F.Y.B.Sc.

(CS), Electronics Operational Amplifier(OPAMP)

Operational-Amplifier (Op-Amp):
The Operational Amplifier (Op-Amp) is available in Integrated Circuits
(IC’s). It consists of Two Differential Amplifier circuit; constant current
source and push pull Amplifier.
The symbol of Op-Amp is triangle as shown below.

Operational Amplifier (Op-Amp) consists of following Blocks:

1) Dual Input Balance Output Diff. Amp.
2) Dual Input Un Balance Output Diff. Amp.
3) Single Input Balance Output Diff. Amp.
4) Single Input Un Balance Output Diff. Amp.

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F.Y.B.Sc.(CS), Electronics Operational Amplifier(OPAMP)

Operational-Amplifier (Op-Amp)IC-741 Pin Connections:

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F.Y.B.Sc.(CS), Electronics Operational Amplifier(OPAMP)

Input Stage: In this stage the dual input balanced output differential
amplifier is used. The main function of this block is to generate the amplified
difference between the two input signals. In this stage, the differential
amplifier also provides the high Input impedance which is necessary for the
operational amplifier. Its I/P and O/P is double ended.

Intermediate Stage: In this stage the dual input Un balanced output

differential amplifier is used. In this stage, the Output of previous circuit is
directly connected to the Input of this block. From this stage onwards the
Output is Single ended.

Level Shifting Stage (CCS): In this stage the shifting of voltage level
happens that is why it is called Level Shifting Stage. Here the emitter
follower with a constant current source is used.

Output Stage: In this stage, the push-pull amplifier is used. The output of the
level shifting stage (CCS) is used as Input to this stage. The push-pull
amplifier increases the output voltage and high current delivering capability
to other circuits connected to the operational amplifier.
Op-Amp IC-741 requires Dual power supply (positive and negative power
supply). IC-741 P/S +/- 9 volt to +/- 18 volt. IC-741 is 08 Pin IC which is
only one Op-Amp. But LM 324 is only +/- 5Volt or only +5Volt. But LM
324 is 14 Pin IC which is having four Op-Amp.

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F.Y.B.Sc.(CS), Electronics Operational Amplifier(OPAMP)

Operational-Amplifier (Op-Amp) equivalent circuit:

As shown above the first block of differential amplifier provides the

high input impedance between two Input terminals of Op-Amp namely
Inverting Input and Non Inverting Input.
Push-Pull amplifier provides the source of voltage and low Output impedance
at Output terminal.
Ideal and practical Parameters of Op-Amp:
1) Input Impedance (Input Resistance Rin): It is the resistance offered by
Op-Amp between Inverting Input terminal and Non Inverting Input terminal
when both Inputs are applied.

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F.Y.B.Sc.(CS), Electronics Operational Amplifier(OPAMP)

It is the resistance offered by first block of Op-Amp circuit. For single I/P
(V1 or V2) it is the resistance between that I/P and ground.

It is infinite in case of Ideal Op-Amp and for practical Op-Amp it is in

hundreds of Mega ohm (MΩ). Due to very high Input Resistance the Input
current is always less than microampere. It indicates how much load the op-
amp puts on the voltage source connected to Op-Amp.
Equivalent Circuit of Op-Amp:

2) Output Impedance (Output Resistance Rout): It is the resistance

offered by Op-Amp to the outgoing signal. It is always very less and it is in
few ohms. In case of an Ideal Op-Amp it is zero ohm.
3) Output offset voltage: The amount of voltage at the Output of Op-Amp,
when V1=V2 is called as Output offset voltage. In case of an Ideal Op-Amp
it should be zero volts but for practical Op-Amp it is in few millivolts.
4) Input offset voltage: The amount of voltage required to nullify the Output
offset voltage is called as Input offset voltage.
In case of Op-Amp 741 this voltage is applied in between terminal 1
and 5 by using the resistance of 10KΩ and negative power supply of Op-
Amp as shown below. Therefore pin number 1 and 5 are called offset null
pin.

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F.Y.B.Sc.(CS), Electronics Operational Amplifier(OPAMP)

5) Input offset current: This is the difference between IB1 and IB2. At that
time Vout must be Zero. It is in micro ampere. Iin(off) = (IB1-IB2)

6) I/P Bias current Iin(bias) : It is the average of two base currents namely
IB1 and IB2.

Iin(bias) = (IB1+IB2)/2

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F.Y.B.Sc.(CS), Electronics Operational Amplifier(OPAMP)

7) Common-mode rejection ratio (CMRR) : It is the ratio of differential

mode gain (Ad) to the Common mode gain (Acm). It does not have any unit.
It is very very large more than 10000. Symbol ρ (Ro).
We know that,
Differential mode gain (Ad)= Vout / Vd ,
Where Vd= V1-V2 AND
Common mode gain (Acm) = Vout / Vcm,
Where Vcm= (V1+V2) / 2
CMRR=20*log10(Ad/Acm)
Theoretically, connecting the inverting and non-inverting inputs of an op-
amp together to same voltage should cause a zero output regardless of the
voltage applied to the inputs. But this is only in theory. CMRR is specified in
decibel (dB).
8) Slew Rate (SR): It is define as the maximum rate of change of output
voltage to the change in Input voltage of Op-Amp. SR indicates how fast the
output can change with the change in Input, usually inV/μsec.

9) Power-supply rejection ratio (PSRR): The one-volt change in the

power supply will cause a 0.001 volt change in the output Voltage.
It identifies the op-amp sensitivity to variations in the power supply. This

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F.Y.B.Sc.(CS), Electronics Operational Amplifier(OPAMP)

specification is listed in decibels (dB).

PSRR depends on the actual power supply voltage as well as the
frequency of the noise. Higher operating voltages and lower noise
frequencies generally bring better PSRR figures.
10) Unity Gain bandwidth (BW), and Gain Bandwidth Product (GBW).
When Av = 1 (Gain 1) is the point at which the Op-Amp can’t keep up
with the signal and the input and output are the same voltage. The highest
operating frequency is called as the bandwidth of the amplifier (BW).
The direct relationship between Slew Rate (SR) and Voltage gain
(Av) leads to a calculation for Gain Band Width (GBW).
When the bandwidth increases gain decreases. Thus, the product of
gain and frequency is always the same. This is the GBW. Also note the BW
and GBW are the same for the special case where the gain is one. (Bandwidth
of Op-Amp is in MHz.
Sr.No Name of Parameter Ideal Practical
value Parameter
1. I/P Resistance Infinity 10 Mega ohm
2 O/P Resistance Zero 50 Ohm to 75 Ohm
3 Output offset Voltage Zero Few milliVolt
4 Input offset Voltage Zero Few milliVolt
5 Band Width Infinity In Megahertz
6 Voltage Gain Infinity Very High
7 Slew Rate Infinity V/μsec.

Real Ground and Virtual Ground:

As shown below the Output voltage of Op-Amp is connected to the
resistor(R), therefore the current will flow through resistor(R) and it will pass
through the real ground. The real ground absorbs the current. As shown
below if we measure the voltage between two points of real ground then
measured voltage will be zero.
In the circuit diagram shown below the point “A” is called as virtual

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F.Y.B.Sc.(CS), Electronics Operational Amplifier(OPAMP)

ground. The virtual ground is the point at which the incoming current is not
absorbed and it is diverted to the feedback resistor. But the measured voltage
at virtual ground point with respect to real ground is always zero.

The virtual ground point is virtual, as far as voltage is concern and not
current because virtual ground point does not absorbs the current like real
ground. Therefore in various applications of Op-Amp the point “A” is called
as virtual ground (VA=O volt).

Why feedback Resistor is connected in various applications of Op-Amp:

Basically Op-Amp is used as
1) Open Loop Gain and
2) Close Loop Gain
Open Loop Gain:
In Open Loop Gain the Output voltage of Op-Amp is not connected
back to Input. This is also called as feedback is not used.
In Open Loop Gain the Output voltage (Vout) depends on value of V1
is greater than V2 applied at Inverting Input terminal and Non Inverting Input
terminals respectively.
If V1 is greater than V2 in that case the Output voltage (Vout) of Op-
Amp is +VCC that is equal to positive supply applied to Op-Amp.

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F.Y.B.Sc.(CS), Electronics Operational Amplifier(OPAMP)

If V2 is greater than V1 in that case the Output voltage (Vout) of Op-

Amp is -VEE that is equal to negative supply applied to Op-Amp.
The minimum difference between V1and V2 required to change the
Output voltage (Vout) of Op-Amp is only 5 to 10 milliVolt.
As shown below the Output voltage (Vout) of Op-Amp dose not
remains under the control and it shifts or swings from +VCC to -VEE
depending on value of V1 and V2.

Close Loop Gain:

In this case the Output voltage (Vout) of Op-Amp remains under the control. This
is possible because in this case the Output voltage of Op-Amp is connected back
to Input. This is also called as feedback is used. Due to feedback the Gain is
Under Control. Gain is the ratio of Output voltage (Vout) of Op-Amp to the Input
voltage (Vin) of Op-Amp and it is indicated by symbol Av.

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F.Y.B.Sc.(CS), Electronics Operational Amplifier(OPAMP)

The Output voltage of Op-Amp is feedback to Input by using the

Resistor which is called as feedback Resistor (Rf) as shown below. The Input
voltage is always applied by using the Input Resistor (Rin).

As shown above even though the Output voltage of Op-Amp is

connected back to Input the current flows from Input voltage to Output
voltage due to very less Output resistance of Op-Amp and very high Input
resistance of Op-Amp.
Applications of Op-Amp as Inverting Amplifier and Non Inverting
Amplifier:
1) Op-Amp as Inverting Amplifier:
Circuit diagram

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