISION.

WORKING-STORAGE SECTION.

01 GRP1.

02 ENO PIC 9(4) VALUE 1001.

02 FILLER PIC X(2).

02 ENAME PIC A(4) VALUE 'RAJU'.

02 FILLER PIC X(2).

02 ESAL PIC 9(5) VALUE 25000.

02 FILLER PIC X(2).

02 EADDR PIC X(3) VALUE 'HYD'.

PROCEDURE DIVISION.

DISPLAY GRP1.

DISPLAY LENGTH OF GRP1.

STOP RUN.

LEVEL NO# 77

 In COBOL level no# 77 is Pure elementary data item

 Under 77 we cant write sub-group elements because in COBOL all level
no’s should come in ascending order

EX

ID DIVISION.

PROGRAM-ID. PGM13.

DATA DIVISION.

WORKING-STORAGE SECTION.

77 X PIC 9(5) VALUE 17745.

77 Y PIC A(5) VALUE ‘SRINU’.

77 Z PIC X(3) VALUE ‘A2B’.

PROCEDURE DIVISION.

DISPLAY X.

DISPLAY Y.

DISPLAY Z.

STOP RUN.

INITIALIZE VERB

 Initialize is mainly used for initializing the data item with their default values
 Using ‘initialize’ we can effectively ‘REPLACE’ ‘FIGURATIVE
CONSTANTS’

SYNTAX

INITIALIZE DATANAME

EX

ID DIVISION.

PROGRAM-ID. PGM13.

DATA DIVISION.

WORKING-STORAGE SECTION.

77 X PIC 9(5) VALUE 17745.

77 Y PIC A(5) VALUE ‘SRINU’.

77 Z PIC X(3) VALUE ‘A2B’.

PROCEDURE DIVISION.

INITIALIZE X.

MOVE 456 TO X.

DISPLAY X.

INITIALIZE Y.

DISPLAY Y.

INITIALIZE Z.

MOVE X2Y TO Z.

INITIALIZE Z.

DISPLAY Z.

MOVE ‘ABC4’ TO Z.

DISPLAY Z.

STOP RUN.
MOVE STATEMENT

 By using MOVE we can move the data to any no of data items and also we
can move the data from one data item to any no of data items
SYNTAX
MOVE D.NAME1 TO D.NAME2,D.NAME3,………..,D.NAMEn
MOVE VALUE TO D.NAME1,D.NAME2,………..,D.NAMEn
 In MOVE we are having two types. They are ……..
1. Group MOVE
2. Elementary MOVE

We can move the data from one group to another group

and also from elementary data item to another elementary data item

EX

ID DIVISION.

PROGRAM-ID. PGM13.

DATA DIVISION.

WORKING-STORAGE SECTION.

01 GRP1.

02 A1 PIC A(5) VALUE 'COBOL'.

02 A2 PIC 9(3) VALUE 123.

01 GRP2.

02 B1 PIC A(5) VALUE 'HELLO'.

02 B2 PIC 9(5) VALUE 45675.

77 X PIC 9(3) VALUE 177.

77 Y PIC 9(5).

77 Z PIC 9.

77 C PIC 9(2).

PROCEDURE DIVISION.
 MOVE GRP1 TO GRP2.

MOVE X TO Y,Z,C.

DISPLAY GRP1.

DISPLAY GRP2.

DISPLAY X.

DISPLAY Y.

DISPLAY Z.

DISPLAY C.

STOP RUN.

 While moving data from one group to another group irrespective of sub
group elements data it transpose the data from group to group
 In MOVE 1st allocation will be done and then the value will be counted

REDEFINES CLAUSE

 By using REDEFINES we can use any existing group memory(size) in any

sub-sequent group
 We can also REDEFINE multiple items
 Using REDEFINES we can request the total memory of one group into the
next group
 For non 01 level redefinition the redefining item size must be lesser or equal
to item being redefined
 For 01 level redefinition the redefining item size must be greater or lesser or
equal to item being redefined

EX

ID DIVISION.

PROGRAM-ID. PGM14.

DATA DIVISION.

WORKING-STORAGE SECTION.

01 GRP1. 20bytes
 02 A. 10 bytes

03 A1 PIC A(5) VALUE 'COBOL'.

03 A2 PIC 9(5) VALUE 12345.

02 B REDEFINES A. =<

03 B1 PIC A(2).

03 B2 PIC 9(3).

03 B3 PIC X(5).

01 GRP2 REDEFINES GRP1. =<>

02 C PIC A(20).

PROCEDURE DIVISION.

DISPLAY GRP1.

DISPLAY A.

DISPLAY B.

DISPLAY B1.

DISPLAY GRP2.

STOP RUN.

NOTE

In REDEFINES while redefining from one group to

another group the data of redefining group will also appear in redefining group

CONDITIONAL NAMES

 In COBOL level no# 88 is used for condition checking

 Level no# 88 must start from 12th column only
 It does not contain any picture clause

EX

ID DIVISION.
PROGRAM-ID. PGM15.

DATA DIVISION.

WORKING-STORAGE SECTION.

01 SEL PIC X(2).

88 VOWELS VALUES 'A','E','I','O','U'.

88 EVEN VALUES '2','4','6','8','10','12','14','16'.

88 ODD VALUES '1','3','5','7','9','11','13','15'.

PROCEDURE DIVISION.

ACCEPT SEL.

IF(VOWELS)

DISPLAY 'ENTERED VOWELS'

ELSE IF EVEN

DISPLAY 'ENTERED EVEN'

ELSE IF ODD

DISPLAY 'ENTERED ODD'

END-IF.

DISPLAY SEL.

STOP RUN.

USAGE CLAUSE

 Usage is mainly used for reducing the memory by usage also specifies the
internal allocation
 By having USAGE we can store large amount of data in small amount of
storage
 In USAGE we have mainly 4 types. They are…..
1. USAGE COMP
2. USAGE COMP-1
3. USAGE COMP-2
4. USAGE COMP-3

1. USAGE COMP

 COMP means Computational

 COMP is binary format having specific ranges
 In COMP we have fixed range values as follows
9(1) – 9(4) 2 Bytes
9(5) – 9(9) 4 Bytes
9(10) – 9(18) 8 Bytes
EX
01 A PIC 9(3) USAGE COMP.
PROCEDURE DIVISION.
MOVE 123 TO A.
DISPLAY A.
STOP RUN.

2. USAGE COMP-1

 COMP-1 is single precision floating point number

 COMP-1 does not contain picture clause because the value of COMP-1 is
fixed for 4 Bytes
 COMP-1 accepts only 8 to 9 characters of data
EX
01 A USAGE COMP-1

3. USAGE COMP-2

 COMP-2 is a double precision floating point number

 COMP-2 does not contain picture clause because the value is fixed for 8
Bytes
 COMP-2 accepts 17 to 18 characters of data
EX
 01 A USAGE COMP-2

4. USAGE COMP-3

 COMP-3 is a packed decimal format

 Packed decimal means “it stores two characters of data within 1 Byte of
storage”
 In COMP-3 depending on picture clause it allocates the memory for the data
item
 If picture clause is even. Then……..
N/2+1, where n = length of picture clause
EX
01 A PIC 9(6) USAGE COMP-3
N/2+1 = 6/2+1 = 4 Bytes
 If picture clause is odd. Then……….
N+1/2
EX
01 PIC 9(7) USAGE COMP-3
7+1/2 = 4 Bytes

EX

ID DIVISION.

PROGRAM-ID. PGM16.

DATA DIVISION.

WORKING-STORAGE SECTION.

01 A PIC 9(3) USAGE COMP.

01 B PIC 9(5) USAGE COMP.

01 C PIC 9(17) USAGE COMP.

01 D USAGE COMP-1.

01 E USAGE COMP-2.

01 F PIC 9(3) USAGE COMP-3.

01 G PIC 9(5) USAGE COMP-3.

01 H PIC 9(6) USAGE COMP-3.

01 I PIC 9(16) USAGE COMP-3.

PROCEDURE DIVISION.

DISPLAY LENGTH OF A.

DISPLAY LENGTH OF B.

DISPLAY LENGTH OF C.

DISPLAY LENGTH OF D.

DISPLAY LENGTH OF E.

DISPLAY LENGTH OF F.

DISPLAY LENGTH OF G.

DISPLAY LENGTH OF H.

DISPLAY LENGTH OF I.

STOP RUN.

ARITHMETIC VERBS

In COBOL we have mainly 4 Arithmetic Verbs. They are…

1. ADD
2. SUBTRACT
3. MULTIPLY
4. DIVIDE

1. ADD – Used to perform Addition Operation

SYNTAX

1. ADD D.NAME1 TO D.NAME2

2. ADD D.NAME1,D.NAME2………..TO D.NAMEN
3. ADD D.NAME1 TO D.NAME2 GIVING D.NAME3
4. ADD D.NAME1,D.NAME2……….. TO D.NAMEN GIVING
D.NAMEX

2. SUBTRACT –
 SYNTAX

1. SUBTRACT D.NAME1 FROM D.NAME2

2. SUBTRACT D.NAME1,D.NAME2………..FROM D.NAMEN
3. SUBTRACT D.NAME1 FROM D.NAME2 GIVING D.NAME3

3. MULTIPLY –

SYNTAX

1. MULTIPLY D.NAME1 BY D.NAME2

2. MULTIPLY D.NAME1 BY D.NAME2 GIVING D.NAME3

4. DIVIDE –

While performing Division Operation we have 2 ways

CASE1: USING ‘BY’

SYNTAX

1. DIVIDE D.NAME1 BY D.NAME2

2. DIVIDE D.NAME1 BY D.NAME2 GIVING D.NAME3
3. DIVIDE D.NAME1 BY D.NAME2 GIVING D.NAME3
REMAINDER D.NAME4

EX

DIVIDE A BY B GIVING C i.e., C = A/B

CASE2: USING ‘INTO’

SYNTAX

1. DIVIDE D.NAME1 INTO D.NAME2

2. DIVIDE D.NAME1 INTO D.NAME2 GIVING D.NAME3
3. DIVIDE D.NAME1 INTO D.NAME2 GIVING D.NAME3
REMAINDER D.NAME

EX

DIVIDE A INTO B GIVING C i.e., C =B/A

EX1

ID DIVISION.
PROGRAM-ID. PGM17.

DATA DIVISION.

WORKING-STORAGE SECTION.

01 A PIC 9(2).

01 B PIC 9(2).

01 C PIC 9(4).

PROCEDURE DIVISION.

ACCEPT A.

ACCEPT B.

ADD A TO B GIVING C.

DISPLAY C.

INITIALIZE A.

INITIALIZE B.

ADD A,B TO B GIVING C.

DISPLAY C.

INITIALIZE A.

INITIALIZE B.

ADD A TO B.

DISPLAY B.

STOP RUN.

EX2

ID DIVISION.

PROGRAM-ID. PGM19.

DATA DIVISION.
WORKING-STORAGE SECTION.

01 A PIC 9(2).

01 B PIC 9(2).

01 C PIC 9(4).

PROCEDURE DIVISION.

ACCEPT A.

ACCEPT B.

SUBTRACT A FROM B GIVING C.

DISPLAY C.

SUBTRACT A,B FROM B GIVING C.

DISPLAY C.

SUBTRACT A,B FROM B.

DISPLAY B.

STOP RUN.

While doing SUBTRACT in the above example B value must be greater

than A

EX3

ID DIVISION.

PROGRAM-ID. PGM20.

DATA DIVISION.

WORKING-STORAGE SECTION.

01 A PIC 9(2).

01 B PIC 9(2).

01 C PIC 9(4).

PROCEDURE DIVISION.
 ACCEPT A.

ACCEPT B.

MULTIPLY A BY B GIVING C.

DISPLAY C.

MULTIPLY A BY B.

DISPLAY B.

STOP RUN.

EX4

ID DIVISION.

PROGRAM-ID. PGM21.

DATA DIVISION.

WORKING-STORAGE SECTION.

01 A PIC 9(2).

01 B PIC 9(2).

01 C PIC 9(4).

01 D PIC 9(2).

PROCEDURE DIVISION.

ACCEPT A.

ACCEPT B.

DIVIDE A BY B.

DISPLAY B.

DIVIDE A BY B GIVING C REMAINDER D.

DISPLAY C.

DISPLAY D.
 DIVIDE A BY B GIVING C.

DIVIDE C.

STOP RUN.

EX5

ID DIVISION.

PROGRAM-ID. PGM21.

DATA DIVISION.

WORKING-STORAGE SECTION.

01 A PIC 9(2).

01 B PIC 9(2).

01 C PIC 9(4).

01 D PIC 9(2).

PROCEDURE DIVISION.

ACCEPT A.

ACCEPT B.

DIVIDE A INTO B.

DISPLAY B.

DIVIDE A INTO B GIVING C REMAINDER D.

DISPLAY C.

DISPLAY D.

DIVIDE A INTO B GIVING C.

DIVIDE C.

STOP RUN.

COMPUTE VERB
 By using ‘COMPUTE’ we can effectively replace COBOL Arithmetic Verbs
 Using ‘COMPUTE’ we can also perform Arithmetic Operations as follows
ADD with +
SUBTACT with –
MULTIPLY with *
DIVIDE with /
COMPUTE C = A + B
COMPUTE C = A – B
COMPUTE C = A * B
COMPUTE C = A / B

EX

ID DIVISION.

PROGRAM-ID. PGM21.

DATA DIVISION.

WORKING-STORAGE SECTION.

01 A PIC 9(2).

01 B PIC 9(2).

01 C PIC 9(2).

01 D PIC 9(2).

PROCEDURE DIVISION.

ACCEPT A.

ACCEPT B.

COMPUTE C = A + B.

DISPLAY C.

COMPUTE D = A - B.

DISPLAY D.
 INITIALIZE C.

INITIALIZE D.

COMPUTE C = A * B.

DISPLAY C.

COMPUTE D = A / B.

DISPLAY D.

STOP RUN.

ON SIZE ERROR

 It is a COBOL verb mainly used in arithmetic operations

 While performing an arithmetic operation if the resultant data item is unable
to store the actual result of an arithmetic operation it will print an user
defined message to the output
SYNTAX
ADD D.NAME1 TO D.NAME2 GIVING D.NAME3 ON SIZE
ERROR
DISPLAY “IMPERATIVE STATEMENT”

EX

ID DIVISION.

PROGRAM-ID. PGM1.

DATA DIVISION.

WORKING-STORAGE SECTION.

01 A PIC 9(2) VALUE ZEROS.

01 B PIC 9(2) VALUE ZEROS.

01 C PIC 9(2) VALUE ZEROS.

PROCEDURE DIVISION.

ACCEPT A.

ACCEPT B.
 ADD A TO B GIVING C ON SIZE ERROR

DISPLAY "SIZE ERROR OCCURED".

DISPLAY C.

STOP RUN.

INPUT OUTPUT

10 , 90 ON SIZE
ERROR

ROUNDED

 By using ROUNDED we can round the value after decimal point according
to the given picture clause
 It is a COBOL VERB and only applicable for arithmetic expressions
EX
ADD A TO B GIVING C ROUNDED
A = 12.3793
B = 13.1073

C = 25.4866

For >5 NEXT

For <=5 Same Value

EX

ID DIVISION.

PROGRAM-ID. PGM24.

DATA DIVISION.

WORKING-STORAGE SECTION.

01 A PIC 9(3)V9(4) VALUE 117.3237.

01 B PIC 9(3)V9(4) VALUE 101.3563.

01 C PIC 9(3).9(3).

01 D PIC 9(2).9(2).
01 E PIC 9(2).9(1).

PROCEDURE DIVISION.

ADD A TO B GIVING C ROUNDED.

DISPLAY C.

ADD A TO B GIVING D ROUNDED.

DISPLAY D.

ADD A TO B GIVING E ROUNDED.

DISPLAY E.

ADD A TO B GIVING C.

DISPLAY C.

STOP RUN.

COPY STATEMENT

 By using COPY STATEMENT we can invoke the repeated lines of code

kept in a member of PDS file for code reusability
 By using COPY STATEMENT we can invoke the members into currently
running COBOL program
 The included PDS is called COPY LIBRARY and the members are called
COPY BOOKS
 We can invoke any no of COPY BOOKS into currently running program
 According to the 1st statement column no in COPY BOOK, we have to write
the COPY STATEMENT in the program
 To include the COPY BOOKS into the program we have to write the
following statement while compiling
//COBOL.SYSLIB DD DSN=COPYLIBRARY (COPYBOOK)

The code is written in the members of PDS (MATE02.GRP.PDS)

IN COPY1 (STARTED FROM COLUMN 8)

ID DIVISION.

PROGRAM-ID. PGM24.
DATA DIVISION.

WORKING-STORAGE SECTION.

01 A PIC 9(3).

01 B PIC 9(3).

01 C PIC 9(6).

IN COPY2 (STARTED FROM COLUMN12)

COMPUTE C = A + B.

DISPLAY C.

IN COPY3

COMPUTE C = A - B.

DISPLAY C.

IN COPY4

COMPUTE C = A * B.

DISPLAY C.

IN COPY5

COMPUTE C = A / B.

DISPLAY C.

COPY COPY1.

PROCEDURE DIVISION.

ACCEPT A.

ACCEPT B.

COPY COPY4.

STOP RUN.

PARM PARAMETER
 By using PARM we can pass MAX 100 characters of data into the COBOL
program
 PARM is a variable character which contain both length and text fields
SYNTAX

01 PARM.

02 LENGTH-FIELD PIC S9(VALUE) USAGE COMP.

02 TEXT-FIELD PIC X(VALUE).

EX

ID DIVISION.

PROGRAM-ID. PGM26.

DATA DIVISION.

LINKAGE SECTION.

01 PARM-VAL.

05 P-LEN PIC S9(4) USAGE COMP.

05 P-TXT PIC X(40).

PROCEDURE DIVISION USING PARM-VAL.

DISPLAY P-TXT.

DISPLAY P-LEN.

STOP RUN.

After successful compilation, at run-time give the input

value for PARM as follows

PARM = ‘WELCOME TO PARM’

CORRESPONDING VERB

 It is a COBOL reserved word

 In CORRESPONDING it moves the data only to the corresponding data
names
 In CORRESPONDING we have various types as follows………
 1. MOVE CORRESPONDING
2. ADD CORRESPONDING
3. SUBTRACT CORRESPONDING

EX: MOVE CORRESPONDING

ID DIVISION.

PROGRAM-ID. PGM1.

DATA DIVISION.

WORKING-STORAGE SECTION.

01 GRP1.

02 A2 PIC A(5) VALUE 'HAI'.

02 A4 PIC 9(3) VALUE 178.

01 GRP2.

02 A1 PIC A(4) VALUE 'BYE'.

02 A2 PIC A(3) VALUE 'HI'.

02 A3 PIC X(3) VALUE 'X24'.

02 A4 PIC 9(5) VALUE 1257.

PROCEDURE DIVISION.

MOVE CORRESPONDING GRP1 TO GRP2.

DISPLAY GRP1.

DISPLAY GRP2.

STOP RUN.

EX: ADD CORRESPONDING

ID DIVISION.
PROGRAM-ID. PGM1.

DATA DIVISION.

WORKING-STORAGE SECTION.

01 A.

02 X1 PIC 9(3) VALUE 175.

02 X2 PIC 9(3) VALUE 5.

01 B.

02 X3 PIC A(7) VALUE 'WELCOME'.

02 X4 PIC 9(5) VALUE 17573.

02 X1 PIC 9(2) VALUE 17.

PROCEDURE DIVISION.

ADD CORRESPONDING A TO B.

DISPLAY A.

DISPLAY B.

STOP RUN.

EX: SUBTRACT CORRESPONDING

ID DIVISION.

PROGRAM-ID. PGM1.

DATA DIVISION.

WORKING-STORAGE SECTION.

01 A.

02 X1 PIC 9(3) VALUE 175.

02 X2 PIC 9(3) VALUE 5.

01 B.
 02 X3 PIC A(15) VALUE 'WELCOME TO SUBTRACT'.

02 X1 PIC 9(5) VALUE 18175.

02 X2 PIC 9(2) VALUE 3.

PROCEDURE DIVISION.

SUBTRACT CORRESPONDING A FROM B.

DISPLAY A.

DISPLAY B.

STOP RUN.

SEQUENCE CONTROL VERB

 By using ‘SEQUENCE CONTROL VERB’ we can overcome the sequential

process of COBOL program
 In COBOL we have various ‘SEQUENCE CONTROL VERB’ as
follows…..
1. PERFORM
2. GO TO
3. EVALUATE
4. IF & NESTED IF
5. CONTINUE
6. NEXT SENTENCE

1. PERFORM STATEMENT

 Using ‘PERFORM’ statement we can execute any required paragraph

existed in the program
 In ‘PERFORM’ after successful execution of the paragraph the control will
be return back to the next statement after ‘PERFORM’
 In PERFORM, we have various types as follows……….
1. PERFORM PARNAME
2. PERFORM PARANAME N TIMES
3. PERFORM PARANAME THRU PARANAME
4. PERFORM PARANAME THRU PARANAME N TIMES
5. PERFORM PARANAME UNTIL CONDITION
6. PERFORM PARANAME VARYING UNTIL CONDITION
 7. INLINE PERFORM

1. PERFORM PARANAME

Using this possibility we can evaluate any required

paragraph among the paragraph

EX

ID DIVISION.

PROGRAM-ID. PGM30.

DATA DIVISION.

WORKING-STORAGE SECTION.

01 A PIC 9(2).

01 B PIC 9(2).

01 C PIC 9(4) VALUE ZEROS.

PROCEDURE DIVISION.

ACCEPT A.

ACCEPT B.

PERFORM ADD-PARA.

PERFORM SUB-PARA.

STOP RUN.

MUL-PARA.

COMPUTE C = A * B.

DISPLAY C.

ADD-PARA.

COMPUTE C = A + B.

DISPLAY C.

DIV-PARA.
 COMPUTE C = A / B.

DISPLAY C.

SUB-PARA.

COMPUTE C = A - B.

DISPLAY C.

2. PERFORM PARANAME N TIMES

Based on requirement we can repeat any paragraph for N no of times

EX

ID DIVISION.

PROGRAM-ID. PGM30.

DATA DIVISION.

WORKING-STORAGE SECTION.

01 A PIC 9(2).

01 B PIC 9(2).

01 C PIC 9(4) VALUE ZEROS.

PROCEDURE DIVISION.

ACCEPT A.

ACCEPT B.

PERFORM DIV-PARA 2 TIMES.

PERFORM MUL-PARA 3 TIMES.

STOP RUN.

MUL-PARA.

COMPUTE C = A * B.

DISPLAY C.
 ADD-PARA.

COMPUTE C = A + B.

DISPLAY C.

DIV-PARA.

COMPUTE C = A / B.

DISPLAY C.

SUB-PARA.

COMPUTE C = A - B.

DISPLAY C.

3. PERFORM PARANAME THRU PARANAME

We can process the group of paragraphs within 1 perform statement as

follows

EX

ID DIVISION.

PROGRAM-ID. PGM30.

DATA DIVISION.

WORKING-STORAGE SECTION.

01 A PIC 9(2).

01 B PIC 9(2).

01 C PIC 9(4) VALUE ZEROS.

PROCEDURE DIVISION.

ACCEPT A.

ACCEPT B.

PERFORM ADD-PARA THRU DIV-PARA.

PERFORM MUL-PARA THRU SUB-PARA 2 TIMES.

 STOP RUN.

MUL-PARA.

COMPUTE C = A * B.

DISPLAY C.

ADD-PARA.

COMPUTE C = A + B.

DISPLAY C.

DIV-PARA.

COMPUTE C = A / B.

DISPLAY C.

SUB-PARA.

COMPUTE C = A - B.

DISPLAY C.

4. PERFORM PARANAME UNTIL CONDITION

In this based on given condition we can execute the required paragraph

EX

ID DIVISION.

PROGRAM-ID. PGM30.

DATA DIVISION.

WORKING-STORAGE SECTION.

01 A PIC 9(1) VALUE 1.

PROCEDURE DIVISION.

PERFORM UNTIL-PARA UNTIL A>3.

 STOP RUN.

UNTIL-PARA.

DISPLAY ‘WELCOME TO PARA’.

COMPUTE A = A+1.

5. PERFORM VARYING CONDITION

Using varying we can repeat the para for n = no of times sequentially

EX1

ID DIVISION.

PROGRAM-ID. PGM30.

DATA DIVISION.

WORKING-STORAGE SECTION.

01 I PIC 9(1).

PROCEDURE DIVISION.

PERFORM VARY-PARA VARYING I FROM 1 BY 1 UNTIL I>3.

DISPLAY ‘VARYING SEQUENTIALLY’

STOP RUN.

VARY-PARA.

DISPLAY ‘WELCOME TO VARYING’.

EX2

ID DIVISION.

PROGRAM-ID. PGM30.

DATA DIVISION.

WORKING-STORAGE SECTION.

01 I PIC 9(1).
PROCEDURE DIVISION.

PERFORM VARY-PARA VARYING I FROM 3 BY -1 UNTIL I>3.

DISPLAY ‘VARYING SEQUENTIALLY’

STOP RUN.

VARY-PARA.

DISPLAY ‘WELCOME TO VARYING’.

CASE STUDY

GENERATING THE TABLES USING COBOL

By using PERFORM STATEMENT in COBOL we can generate the

tables as follows

EX

ID DIVISION.

PROGRAM-ID. PGM30.

DATA DIVISION.

WORKING-STORAGE SECTION.

01 A PIC 9(2).

01 B PIC 9(2).

01 C PIC 9(4) VALUE ZEROS.

PROCEDURE DIVISION.

ACCEPT A.

ACCEPT B.

PERFORM TAB-PARA VARYING A FROM 1 BY 1 UNTIL A>20

AFTER B FROM 1 BY 1 UNTIL B>20.

DISPLAY ’20 * 20 TABLES GENERATED’

STOP RUN.
 TAB-PARA.

COMPUTE C = A * B.

DISPLAY A ‘*’ B ‘=’ C

6. INLINE PERFORM

 By using INLINE PERFORM we can process the list of statements as

follows
 For INLINE PERFORM ‘END-PERFORM’ is mandatory

EX

ID DIVISION.

PROGRAM-ID. PGM1.

DATA DIVISION.

WORKING-STORAGE SECTION.

01 A PIC 9(2) VALUE 08.

01 B PIC 9(2) VALUE 09.

01 C PIC 9(2).

PROCEDURE DIVISION.

PERFORM

ADD A TO B GIVING C

DISPLAY C

SUBTRACT B FROM A GIVING C

DISPLAY C

MULTIPLY A BY B GIVING C

DISPLAY C
 END-PERFORM.

STOP RUN.

2. GO TO

 By using ‘GO TO’ we can transfer the control permanently from one place
to another place within a program
 ‘GO TO’ permanently transfers the control, we cant expect cursor back
 Compare to PERFORM, GO TO is having more logical errors

EX

ID DIVISION.

PROGRAM-ID. PGM36.

DATA DIVISION.

WORKING-STORAGE SECTION.

01 A PIC 9(4) VALUE 0072.

01 B PIC 9(4) VALUE 0082.

01 C PIC 9(4).

PROCEDURE DIVISION.

PERFORM ADD-PARA THRU DIV-PARA.

GO TO SUB-PARA.

PERFORM MUL-PARA.

STOP RUN.

MUL-PARA.

COMPUTE C = A * B.

DISPLAY C.

ADD-PARA.

COMPUTE C = A + B.
 DISPLAY C.

DIV-PARA.

COMPUTE C = A / B.

DISPLAY C.

SUB-PARA.

COMPUTE C = A - B.

DISPLAY C.

EX

ID DIVISION.

PROGRAM-ID. PGM36.

DATA DIVISION.

WORKING-STORAGE SECTION.

01 A PIC 9(4) VALUE 0072.

01 B PIC 9(4) VALUE 0082.

01 C PIC 9(4).

PROCEDURE DIVISION.

PERFORM ADD-PARA THRU DIV-PARA.

GO TO SUB-PARA.

PERFORM MUL-PARA.

MUL-PARA.

COMPUTE C = A * B.

DISPLAY C.

ADD-PARA.

COMPUTE C = A + B.
 DISPLAY C.

DIV-PARA.

COMPUTE C = A / B.

DISPLAY C.

SUB-PARA.

COMPUTE C = A - B.

DISPLAY C.

STOP RUN.

While using GO TO we always place STOP RUN at-last

only

IF & NESTED IF

 Using IF we can also PERFORM condition checking

 ‘IF AND ELSE’ are used for EVALUATING the given data
SYNTAX
IF <COND>
DISPLAY ‘IMPERATIVE STATEMENT’
ELSE
DISPLAY ‘IMPERATIVE STATEMENT’
END-IF.

EX

ID DIVISION.

PROGRAM-ID. PGM38.

DATA DIVISION.

WORKING-STORAGE SECTION.

01 A PIC 9(3) VALUE 127.

01 B PIC 9(3) VALUE 137.

PROCEDURE DIVISION.
 IF A>B

DISPLAY 'A IS BIGGER'.

ELSE

DISPLAY 'B IS BIGGER'.

END-IF.

STOP RUN.

EVALUATE

 Using EVALUATE we can evaluate the case structure

 Using EVALUATE we can effectively replace ‘NESTED-IF’ statement
SYNTAX
EVALUATE TRUE/FALSE
WHEN COND1
DISPLAY ‘IMPERATIVE STATEMENT’
WHEN COND2
DISPLAY ‘IMPERATIVE STATEMENT’
………
………
………
………
……….
WHEN CONDn
DISPLAY ‘IMPERATIVE STATEMENT’
WHEN OTHER
DISPLAY ‘IMPERATIVE STATEMENT’
END-EVALUATE.

EX

ID DIVISION.

PROGRAM-ID. PGM39.

DATA DIVISION.

WORKING-STORAGE SECTION.
01 MONTH PIC 99.

01 MONTHNAME PIC A(15).

01 DAYS PIC 99.

PROCEDURE DIVISION.

DISPLAY “ENTER THE MONTH NUMBER”.

ACCEPT MONTH.

DISPLAY MONTH.

DISPLAY MONTHNAME.

MONTH-PARA

EVALUATE MONTH

WHEN 1 MOVE 'JANUARY' TO MONTHNAME

WHEN 2 MOVE 'FEBRUARY' TO MONTHNAME

WHEN 3 MOVE 'MARCH' TO MONTHNAME

WHEN 4 MOVE 'APRIL' TO MONTHNAME

WHEN 5 MOVE 'MAY' TO MONTHNAME

WHEN 6 MOVE 'JUNE' TO MONTHNAME

WHEN 7 MOVE 'JULY' TO MONTHNAME

WHEN 8 MOVE 'AUGUST' TO MONTHNAME

WHEN 9 MOVE 'SEPTEMBER' TO MONTHNAME

WHEN 10 MOVE 'OCTOBER' TO MONTHNAME

WHEN 11 MOVE 'NOVEMBER’ TO MONTHNAME

WHEN 12 MOVE 'DECEMBER' TO MONTHNAME

END-EVALUATE.
DAY-PARA

MOVE ‘DDDDDDDD’ TO MONTHNAME.

DISPLAY MONTHNAME.

EVALUATE TRUE

WHEN MONTH = 4 OR 6 OR 9 OR 11

MOVE 30 TO DAYS

WHEN MONTH = 2

MOVE 28 TO DAYS

WHEN OTHER MOVE 31 TO DAYS

END-EVALUATE.

STOP RUN.

CONTINUE AND NEXT SENTENCE

 CONTINUE will transfer the control to the next statement after an explicit
scope terminator whereas NEXT SENTENCE will transfer control to the
next sentence after next period
 These two are mainly used for navigating within a program

IF A>B
CONTINUE/NEXT SENTENCE
IF B>C
DISPLAY ‘B IS BIGGER’
ELSE
DISPLAY ‘C IS BIG’
END-IF
DISPLAY “HELLO”.  Continue
DISPLAY “HI”.  Next sentence

 CONTINUE is like a NULL STATEMENT which does not do anything

where as NEXT SENTENCE will bypass the statements from execution
STRING HANDLING

 String is a collection of one or more characters

 Using String Handling we can combine one or more strings into one string
 We can divide one string into no of strings
 We can replace the existing characters with new characters
 We can count the occurrences of the characters in the given string
 We can convert the data into new data
 In string we have different functions as follows. They are………
1. String
2. Unstring
3. Inspect
4. Tallying
5. Replacing
6. Converting

1. STRING

Using string we can combine one or more strings into one string

SYNTAX

STRING ID1 DELIMITED BY ‘COMMA/SPACE/SIZE’,

ID2 DELIMITED BY ‘COMMA/SPACE/SIZE’,

ID3 DELIMITED BY ‘COMMA/SPACE/SIZE’,

………………..

………………..

………………..

………………..
 IDn DELIMITED BY ‘COMMA/SPACE/SIZE’, INTO
IDENTIFIER

END-STRING.

EX

ID DIVISION.

PROGRAM-ID. PGM40.

DATA DIVISION.

WORKING-STORAGE SECTION.

01 A PIC A(10) VALUE 'HELLO HAI'.

01 B PIC X(13) VALUE 'WELCOME#BYE'.

01 C PIC A(20) VALUE SPACES.

PROCEDURE DIVISION.

STRING A DELIMITED BY ' ',

B DELIMITED BY '#' INTO C.

DISPLAY C.

STOP RUN.

2. UNSTRING

Using UNSTRING we can divide one string into no of strings as

follows
SYNTAX

UNSTRING ID1 INTO ID2,ID3,ID4………IDn

END-STRING.

EX

ID DIVISION.

PROGRAM-ID. PGM41.
DATA DIVISION.

WORKING-STORAGE SECTION.

01 A PIC A(30) VALUE 'HELLO HAI WELCOME TO STRING'.

01 B PIC A(5).

01 C PIC A(3).

01 D PIC A(10).

01 E PIC A(6).

PROCEDURE DIVISION.

UNSTRING A INTO B,C,D,E.

DISPLAY A.

DISPLAY B.

DISPLAY C.

DISPLAY D.

DISPLAY E.

STOP RUN.

INSPECT, TALLYING

 Using ‘INSPECT’ we can examine the string

 Using ‘TALLYING’ we can update the count and also used for counting the
occurrences
 Using ‘INSPECT’ we can count the occurrence of a character in the given
string as follows

EX

ID DIVISION.

PROGRAM-ID. PGM42.

DATA DIVISION.

WORKING-STORAGE SECTION.
01 A PIC A(30) VALUE 'HELLO HAI WELCOME TO INSEPECT'.

01 B PIC 9(4).

PROCEDURE DIVISION.

INSPECT A TALLYING B FOR ALL 'E'.

DISPLAY A.

DISPLAY 'COUNT IS::' B.

STOP RUN.

REPLACING

 Using REPLACING we can change character by character or word by word

 While REPLACING, the old and new characters length must be same
 Using REPLACE we can also NULLIFY the data

EX

ID DIVISION.

PROGRAM-ID. PGM43.

DATA DIVISION.

WORKING-STORAGE SECTION.

01 A PIC A(30) VALUE 'HELLO HI HAI HI'.

PROCEDURE DIVISION.

INSPECT A REPLACING ALL 'H' BY 'A'.

DISPLAY A.

INSPECT A REPLACING ALL 'HI' BY 'H!'

DISPLAY A.

STOP RUN.

CONVERTING
 Using CONVERTING we can convert character by character and also
we can convert multiple characters with new characters at a time

EX

ID DIVISION.

PROGRAM-ID. PGM44.

DATA DIVISION.

WORKING-STORAGE SECTION.

01 A PIC A(20) VALUE 'HELLO HI HAI HI'.

PROCEDURE DIVISION.

INSPECT A CONVERTING 'H' TO 'A'.

DISPLAY A.

INSPECT A CONVERTING 'HI' TO 'X!'.

DISPLAY A.

INSPECT A CONVERTING 'HIL' TO '---'.

DISPLAY A.

STOP RUN.

REFERENCE MODIFICATION

 In String Handling by using REFERENCE MODIFICATION we can

retrieve required string from the given string
 Using REFERENCE MODIFICATION random selection of data is possible
SYNTAX
DATANAME(LOCATIONINPUT:LENGTH)

EX

ID DIVISION.

PROGRAM-ID. PGM45.
DATA DIVISION.

WORKING-STORAGE SECTION.

01 A PIC A(30) VALUE 'HELLO HOW ARE YOU'.

01 B PIC A(3).

01 C PIC A(3).

01 D PIC A(5).

01 E PIC A(3).

PROCEDURE DIVISION.

MOVE A(11:3) TO B.

MOVE A(7:3) TO C.

MOVE A(1:5) TO D.

MOVE A(15:3) TO E.

DISPLAY A.

DISPLAY B.

DISPLAY C.

DISPLAY D.

DISPLAY E.

STOP RUN.

TABLE HANDLING

 TABLE is a linear data structure

 TABLE stores the homogenous data items
 Using TABLE we can write or invoke collection of linear data structures
(data items) with one name called TABLE
 TABLE is a collection of ROWS and COLUMNS
 Using TABLE HANDLING we can repeat one data item for ‘n’ no of times
 In TABLE we can repeat the data names for ‘n’ no of times using OCCURS
CLAUSE
 By using OCCURS we can repeat the structure for ‘n’ times and it allocates
the memory for the data names
01 GRP
02 EMP OCCURS 2 TIMES
03 ENO 9(4). 20*2 = 40 Bytes
03 ENAME A(16).

RULES IN OCCURS CLAUSE

 We cant use OCCURS CLAUSE for group item (01)

 Only positive occurrences are allowed
 OCCURS is a WORKING-STORAGE SECTION item
 We also cant write OCCURS for ‘66’,’77’ &’88’ level no#
 By using SUBSCRIPT and INDEX only we can change the value of an array
element
 SUBSCRIPT means occurrences whereas INDEX means displacement
 The value of INDEX will be set by using a SET statement

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN SUBSCRIPT AND INDEX

 SUBSCRIPT INDEX

SUBSCRIPT is a working- INDEX is an internal item

storage section item INDEX means
SUBSCRIPT means displacement
occurrences INDEX is faster than
SUBSCRIPT is slower than SUBSCRIPT
INDEX INDEX can be
SUBSCRIPT can be implemented in arithmetic
implemented in arithmetic operations
operations

 In general COBOL we can write max ‘7’ dimensions

DIMENSION = No of Occurrences
 We can also write multiple dimensions
 The declaration of array elements and the values allocation is as follows….

EX1. ONE DIMENSIONAL ARRAY

ID DIVISION.

PROGRAM-ID. PGM1.

DATA DIVISION.

WORKING-STORAGE SECTION.

01 EMP-TAB.

02 EMP OCCURS 3 TIMES.

03 ENO PIC 9(4).

03 ENAME PIC A(15).

77 I PIC 9(1).

PROCEDURE DIVISION.

PERFORM VARYING I FROM 1 BY 1 UNTIL I > 3

 ACCEPT ENO(I)

ACCEPT ENAME(I)

DISPLAY ENO(I)

DISPLAY ENAME(I)

END-PERFORM.

DISPLAY EMP-TAB.

STOP RUN.

EX1. TWO DIMENSIONAL ARRAY

ID DIVISION.

PROGRAM-ID. PGM2.

DATA DIVISION.

WORKING-STORAGE SECTION.

01 CLASS-TAB.

02 SEC-TAB OCCURS 2 TIMES.

03 SEC PIC X(5)

03 NAME-TAB OCCURS 5 TIMES.

04 NAME PIC A(20).

77 I PIC 9(1).

77 J PIC 9(1).

PROCEDURE DIVISION.

PERFORM VARYING I FROM 1 BY 1 UNTIL I>2

ACCEPT SEC(I)

DISPLAY SEC(I)

PERFORM VARYING J FROM 1 BY 1 UNTIL J>5

 ACCEPT NAME(I,J)

DISPLAY NAME(I,J)

END-PERFORM.

END-PERFORM.

DISPLAY CLASS-TAB.

STOP RUN.

EX1. TWO DIMENSIONAL ARRAY

ID DIVISION.

PROGRAM-ID. PGM3.

DATA DIVISION.

WORKING-STORAGE SECTION.

01 CLASS-TAB.

02 SECTION-TAB OCCURS 2 TIMES.

03 SEC PIC X(5).

03 NAME-TAB OCCURS 3 TIMES.

04 NAME-TAB PIC A(20).

04 MARK-TAB OCCURS 6 TIMES.

05 MARK PIC 9(3).

77 I PIC 9(1).

77 J PIC 9(1).

77 K PIC 9(1).

PROCEDURE DIVISION.

PERFORM VARYING I FROM 1 BY 1 UNTIL I > 2

ACCEPT SEC(I) 00160004

 DISPLAY SEC(I) 00170004

PERFORM VARYING J FROM 1 BY 1 UNTIL J > 5

ACCEPT SEC(I,J)

DISPLAY SEC(I,J)

PERFORM VARYING K FROM 1 BY 1 UNTIL K > 6

ACCEPT SEC(I,J,K)

DISPLAY SEC(I,J,K)

END-PERFORM.

END-PERFORM.

END-PERFORM.

DISPLAY CLASS-TAB.

STOP RUN.

SEARCH AND SEARCHALL

 We can search any element of an array by using SEARCH and

SEARCHALL
 SEARCH is a sequential search whereas SEARCHALL is a binary search
 SEARCH is preferable for small tables whereas SEARCHALL is preferable
for large tables
 In SEARCH and SEARCHALL, INDEX is required
 In SEARCH any logical comparison is possible
 SEARCHALL will work faster than SEARCH because of their order or
sequence

SYNTAX1. SEARCH

SEARCH IDENTIFIER AT END DISPLAY ‘IMPERATIVE

STATEMENT’

WHEN DATANAME = SEARCH ELEMENT

DISPLAY ‘IMPERATIVE STATEMENT’

END-SEARCH
SYNTAX2. SEARCHALL

SEARCHALL IDENTIFIER AT END DISPLAY ‘IMPERATIVE

STATEMENT’

WHEN DATANAME = SEARCH ELEMENT

DISPLAY ‘IMPERATIVE STATEMENT’

END-SEARCHALL

EX1. SEARCH

ID DIVISION.

PROGRAM-ID. PGM1.

DATA DIVISION.

WORKING-STORAGE SECTION.

01 EMP-TAB.

02 EMP OCCURS 3 TIMES INDEXED BY I.

03 ENO PIC 9(4).

03 ENAME PIC A(15).

77 SNUM PIC 9(4).

PROCEDURE DIVISION.

PERFORM PARA-1 3 TIMES.

ACCEPT SNUM.

PERFORM SER-PARA.

STOP RUN.

PARA-1

ACCEPT ENO(I).

ACCEPT ENAME(I).

SER-PARA
 SEARCH EMP AT END MOVE “ELEMENT NOT FOUND”

WHEN ENO(I)=SNUM

DISPLAY ENO(I)

DISPLAY ENAME(I)

END-SEARCH.

In SEARCH we can keep the input data in any order

EX2. SEARCHALL

ID DIVISION.

PROGRAM-ID. PGM1.

DATA DIVISION.

WORKING-STORAGE SECTION.

01 EMP-TAB.

02 EMP OCCURS 3 TIMES INDEXED BY I ASCENDING KEY ENO.

03 ENO PIC 9(4).

03 ENAME PIC A(15).

77 SNUM PIC 9(4).

PROCEDURE DIVISION.

PERFORM PARA-1 3 TIMES.

ACCEPT SNUM.

PERFORM SER-PARA.

STOP RUN.

PARA-1

ACCEPT ENO(I).

ACCEPT ENAME(I).
SER-PARA

SEARCHALL EMP AT END MOVE “ELEMENT NOT FOUND”

WHEN ENO(I)=SNUM

DISPLAY ENO(I)

DISPLAY ENAME(I)

END-SEARCH.

FILE HANDLING

 FILE is a collection of records

 In COBOL we use both VSAM and NON-VSAM files for storing data
 DATA FILE is a collection of physical and logical files
 Physical file is identified by system whereas the Logical file will be
identified by the program
 In COBOL we use physical sequential (PS) and VSAM CLUSTERS for
loading data
 In COBOL to use a file we need to follow the structure as follows

ENVIRONMENT DIVISION.

INPUT-OUTPUT SECTION.

FILE-CONTROL.

SELECT <LOGICAL FILE> ASSIGN TO <DD NAME>.

ORGANIZATION <SEQUENTIAL> OR <INDEXED> OR

<RELATIVE>.
ACCESS MODE <SEQUENTIAL> OR <RANDOM> OR
<DYNAMIC>.
RECORD KEY <KEY NAME>.
RELATIVE KEY <KEY NAME>.
ALTERNATE RECORD KEY <KEY NAME>.
FILE STATUS <FS NAME>.

DESCRIPTION

 Using SELECT we can assign a logical file for the DD NAME

 LOGICAL FILE is a user defined name
 SELECT will access the physical file through DD NAME

1. ORGANIZATION

Specifies the behavior of and structure of the file depends on file type we
can assign organization for the file

1. SEQUENTIAL is used for PS and ESDS also

2. INDEXED is used for KSDS
3. RELATIVE is used for RRDS

NOTE

ORGANIZATION, SEQUENTIAL is default

2. ACCESS MODE

Specifies how the file is going to be accessed

a. SEQUENTIAL

Data can be retrieved in entry sequence

b. RANDOM
we can retrieve the data randomly from the specific location in the file
c. DYNAMIC

It is combination of both SEQUENTIAL and RANDOM

 By using START and READ NEXT we can access the records from the file
 DYNAMIC is mainly used for KSDS cluster

3. RECORD KEY

Specifies primary key of KSDS cluster

4. RELATIVE KEY

Is used for RRDS

5. ALTERNATE RECORD KEY

Using ALTERNATE INDEX also we can retrieve data from clusters

(KSDS & ESDS)

6. FILE STATUS
 It is a two digit no mainly used to know the status of a file
 It is not mandatory for every file

NOTE

 ‘ACCESS MODE’ SEQUENTIAL is default

 File is an 80 byte record structure
 While declaring file we need to use FILLER to initialize the unused space
with ‘SPACES’
 FILLER is also used for flexible insertion and updating of data

USAGE OF FILES

 Declare a logical file in COBOL

 Declare file attributes (usage of 80 bytes)
 Opening the file
 Performing required operation
 Closing the file

FILE OPEN MODES

We can open file according to the user requirement

In file we have 4 modes. They are

1. Input
2. Output
3. Extend
4. Input-output

1. INPUT

 Used for the existing files

 Only READ operation is allowed

2. OUTPUT

 Used to insert records

 If a SEQUENTIAL file already holding record is used then the existing
records will be deleted 1st and then the new records are inserted into the file
 It will not happen in case of INDEXED or RELATIVE file

3. EXTEND
 Used to append records in a SEQUENTIAL file
 The records are inserted at the end
 If the ACCESS MODE is RANDOM or DYNAMIC then EXTEND mode
cannot be used

4. INPUT-OUTPUT

 Used to read and rewrite the records of a file

On files we can perform many operations like.……..

1. OPEN
2. READ
3. WRITE
4. REWRITE
5. DELETE
6. START
7. CLOSE

1. OPEN

 1st file operation that must be performed

 If open is successful then only further operations are possible on a file
 Only after opening a file, the variables in the file structure are available for
processing
 FILE STATUS is updated after each and every file operation
SYNTAX
OPEN “MODE” FILENAME

Open input bi001-infile.

2. READ

 Used to fetch the records from a file

 To perform READ operation the file must be opened in INPUT or INPUT-
OUTPUT mode

SYNTAX

READ FILENAME NEXT RECORD INTO WS-FILE-

STRUCTURE
 AT END DISPLAY ‘END OF FILE’

NOT END DISPLAY ‘RECORD DETAILS::’ WS-FILE-

STRUCTURE

END-READ.

3. WRITE

 Used to insert the records into the file

 Once the record is written it is no longer available in record buffer
 Before inserting the records in the file, move values to the record buffer and
then perform WRITE verb
 Open mode should be EXTEND or OUTPUT, if ACCESS MODE is
RANDOM or DYNAMIC then Open mode should be OUTPUT or INPUT-
OUTPUT
SYNTAX
WRITE RECORD BUFFER (FROM WS-FILE-STRUCTURE)
INVALID KEY DISPLAY ‘INVALID KEY’
NOT INVALID KEY DISPLAY ‘RECORD INSERTED’
END-WRITE.

4. REWRITE

 Open mode should be INPUT-OUTPUT

 Used to update records
 Last record is overrided
SYNTAX
REWRITE RECORD BUFFER (FROM WS-FILE-STRUCTURE)
INVALID KEY DISPLAY ‘INVALID KEY’
NOT INVALID KEY DISPLAY ‘RECORD INSERTED’
END-REWRITE.

5. DELETE

 Open mode should be INPUT-OUTPUT

 If the ACCESS MODE is SEQUENTIAL, then the last record read by
READ statement is deleted. If the ACCESS MODE is RANDOM then
specify the RECORD KEY and then perform delete operation
SYNTAX
DELETE FILENAME RECORD
 INVALID KEY DISPLAY ‘INVALID KEY’
NOT INVALID KEY DISPLAY ‘RECORD DELETED’
END-DELETE.

6. START

 Open mode should be INPUT-OUTPUT

 START is performed on files those ACCESS MODES are SEQUENTIAL
and RANDOM
 Used to place the file pointer on specific record
SYNTAX
START FILENAME KEY IS (=, <, >, !=, >=, <=) REC-KEY
INVALID KEY DISPLAY ‘INVALID KEY’
NOT INVALID KEY DISPLAY ‘RECORD INSERTED’
END-START.

7. CLOSE

Used to close the opened file

SYNTAX

CLOSE FILENAME

EX1: WRITING DATA INTO FILE

ID DIVISION.

PROGRAM-ID. PGM4.

ENVIRONMENT DIVISION.

INPUT-OUTPUT SECTION.

FILE-CONTROL.

SELECT FILE1 ASSIGN TO DD1

ORGANIZATION SEQUENTIAL

ACCESS MODE SEQUENTIAL

FILE STATUS FS1.

DATA DIVISION.
FILE SECTION.

FD FILE1.

01 FILE-REC.

49 ENO PIC 9(4).

49 ENAME PIC A(16).

49 ESAL PIC 9(5).

49 FILLER PIC X(55).

WORKING-STORAGE SECTION.

77 FS1 PIC 9(2).

PROCEDURE DIVISION.

PERFORM OPEN-PARA.

PERFORM WRITE-PARA.

PERFORM CLOSE-PARA.

STOP RUN.

OPEN-PARA.

OPEN OUTPUT FILE1.

DISPLAY FS1.

WRITE-PARA.

ACCEPT ENO.

ACCEPT ENAME.

ACCEPT ESAL.

WRITE FILE-REC.

DISPLAY FS1.

CLOSE-PARA.
 CLOSE FILE1.

DISPLAY FS1.

FD – specifies the File Descriptions used to declare file attributes

SD(Sort Descriptor) – it is used for doing SORT and MERGE operations on

files

EX2: WRITING DATA INTO FILE USING FILLER

ID DIVISION.

PROGRAM-ID. PGM4.

ENVIRONMENT DIVISION.

INPUT-OUTPUT SECTION.

FILE-CONTROL.

SELECT FILE1 ASSIGN TO DD1

ORGANIZATION SEQUENTIAL

ACCESS MODE SEQUENTIAL

FILE STATUS FS1.

DATA DIVISION.

FILE SECTION.

FD FILE1.

01 FILE-REC.

49 ENO PIC 9(4).

49 FILLER X(2).

49 ENAME PIC A(16).

49 FILLER X(3).

49 ESAL PIC 9(5).

49 FILLER PIC X(50).

WORKING-STORAGE SECTION.

77 FS1 PIC 9(2).

PROCEDURE DIVISION.

PERFORM OPEN-PARA.

PERFORM WRITE-PARA.

PERFORM CLOSE-PARA.

STOP RUN.

OPEN-PARA.

OPEN OUTPUT FILE1.

DISPLAY FS1.

WRITE-PARA.

ACCEPT ENO.

ACCEPT ENAME.

ACCEPT ESAL.

WRITE FILE-REC.

DISPLAY FS1.

CLOSE-PARA.

CLOSE FILE1.

DISPLAY FS1.

Using FILE STATUS we can know the file status of the file. If operation
is successful it gives ‘00’ otherwise more than ‘00’

EX3: WRITING NO OF RECORDS INTO FILE

ID DIVISION.

PROGRAM-ID. PGM4.

ENVIRONMENT DIVISION.
INPUT-OUTPUT SECTION.

FILE-CONTROL.

SELECT FILE1 ASSIGN TO DD1

ORGANIZATION SEQUENTIAL

ACCESS MODE SEQUENTIAL

FILE STATUS FS1.

DATA DIVISION.

FILE SECTION.

FD FILE1.

01 FILE-REC.

49 ENO PIC 9(4).

49 ENAME PIC A(16).

49 ESAL PIC 9(5).

49 FILLER PIC X(55).

WORKING-STORAGE SECTION.

77 FS1 PIC 9(2).

PROCEDURE DIVISION.

PERFORM OPEN-PARA.

PERFORM WRITE-PARA 4 TIMES.

PERFORM CLOSE-PARA.

STOP RUN.

OPEN-PARA.

OPEN OUTPUT FILE1.

DISPLAY FS1.
WRITE-PARA.

ACCEPT ENO.

ACCEPT ENAME.

ACCEPT ESAL.

WRITE FILE-REC.

DISPLAY FS1.

CLOSE-PARA.

CLOSE FILE1.

DISPLAY FS1.

EX4. READING DATA FROM THE FILE

ID DIVISION.

PROGRAM-ID. PGM4.

ENVIRONMENT DIVISION.

INPUT-OUTPUT SECTION.

FILE-CONTROL.

SELECT FILE4 ASSIGN TO DD1

ORGANIZATION SEQUENTIAL

ACCESS MODE SEQUENTIAL

FILE STATUS FS1.

DATA DIVISION.

FILE SECTION.

FD FILE4.

01 FILE-REC.

49 ENO PIC 9(4).

 49 ENAME PIC A(16).

49 ESAL PIC 9(5).

49 FILLER PIC X(55).

WORKING-STORAGE SECTION.

77 FS1 PIC 9(2).

PROCEDURE DIVISION.

PERFORM OPEN-PARA.

PERFORM READ-PARA.

PERFORM CLOSE-PARA.

STOP RUN.

OPEN-PARA.

OPEN OUTPUT FILE1.

DISPLAY FS1.

READ-PARA.

READ FILE4.

DISPLAY FS1.

CLOSE-PARA.

CLOSE FILE1.

DISPLAY FS1.

CASE1.

If suppose file having 100 records we can fetch 100 at a time as

PERFORM READ-PARA 100 TIMES

CASE2.

If suppose file having many records we can fetch all at a time by using
following example
ID DIVISION.

PROGRAM-ID. PGM4.

ENVIRONMENT DIVISION.

INPUT-OUTPUT SECTION.

FILE-CONTROL.

SELECT FILE5 ASSIGN TO DD1

ORGANIZATION SEQUENTIAL

ACCESS MODE SEQUENTIAL

FILE STATUS FS1.

SELECT FILE6 ASSIGN TO DD2

ORGANIZATION SEQUENTIAL

ACCESS MODE SEQUENTIAL

FILE STATUS FS2.

DATA DIVISION.

FILE SECTION.

FD FILE5.

01 FILE-REC.

49 ENO PIC 9(4).

49 ENAME PIC A(16).

49 ESAL PIC 9(5).

49 FILLER PIC X(55).

FD FILE6.

01 FILE-REC1.

49 ENO PIC 9(4).

 49 ENAME PIC A(16).

49 ESAL PIC 9(5).

49 FILLER PIC X(55).

WORKING-STORAGE SECTION.

77 FS1 PIC 9(2).

77 FS2 PIC 9(2).

77 VAL PIC X(1).

PROCEDURE DIVISION.

PERFORM OPEN-PARA.

PERFORM READ-PARA UNTIL VAL=’N’.

PERFORM CLOSE-PARA.

STOP RUN.

OPEN-PARA.

OPEN INPUT FILE5.

DISPLAY FS1.

OPEN INPUT FILE6.

DISPLAY FS2.

READ-PARA.

READ FILE5 AT END MOVE ‘N’ TO VAL.

NOT AT END PERFORM WRITE-PARA.

DISPLAY FS1.

WRITE-PARA.

MOVE FILE-REC TO FILE-REC1.

WRITE FILE-REC1.
 DISPLAY FS2.

CLOSE-PARA.

CLOSE FILE5.

DISPLAY FS1.

CLOSE FILE6.

DISPLAY FS2.