INSTRUCTION MNAUAL
ORIFICE AND JET VELOCITY APPARATUS
#-3, Pooja Vihar, Opposite Industrial Estate, Ambala Cantt-133006
Contact:-90345-76033
Email: - finitetechno@gmail.com
AIM: 1.) Discharge coefficient from nozzles of varying sizes and shapes
2.) Trajectory of the water jet for various discharge velocities
3.) Effect of the height of the water column on discharge velocity
INTRODUCTION
The Orifice and Jet Velocity Apparatus allows the calibration of orifices with different
diameters. A clear perspex column serves as a constant head tank. The head is maintained at a
constant value by an adjustable overflow and is indicated by a level scale. The orifices are
installed at the base of the column with the help of a special wall fitting. The orifices can be
easily interchanged. A jet trajectory device allows the path followed by the jet to be ascertained.
A graph board behind the tracing device supports the student visually.
The unit is suited to be placed on top of the Basic Hydraulics Bench in order to make use of the
water supply and drain facilities of the bench.
UNIT DESCRIPTION
The experimental unit includes a transparent tank, a point gauge and a panel for visualising the
jet paths. An interchangeable insert is installed in the tank’s water outlet to facilitate the
investigation of various openings. Two inserts with different diameters (3mm and 6 mm) are
provided along with the unit.
To visualize the trajectory, the issued water jet is measured via a point gauge that consists of
movable rods. The rods are positioned depending on the profile of the water jet. This results in a
trajectory that is transferred to the panel.
The tank contains an adjustable overflow and a scale. In this way, a precise adjustment and
accurate reading of the fill level are possible. The experimental unit is positioned easily and
securely on the work surface of the Hydraulic Bench. The water is supplied and the flow rate
measured by Hydraulic Bench. Alternatively, the experimental unit can be operated by the
laboratory supply.
Comparison between Theoretical and Calculated Jet Trajectories
Theoretical Jet Trajectory
When a water-filled tank is discharged through an orifice, the potential energy of the water head
is transformed into kinetic energy of the water jet performed by the orifice. Without losses the
kinetic energy is equal to the potential energy:
½ .m.v2 = m. g. h
where g is the acceleration due to gravity and h the height of the water. This equation can be
rearranged to give an equation for the velocity v.
v = 2. 𝑔. ℎ
For description of the jet trajectory it is advantageous to introduce Cartesian coordinates. The
horizontal part of the velocity v is 𝑥̇ and the vertical𝑦̇ . The horizontal part of the velocity is
constant and equal to the velocity in the orifice. The vertical part depends of the acceleration due
to gravity.
𝑥̇ = 2. 𝑔. ℎ
𝑦̇ = g. t
Integration over the time gives the position function of the jet trajectory.
x = 𝑥̇ . t
y = ½ .g.t2
Elimination of time gives the y-position dependence on of the width x and the water head h.
Y (x) = ½ .g. x2/𝑥̇ 2 = ¼ .x2/h
Experimental procedure
1.) Insert orifice No.1 (Ø 3mm) into the orifice fitting device.
2.) Connect apparatus to the water supply of the Basic Hydraulic Bench HM 150 and start
the pump.
3.) Adjust the water head to 400 mm by means of adjustable overflow. If necessary the
overflow to be lubricated.
4.) Beginning at the right side, adjust the trajectory probes until they get in contact with the
jet.
5.) Read off the measured y-positions of the jet and note them down in tabular form.
Observation table
x-position in m Y position in m (measured) Y position in m (calculated)
For coefficient of discharge
Qt = a2gh
Cd = Q/Qt
Q
Cd
a 2 gh
Where a = area of orifice in m2
Q = actual discharge
Qt = theorerical discharge
g = acceleration due to gravity
h = head in m
The above equation is valid if the head h in the tank, to which orifice has been fixed,
remains constant. The corresponding method of determining the coefficient method
of determining the coefficient of discharge Cd is therefore, named as the constant
head method.
The coefficient of discharge, Cd can be determined by another method known as the
variable head method in which case the formula is used.
2A h1 / 2 h1 / 2
Cd
1 2
Ta 2g
In which A is the area of cross section of the inlet tank and T the time taken in falling
of water level in the tank from head h1 to h2 when water is discharging through the
orifice with no supply into the tank. The heads h1 and h2 are measured from the
centre of the orifice. Here, it has been assumed that Cd remains constant when the
head varies from h1 to h2.
OBESERVATIONS AND COMPUTATIONS:
Shape of the orifice/mouthpiece = ……..
Area of cross-section of the orifice/mouthpiece, a = ……..
Area of cross-section of the inlet tank, A = ……..
A. Constant Head Method:
1. Determination of the coefficient of discharge Cd
Run No. h (mm) Discharge measurement Q
Cd
a 2gh
t (sec) R (cm) Qa
(m /sec)
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