Mathematics II

FOT 21201
Dr. Gaya Jayakody
Faculty of Technology
University of Sri Jayewardenepura

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Course Outline
1. Binomial Theorem
2. Series
3. Deferential and Integral calculus
4. Functions of several variables
5. Differential equations

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4. Functions of several variables

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Recall: Functions of one variable (single-variable functions)
All the functions we have worked with so far are single variable function.

They represented a quantity (𝑦: dependent variable) that depended on only

one quantity (𝑥: independent variable).

We had two notations for a function.

𝑦 = 2𝑥 2 + 3 𝑓 𝑥 = 2𝑥 2 + 3

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Recall: Functions of one variable (single-variable functions)

A single variable function graphically represents a curve (one dimensional)

in a two dimensional plane (𝑥𝑦 coordinate plane)

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Examples

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Functions of several variables (multi-variable functions)
A quantity that depends on more than one variable is a function of several
variables.

We will start looking at functions of 2 variables.

The two notations are:

z = 2𝑥 2 + 3𝑦 2 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 = 2𝑥 2 + 3𝑦 2

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Functions of several variables (multi-variable functions)

For example the volume of a cylinder depends on its height ℎ and radius 𝑟.

𝑉 = 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ

So we can write this function as V(r, ℎ) (means: volume is a function of radius

and height)

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Functions of several variables (multi-variable functions)

A multi-variable function graphically represents a surface (two dimensional)

in a three dimensional plane (𝑥𝑦𝑧 coordinate plane)

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Examples of graphs of 2-variable functions

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 z

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Partial Derivatives

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Everything that we are going to learn here would concern a 2-variable
function.

But they can be extended to a multi-variable function of any number of

variables.

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 𝒅𝒚
In a single variable function, the derivative tells us how fast 𝑦 is
𝒅𝒙
changing (the rate of change of 𝑦), as 𝑥 is changing (with respect to 𝑥).

The derivative function enables us to evaluate the instantaneous slope of

the curve at any point.

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Graphically this meant asking the question:

HOW “STEEP” IS THE CURVE at a point?

And this is not too hard to imagine.

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For a 2-variable function, what would a derivative mean?
Graphically, can we ask the question,

HOW “STEEP” IS THE SURFACE at a point?

Now, this might not be very clear as now we are on a surface.

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On a curve there’s only one direction in which we can move.
i.e. along 𝑥 direction. So the slope is along that direction.
𝑑𝑦
This is what is. Rate of change of 𝑦, as 𝑥 changes.
𝑑𝑥

But there are many directions we can move on a surface.

So a better question to ask may be:

HOW STEEP IS THE SURFACE,

IN A PARTICULAR DIRECTION?
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These are what PARTIAL DERIVATIVES are.

We study how fast 𝑧 is changing with one of the variables, by holding the
other variable constant.

Graphically this means, we are moving on the surface along one direction
perpendicular to the other (then it stays the same).

This kind of rate of change of the function with ONE of its variables, while
the others kept constant is called it’s PARTIAL DERIVATIVES.

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For a 2-variable function 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦), there are two partial derivatives.

Rate of change of 𝒇, ONLY with respect to 𝒙, while 𝑦 is fixed.

Read as
“daaba f by
daaba x”

And,
Rate of change of 𝒇, ONLY with respect to 𝐲, while 𝑥 is fixed.

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Finding partial derivatives – Example 1

The partial derivatives of 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 are:

𝜕𝑓
= 2𝑥
𝜕𝑥

𝜕𝑓
= 2𝑦
𝜕𝑦

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𝜕𝑧
= 2𝑥
𝜕𝑥

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Finding partial derivatives – Example 2
Find the partial derivatives 𝑓𝑥 and 𝑓𝑦 of the function,

𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 = 2𝑥 3 − 4𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦

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Finding partial derivatives – Example 3

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Exercise
Find the partial derivatives of:

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Exercise
Find the partial derivatives of the following functions:

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General definition for partial derivative

𝜕𝑦
A partial derivative of a multi-variable function of several
𝜕𝑥
variables, is its derivative with respect to one of those
variables, with the others held constant.

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Higher derivatives
A function can be differentiated more than once

What we get when we differentiate a function once is the:

𝑑𝑦
First derivative. 𝑓′ 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
If we differentiate the first derivative again, we get the:
𝑑2 𝑦
Second derivative. 𝑓 ′′ 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 2
If we differentiate the second derivative again, we get the:
𝑑3 𝑦
Third derivative. 𝑓 ′′′ 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 3

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Higher derivatives
This can be done with partial derivatives too for functions of several variables.

First partial derivative w.r.t. 𝑥. 𝑓𝑥

Second partial derivative w.r.t. 𝑥 twice. 𝑓𝑥𝑥
Second partial derivative w.r.t. 𝑦 twice. 𝑓𝑦𝑦
Second partial derivative w.r.t. 𝑥 and then w.r.t. 𝑦 . 𝑓𝑥𝑦
Second partial derivative w.r.t. y and then w.r.t. 𝑥 . 𝑓𝑦𝑥

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Exercise (first & second PDs)

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Extrema of multi-variable
functions

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 Maximum

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 Minimum

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But sometimes each partial derivative may correspond to a
different type of extremum.

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This type of a stationary point is called a
saddle point.

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We will first practice how to find stationary points of a multi-variable
𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓
function by setting = 0 and = 0 and later learn how to figure out
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
what type of stationary points they are: maximum, minimum or saddle
point.

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 Find the extrema of:

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Exercise

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