SANSKRITI SCHOOL, PUNE
Supplement Study Material:
Class X, Chemistry
Chapter 1. Chemical Equations and Reactions – Part 1
Simulations: http://www.olabs.edu.in/?pg=topMenu&id=41
What is a Chemical Reaction?
Chemical Reaction: The transformation of chemical substance into another
chemical substance is known as Chemical Reaction. For example: Rusting of
iron, the setting of milk into curd, digestion of food, respiration, etc.
In a chemical reaction, a new substance is formed which is completely
different in properties from the original substance, so in a chemical reaction, a
chemical change takes place.
Only a rearrangement of atoms takes place in a chemical reaction.
• The substances which take part in a chemical reaction are called reactants.
• The new substances produced as a result of a chemical reaction are called
products.
Example: The burning of magnesium in the air to form magnesium oxide is an
example of a chemical reaction.
2Mg(s) + O (g)
2 2MgO(s)
Before burning in air, the magnesium ribbon is cleaned by rubbing with
sandpaper.
This is done to remove the protective layer of basic magnesium carbonate
from the surface of the magnesium ribbon.
Reactant: Substances which take part in a chemical reaction are called
reactants.
Example: Mg and O . 2
Product: New substance formed after a chemical reaction is called a product.
Example: MgO.
Characteristics of Chemical Reactions:
(i)Evolution of gas: The chemical reaction between zinc and dilute sulphuric
acid is characterised by the evolution of hydrogen gas.
Zn(s) + H SO (aq) → ZnSO (aq) + H (g) ↑
2 4 4 2
(ii)Change in Colour: The chemical reaction between citric acid and purple
coloured potassium permanganate solution is characterised by a change in
colour from purple to colourless.
The chemical reaction between sulphur dioxide gas and acidified potassium
dichromate solution is characterized by a change in colour from orange to
green.
(iii) Change in state of substance: The combustion reaction of candle wax is
characterised by a change in state from solid to liquid and gas (because the wax
is a solid, water formed by the combustion of wax is a liquid at room
temperature whereas, carbon dioxide produced by the combustion of wax is a
gas). There are some chemical reactions which can show more than one
characteristics.
(iv)Change in temperature: The chemical reaction between quick lime water
to form slaked lime is characterized by a change in temperature (which is a rise
in temperature).
The chemical reaction between zinc granules and dilute sulphuric acid is also
characterised by a change in temperature (which is a rise in temperature).
(v) Formation of precipitate: The chemical reaction between sulphuric acid
and barium chloride solution is characterised by the formation of a white
precipitate of barium sulphate.
BaCl (aq) + H SO (aq) → BaSO (s) (ppt) + 2HCl(aq)
2 2 4 4
What is a Chemical Equation?
Chemical Equation: Representation of chemical reaction using symbols and
formulae of the substances is called Chemical Equation.
Example: A + B → C + D
In this equation, A and B are called reactants and C and D are called the
products. The arrow shows the direction of the chemical reaction. Condition, if
any, is written generally above the arrow.
When hydrogen reacts with oxygen, it gives water. This reaction can be
represented by the following chemical equation:
Hydrogen + Oxygen → Water
H + O → HO
2 2 2
In the first equation, words are used and in second, symbols of substances are
used to write the chemical equation. For convenience, the symbol of substance
is used to represent chemical equations.
A chemical equation is a way to represent the chemical reaction in a concise and
informative way.
A chemical equation can be divided into two types: Balanced Chemical
Equation and Unbalanced Chemical Equation.
(a) Balanced Chemical Equation: A balanced chemical equation has the
number of atoms of each element equal on both sides.
Example: Zn + H SO → ZnSO + H
2 4 4 2
In this equation, numbers of zinc, hydrogen and sulphate are equal on both
sides, so it is a Balanced Chemical Equation.
According to the Law of Conservation of Mass, mass can neither be created nor
destroyed in a chemical reaction. To obey this law, the total mass of elements
present in reactants must be equal to the total mass of elements present in
products.
(b) Unbalanced Chemical Equation: If the number of atoms of each element
in reactants is not equal to the number of atoms of each element present in the
product, then the chemical equation is called Unbalanced Chemical Equation.
Example: Fe + H O → Fe O + H
2 3 4 2
In this example, a number of atoms of elements are not equal on two sides of
the reaction. For example; on the left-hand side only one iron atom is present,
while three iron atoms are present on the right-hand side. Therefore, it is an
unbalanced chemical equation.
Balancing a Chemical Equation: To balance the given or any chemical
equation, follow these steps:
To show how to balance the equation, the following equation is used-
Fe + H O → Fe O + H
2 3 4 2
Step 1: First of all, draw the boxes around each formula as shown below-
Step 2: Find out the number of atoms of each element. For Example, on
reactant side, 1 for Fe, 2 H, and 1 O and on product side we have, 3 for Fe, 4 for
O and 2 for H.
Step 3: Start to balance the equation with the compound having maximum
number of atoms. While balancing does not alter the formula of the compound.
Step 4: One by one balance each element on reactant and product side.
Step 5: After balancing number of atoms on both the side of the equation,
finally check the correctness of the balanced equation.
Step 6: then write the symbols of the physical state of reactants and products as
shown below-
3Fe(s) + 4H O (g) → Fe O (s) + 4H (g)
2 3 4 2
This above equation represents the balanced equation.
To Make Equations More Informative:
Writing the symbols of physical states of substances in a chemical equation:
By writing the physical states of substances, a chemical equation becomes more
informative.
• Gaseous state is represented by symbol (g).
• Liquid state is represented by symbol (l).
• Solid state is written by symbol (s).
• Aqueous solution is written by symbol (aq).
• Writing the condition in which reaction takes place: The condition is
generally written above and/or below the arrow of a chemical equation.
Thus, by writing the symbols of the physical state of substances and condition
under which reaction takes place, a chemical equation can be made more
informative.
During a chemical reaction, the substances that react are known
as reactants whereas the substances that are formed during a chemical
reaction are known as products. Five common types of chemical reactions are
discussed below.
Types of Chemical Reactions
During a chemical reaction, the substances that react are known
as reactants whereas the substances that are formed during a chemical reaction
are known as products. Five common types of chemical reactions are discussed
below.
Different Types of Chemical Reactions
The types of chemical reaction are:
1. Combination reaction
2. Decomposition reaction
3. Displacement reaction
4. Double Displacement reaction
5. Redox reaction
https://study.com/academy/lesson/combination-reaction-definition-examples-
quiz.html
1. Combination Reaction
• A reaction in which two or more reactants combine to form a single
product is known as a combination reaction.
• It takes the form of X + Y → XY
• Combination reaction is also known as a synthesis reaction.
• Example of combination reaction: 2Na + Cl → 2NaCl
2
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Types of combination reactions:
1. Element – Element : Both the reactants are elements:
C + O 2 → CO 2
2. Element – Compound: One of the reactant is an element and the other is
a compound
2CO + O 2 → 2CO 2
3. Compound- Compound: Both the reactants are compounds
2CaO + CO →
2 CaCO 3
Examples of combination reactions:
Q. Identify the type of combination reaction
