The document discusses sight distance in highway design, emphasizing its importance for safe and comfortable mobility. It covers various types of sight distances such as stopping sight distance (SSD) and overtaking sight distance (OSD), along with factors influencing them, including vehicle speed, driver reaction time, and road conditions. Additionally, it provides calculations and criteria for determining safe sight distances to enhance highway safety.
The document discusses sight distance in highway design, emphasizing its importance for safe and comfortable mobility. It covers various types of sight distances such as stopping sight distance (SSD) and overtaking sight distance (OSD), along with factors influencing them, including vehicle speed, driver reaction time, and road conditions. Additionally, it provides calculations and criteria for determining safe sight distances to enhance highway safety.
The document discusses sight distance in highway design, emphasizing its importance for safe and comfortable mobility. It covers various types of sight distances such as stopping sight distance (SSD) and overtaking sight distance (OSD), along with factors influencing them, including vehicle speed, driver reaction time, and road conditions. Additionally, it provides calculations and criteria for determining safe sight distances to enhance highway safety.
The document discusses sight distance in highway design, emphasizing its importance for safe and comfortable mobility. It covers various types of sight distances such as stopping sight distance (SSD) and overtaking sight distance (OSD), along with factors influencing them, including vehicle speed, driver reaction time, and road conditions. Additionally, it provides calculations and criteria for determining safe sight distances to enhance highway safety.
CE 304 July-November 2023 Dr. Anjan Kumar S IRC: Resources
2 Design • “design of HIGHWAY ALIGNMENT elements to provide adequate visibility at any instance for safe and comfort mobility”
• Flexibility • Why the proposed design is an appropriate solution for the project? • How it serves the needs of each transportation mode? • How it is expected to perform in the future? • How it fits within available funding?
3 Design Controls and Criteria • Information handling • 90% visually • Reaction time Any examples for • to process and respond expected and • Relation unexpected situations??
Design Sight Distance • Sight distance: is the length of road visible ahead to the driver at any instance • Sight distance available at any location of the carriageway • is the actual distance a driver with his eye level at a specified height (1.2 m) above the pavement surface has visibility of any stationary or moving object of specified height (0.15m), which is on the carriageway ahead • Measured along the road surface Sight Distance • Restrictions to sight distance • Horizontal curves • Vertical curves • Uncontrolled intersections • Types of sight distance • Stopping sight distance (SSD) • Overtaking or passing sight distance (OSD) • Safe sight distance for entering uncontrolled intersections • By IRC • Intermediate sight distance • Head-light sight distance
7 Stopping Sight Distance • Brake Reaction Time & Braking Distance • BRT • the distance traversed by the vehicle from the instant the driver sights an object necessitating a stop to the instant the brakes are applied. • Decisive • Dilemma • Time • Varies • distance to the object, • the visual acuity of the driver, • the natural rapidity with which the driver reacts, • the atmospheric visibility, • the type and the condition of the roadway, • nature of the obstacle • Range 0.4s to 3.5s • 2.5s ?
PIEV-Theory Stopping Sight Distance • Analysis of SSD. • Lag distance • Braking distance • Lag Distance • Distance travelled in t seconds with a speed of v m/s • Lag distance = vt, m • If V is in km/h, then lag distance = 0.278 Vt, m
9 Stopping Sight Distance • Braking Distance • The kinetic energy of the vehicle with • On a level road weight W moving at a speed of v m/sec is • Equate the work done in stopping the vehicle • 𝑊𝑣 2 and the kinetic energy of the vehicle moving 2𝑔 at the design speed. • Equate work done and kinetic energy • Work done = F × 𝑙 𝑊𝑣 2 • 𝑊𝑓𝑙 = 2𝑔 • F is the frictional force and l is the braking 𝑣2 distance. • Therefore braking distance, l = (2) 2𝑔𝑓
• If W is the vehicle’s total weight and f is the • Here; l = braking distance, f = design longitudinal friction, then. coefficient of friction, (0.4. to 0.35) • Work done, 𝐹 × 𝑙 = 𝑊 × 𝑓 × 𝑙 (1) • Thus from (1) and (2) 𝑣2 • Stopping sight distance SSD, m = vt + 2𝑔𝑓
10 Stopping Sight Distance • At gradients: when there is a gradient of ± n% • The component of gravity parallel to the surface, 𝑊𝑛 • 𝑊𝑠𝑖𝑛 ∝ ~ 𝑊 𝑡𝑎𝑛 ∝ = 100 • Equate work done and kinetic energy 𝑊𝑛 𝑊𝑣 2 • 𝑤𝑓 ± 𝑙 = 2𝑔 100 𝑣2 • Hence, 𝑙 = 2𝑔(𝑓±0.01𝑛) (3) • Thus, from (1) and (3) on gradients, 𝑣2 • SSD, m = vt + , when v is in m/s 2𝑔(𝑓±0.01𝑛)
𝑉2 • SSD, m = 0.278Vt + , when V is in km/h 254(𝑓±0.01𝑛)
11 Stopping Sight Distance • Numerical 1: Calculate the safe stopping sight distance on a level road stretch for a design speed of 50 km/h for (a) two-way traffic on a two- lane road and (b) two-way traffic on a single-lane road. Consider the coefficient of friction as given below and the driver’s reaction time as 2.5 seconds. Speed, km/h 20 to 30 40 50 60 65 80 100 and above Longitudinal friction coefficient value, f 0.40 0.38 0.37 0.36 0.36 0.35 0.35
𝑣2 SSD, m = vt + 2𝑔(𝑓±0.01𝑛) , when v is in m/s
𝑉2 SSD, m = 0.278Vt + , when V is in km/h 254(𝑓±0.01𝑛)
12 Stopping Sight Distance • Numerical 2: Calculate the minimum stopping sight distance required to avoid a head-on collision of two cars approaching from opposite directions at 90 and 60 km/h. Consider the coefficient of friction as 0.7, the driver's reaction time as 2.5 seconds, and brake efficiency as 50%.
• Numerical 3: Calculate the minimum stopping sight distance required on
a National Highway running through a) Plain terrain and b) Hilly terrain with a descending gradient of 4%. Assume relevant data as per IRC.
13 Stopping Sight Distance 300 Does SSD influence the design of Horizontal and vertical Curves? 250
200 SSD, m
150
100
50
0 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 Speed, km/h
14 Passing/Overtaking Sight Distance • PSD • Passing maneuver • Almost 28% of road crashes in India are due to unsafe OVERTAKING. • What characteristics of the geometrics and driver effect? Passing/Overtaking Sight Distance • Why OSD/PSD? • All vehicles travel at different speeds • Mixed traffic • Complex: • traffic composition and characteristics including driving • OSD/PSD • Minimum distance required by a vehicle travelling at design speed to pass or overtake the slow-moving vehicle in the same direction safely against the vehicle in the opposite direction.
16 Factors a) Speeds of vehicles b) Availability of GAP or Headway c) Skill and reaction time of the driver d) Vehicle characteristics: Acceleration e) Gradient of road, if any
22 Assumptions: OSD • The vehicle being overtaken is travelling at a uniform speed, which is 16 km per hour less than the design speed of the road; • The overtaking vehicle follows the vehicle ahead for a short while (reaction while) to perceive the clear road ahead before beginning the overtaking movement; • Overtaking is done by accelerating rapidly to the design speed and is regarded as having been completed when the overtaking vehicle returns to its own side of the road and • Overtaking, once begun, is finished in the face of an oncoming vehicle travelling at design speed in such a way that the latter arrives alongside the former just after the maneuver. 23 Analysis of OSD
• d1 is the distance travelled by vehicle A during reaction time t sec of the
driver from position A1 to A2 • d2 is the distance travelled by vehicle A, from position A2 to A3 during the actual overtaking operation in time ‘T’ seconds • d3 is the distance travelled by opposite lane vehicle C from position C1 to C2 during the actual overtaking operation of A, i.e. ‘T’ seconds
24 Analysis of OSD
1. Distance travelled by vehicle A during reaction time ‘t’ (d1)
• 𝑑1 = 𝑉𝑏 𝑡 here Vb is the speed of the slow moving vehicle, and t is the reaction time of the driver while moving from position A1 to A2 2. Distance travelled by vehicle A during actual overtaking Operation (d2) • 𝑑2 = 𝑏 + 2𝑠 • 𝑠 = 0.7𝑉𝑏 + 6 , m, where s is the spacing between vehicles • If the time taken from A2 to A3 is ‘T’ seconds, the distance travelled by slow vehicle B travelling at Vb speed will be • 𝑏 = 𝑉𝑏𝑇
25 Analysis of OSD
2. Distance travelled by vehicle A during actual overtaking Operation (d2)
• Time ‘T’ depends on the speed of overtaken vehicle B and the acceleration of overtaking vehicle A. The time ‘T’ may be calculated as follows 𝑎𝑇2 • 𝑑2 = 𝑣𝑏𝑇 + , where a is the acceleration of overtaking vehicle A 2 𝑎𝑇2 • 𝑑2 = 𝑏 + 2𝑠 = 𝑉𝑏𝑇 + 2 𝑎𝑇2 • Since 𝑏 = 𝑉𝑏𝑇, 2𝑠 = 2 4𝑠 • 𝑇= 𝑎 ,
26 Analysis of OSD
3. Distance travelled by Vehicle C during the actual overtaking Operation of
Vehicle A (d3) • The distance travelled by vehicle C moving at design speed during the time ‘T’ is the distance d3 between positions C1 and C2. • 𝑑3 = 𝑉𝑇, where V is the design speed, m/s • Hence, 𝑂𝑆𝐷 = 𝑑1 + 𝑑2 + 𝑑3; • 𝑂𝑆𝐷 = 𝑉𝑏𝑡 + 𝑉𝑏𝑇 + 2𝑠 + 𝑉𝑇
27 Analysis of OSD • Maximum Overtaking Acceleration at Different Speeds
Speed (km/h) Maximum overtaking Acceleration (m/s2)
