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ASP .NET - UNIT 1

1. What does .NET Represent?

.NET stands for Network Enabled Technology (Internet).

The "dot" (.) refers to Object-Oriented Programming.

"NET" refers to the Internet.

Combined, .NET means using Object-Oriented programming to implement

internet-based applications.

2. What is a Framework?
A framework is a software infrastructure.

It's a collection of small technologies integrated together.

Frameworks are used to develop applications that can be executed anywhere.

.NET Framework
1. Overview
Developed by Microsoft.

First beta version released in 2000.

Used for developing applications for web, Windows, and phone.

Provides a broad range of functionalities and support.

Supports over 60 programming languages, including:

C#

F#

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 VB.NET

J#

VC++

JScript.NET

APL, COBOL, Perl, Oberon, ML, Pascal, Eiffel, Smalltalk, Python, Cobra,
ADA, etc.

2. .NET Framework Architecture and Components

The .NET Framework consists of two main components:

BCL (Base Class Libraries) / FCL (Framework Class Libraries)

Designed by Microsoft.

Essential for writing any code in .NET.

Considered the basic building block of .NET programs.

Installed with the .NET framework.

Contains pre-defined classes used for application development.

CLR (Common Language Runtime)

Core component of the .NET framework.

Responsible for converting MSIL (Microsoft Intermediate Language) code

into native code.

Contains several important components.

3. What is BCL?
Base Class Libraries (BCL) are fundamental to .NET programming.

They provide essential classes and functionalities.

BCL is installed automatically with the .NET framework.

Developers use BCL classes as a foundation for building applications.

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 4. What is CLR?
CLR (Common Language Runtime) is a crucial part of the .NET framework.

It's responsible for executing .NET applications.

Converts MSIL code into native machine code.

Manages memory, security, and exception handling.

5. Components of CLR
1. JIT Compiler: Converts MSIL code into native code.

2. Memory Manager: Allocates memory for variables and objects.

3. Garbage Collector: Cleans up unused objects to free memory.

4. Exception Manager: Handles exceptions during runtime.

5. Common Language Specification (CLS): Defines rules for .NET languages.

6. Common Type System (CTS): Ensures data type compatibility across

languages.

6. Working of CLR
Two-step compilation process:

1. First Compilation:

Source code is compiled by the respective language compiler.

Generates MSIL (Microsoft Intermediate Language) code (Managed

Code).

2. Second Compilation:

MSIL is converted into Native code by the CLR.

Native code is specific to the operating system, allowing execution by

the OS.

7. JIT (Just-in-Time Compiler)

Component of CLR.

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 Responsible for converting MSIL code into native code at runtime.

Optimizes performance by compiling code just before it is executed.

8. What is Intermediate Language (IL) Code?

Also known as MSIL (Microsoft Intermediate Language).

It's a half-compiled or partially-compiled code.

CPU-independent and cannot be directly executed by the operating system.

Serves as an intermediate step between source code and machine code.

9. Memory Manager
Component of CLR.

Allocates necessary memory for variables and objects.

Manages memory allocation and deallocation.

Helps prevent memory leaks and improves application performance.

10. Garbage Collector

A background process thread in CLR.

Runs periodically to identify unused objects.

De-allocates memory of objects no longer in use.

Automates memory management, reducing the risk of memory leaks.

11. Exception Manager

Component of CLR.

Redirects control to execute catch or finally blocks when exceptions occur.

If an exception is not handled, it throws the exception and terminates the

program.

Helps in structured error handling and improving application robustness.

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 12. Common Type System (CTS) in .NET Framework
Ensures data type compatibility across different .NET languages.

Defines rules for declaring, using, and managing types.

Allows seamless communication between different .NET languages.

At compilation, language-specific data types are converted into CLR's

common data types.

13. Common Language Specification (CLS) in .NET Framework

Part of CLR.

Defines a set of rules that all .NET languages must follow.

Ensures smooth communication between different .NET languages.

Standardizes basic language features across .NET languages.

The compiler for each .NET language must adhere to CLS rules when
generating MSIL code.

14. Technologies Supported by the .NET Framework

WinForms
Smart client technology for the .NET Framework.

Set of managed libraries for common application tasks.

Used for creating desktop applications with a Windows-like interface.

ASP.NET
Web framework for building websites, web applications, and web services.

Provides integration of HTML, CSS, and JavaScript.

First released in January 2002.

Allows for dynamic web page creation and robust web application
development.

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 ADO.NET
Module of the .NET Framework for data access.

Used to establish connections between applications and data sources (e.g.,

SQL Server, XML).

Consists of classes for connecting, retrieving, inserting, and deleting data.

Provides a consistent approach to data access across various data sources.

LINQ (Language Integrated Query)

Query language introduced in the .NET 3.5 framework.

Allows querying of various data sources using C# or Visual Basic.

Provides a consistent query experience for objects, databases, and XML.

Simplifies data access and manipulation within .NET applications.

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