ee EERE EEE IEEE EE EID EI EI IDI IDI EI IDI ID II II III II II IID IEEE EO ET 1 b Transport and Communication Fastracl« Revision > Means of Transport: There are different means of transportation such as land, water and ale transport. Each of them have different characteristics, “The major means oF transportation are > Land Transport: In india, land transport is devaloped sinco ancient times when pathways and unmetalled roads were used far transportatian of paaple and goods. > Road Transport: India has the second largest road networks In the world. After independence, twenty ‘year road plan (1961) was started to improve the conditions of roads in india but still roads continue to concentrate in and around urban centre, The total length of indian road is $6 lakh km (2017-18). > National Highways: The Main roads which are constructed and maintained by Centrat Government are known as National Highways. They are developed and maintained by NHAl, Four uses of National Highways in india are: + They faciltate Interstate transport and movement of defence men and material in strategic areas. + They connect the state capitals, major cities, Important ports, ralway Junctions ete, + They constitute only about 2% of the total road length but carry 40% of the road traffic. + They are 4-6 lanes and make journey Fast and easy. > Golden Quadrilateral : It comprises construction of 5,846 km long 4/6 lane, high density traffic corridor, to connect India's four big metro cities of DelhtMumbal-Chenna-Kolkata. With the construction fof Golden Quadrilateral, the time, distance and cost ‘of movement among the mega cities of India will be considerably minimised. > North-South and East-West Corridors: North-South corridor alms at connecting Srinagar in Jammu and Kashmir with Kanniyakumari in Tamil Nadu with 4,076 km long road, The East West corridor has been planned to connect Slichar in Assam with the port town (of Porbandar in Gujarat with 3,640 km of road length, > State Highways: These roads connect the state capitals with district headquarters and otherimportant towns. These roads are alco connected to the National Highways. oowiedge BOOSTER The share of state highways in the total coad length ofthe county is about 4% > District Roads: These roads connect other important roads inthe district. They account for 14% of the total road length of the country. > Rural Roads: These are constructed and maintained by State Government. These roads are vltal For providing links in the rural areas. About 80% of the total road length in india are categorised as rural roads, There is regional variation in the density of rural road because these are influenced by the nature of terrain. > Other Roads: The two types of roads are Included under the category of ‘other roads' In Indl + Border Roads: These are strategically important roads along the Northern and North-Eastern boundary of the country. Characteristics of barder roads are as follows: * The total length of border roads s 46,870 km, these ‘are constructed by Border Road Organisation (BRO) "These are important to accelerate economic development and strengthening defence preparedness. BOOSTER The World's tongest highway tunnel ~ Atal Tunnel (9.02 km) hs been built by Border Road Organisation, This tunnel connects Manali to Lehaut-Spiti Valley throughout the year. Earlier the valley was cut off for 7% about 6 months each year owing to heavy snowfall + International Highways: These are the roads which connect India to neighbouring countries, Characteristics of international highways are as Follows: ‘They are constructed with alm to promote harmonious relationship with neighbouring countries. "They provide an effective connectivity to neighbouring countries. + Bharatmala Is a proposed umbrella scheme For: = Development of state roads along coastal border ‘areas, Including connectivity of non-major ports. "Backward areas religious and tourist places connectivity programme. =Setu-Bharatam Parlyojana, which is for the construction of about 1500 major bridges and 200 rail over bridges rall under bridges, District Headquarters connectivity Scheme for the development of about 9,000 km newly declared National Highways.ee EERE EEE IEEE EE EID EI EI IDI IDI EI IDI ID II II III II II IID IEEE EO ET > Rail Transport: India has one of the longest railway networks in the world. t Facilitates the movement oF both Freight and people and contributes to the growth of the economy. In 1853, the Fist Indian Rallwey Line was started From Bombay to Thane covering a distance of 34 km. > Railways Gauges in India: On the basis of the width of track of the Indian Railways, three categories have been made: * Broad Gauge "The distance between rails In broad gauge Is 1.676 m. "The total length of broad gauge lines was 63,950 km (2019%20), + Metre Gauge "The distance betwoen alls In meter gauge Is 1 metre, Its total length wos 2,402 km (2019-20), * Narrow Gauge + Tho distance betwaon tha rails s 0.762 m or 0.610 Inthis case Its total length was 1,604 km (2019-20) "itis generally confined to hilly areas. > Konkan Railways: The major Features of the Konkan Rallways are: * Its ono of the achievements oF indian Railways that {got constructed in 1998, # It is 2 760 km long rail route connecting Roha In ‘Maharashtra to Mangalore in Karnataka. + Ibis an engineering marvel that crossed 146 rivers, streams, nearly 2000 bridges and $1 tunnels, ge BOOSTER & Konkan Railways-crosses Asla’s largest tunnel which & is 65 ken long. > Water Transport: It is the cheapest means of transport For carrying heavy and bulky material as well as passenger services, > Advantages of Water Transport + It is the cheapest means of transport. Because It does not require the construction of routes as itis paturally built. # It is most sultable for carrying heavy and bulky material + Itis fuel efficient « Itis an eco-friendly mode of transport > Types of Water Transport * Inland waterways iewas the chief made oftransport before the advent of allways. ‘indla-has 14,500 km of navigable waterways, contributing about 1% to the countrys transportation, « Atpresent, 5,685 km of major rivers are navigable by ‘mechanised Flat bottom vessels "The back waters (Kadal) of Kerala has special slgnficance in inland Waterways. * The famous Nehru Trophy Boat Race (VALLAMKAL) Is alo held Inbackwaters. + Oceanic Routes *incia has avast coastline of approximate 7,517 km including islands = Twelve major and 185 minor ports provide infrastructural supporto thesa routes. "Approximately 95% of India’s foreign trade by volume and 70% by value moves through ocean routes. The following waterways have been declared a5 the Natlonal Waterways bythe Government: Waterways | stretch | _Spacification Nw1 [Allahabad | es ane ofthe (ow Prayagra) | most Important “Halda stretch | waterways in Indio, {1-620 km) | whichis novigoble by mechanical boats up to Patna and by ordinary boats upto Haridar. its duided into three parts for developmental purposes- (V) Haldia-Farakka (500 km), (i) Farakka-Patna (460 km), Patna-Allahabad (Now Prayogra) (600 km) nw2 | sadiya-ohubei | erahmaputea's stretch (91 km) | navigable by steamers up to Dibrugarh (1,384 km) which is shared by India and Bangladesh, Nw3 Kottapuram- | it includes 168 Kollam stretch | kmof West coast (205 km) canal along with Champakara ‘canal (14 km) and Udyogamendal canal (23 km). Nwa Specified stretches of Godavari and krishna rivers along ‘with Kakinada Puducherry stretch of canals (1,078 km). NWS Specified stretches of rivers Brahman ‘along with Matai river, delta channels of Mahanadi and Brahmani rivers and East Coast canals (588 kr).PEE EEE EEE EEE EEE EEE IEEE EIDE IE III EI III IDI II II II II II II IIE EE ET > air Transportation > Alr transport Is the Fastest means of movement from one place to the other. > Air transport In India made a beginning in 1911 when air mail operation commenced over a little distance of 10 km between Allahabad and Nain > Airport authority manages 125 airports. > Pawan Hans is the helicopter service operating in hilly areas and is widely used by tourists in North-Eastern sector. > Oll and Gas Pipelines: Pipelines are convenient and efficient means of transporting liquids and gases over long distances. Oil india Limited (OIL) under the Ministry oF Petroleum and Natural Gas Is responsible For exploration, production and transportation of crude oll and natural gos. > Advantages of Pipeline Transportation * They are ideally suited to transport the liquids and {gases and solids in slurry Form. + Thoy con be lald through difficule terroing as well ax under water, * Ieinvolves very low energy consumption. # Its safe, accident Free and environmant Friendly # Te needs little maintenance. > Disadvantages of Pipaline Transportation * Itisnot flexible Le, Itcan be used only for afew fixed points + Its capacity cannot be Increased once Its ai. * Underground pipatines cannot be easily repaired and detection of leakage is also difficult. ‘+ It Is difficult to make security arrangements for pipelines. > Communication Networks: Communication means transmission of information from one place, persan or ‘group to another. On the basis of scale and quality, the mode of communication can be divided into the following categories: ‘Means of Communication a Personal Mass * Letters, + Radio, + Telephone, « Television, * Telegram, + Cinema, * Fax, + Satellite, » E-mail, + Newspaper, # Internet ‘+ Magazine and Books, + Publicmeetings, ‘+ Seminarand Conferences etc. ‘The most effective and advanced personal communication system In India s the ‘internet’. Its Four characteristics are: > Enables Establishment of Direct Contact by User: Internet enables the user to establish direct contact through e-mail to get access to the world of knowledge and information, > Used For E-commerce: Internet is increasingly used For e-commerce and carrying out money transactions, > Huge Central Warehouse of Data: Internet is like a huge central warehouse of data, with detailed information of various items. > Accoss to Information at Low Cost: The network through internet and e-mail provides an efficient access to information at a comparatively low cost. > Personal Communication: It is the most effective and advanced ane and widely used in urban areas. It enables the user to establish direct connect through e-mall to get access to world of knowledge and information. itis used for e-commerce and carrying out money transaction. It is a huge central warehouse of data, with detalled information ‘on various items (Letters, Telephone, Fax, E-mail, Internet tc). Among all the personal communication systems, Internet ls the most effective and advanced ane. The internet is like a huge central warehouse of data, with detalled Information on various items. The network through Internet and e-mail provides an efficlant access to information at a comparatively low cost. > Mass Communication System Radio: Radio broadcasting started in India In 1923 by the Radio Club of Bombay and changed the sociocultural life of people. all India Radio broadcasts a variety of programmes related toinformation, ‘education and entertalnmant. Special news. bulletins are also broadcast at specific occasions like session of Parliament and state legislatures. > Television: Television broadcasting emerged as the most effective audio-visual medium for information ‘and educating masses. Use of satellite and synoptic view of larger area for economic and strategic reasons. (Radio, Television, Cinema, Satellite, Newspaper, Magazine and Books, Seminar and Conference etc). On the basis of configuration and purposes, satellite system In Indla can be grouped into two: + Indian National Satellite System {INSAT) and + Indian Remote Sensing Satellite System (IRS) * The INSAT, which was established in 1983, is a multipurpose satelite system for telecommunication, meteorological observation and for various other data and programme, > Satellite Communication: Satelite is an advanced mode of communication, They also regulate the use of the other means of communication. Three advantages of satellite communication in indla + Provides Synoptic View of Larger Area: Satellites provide a continuous and synoptic view of a larger ‘area which Is very vital for the country due to economic and strategic reasons. + Helps In Telecommunication, Meteorological Observation etc: Satellite systems are used for telecommunication, meteorological observation and For various other data and programmes. e.g, Indian "National Satellite System (INSAT) is a multipurpose satellite system used for this purpose. + Used in Weather Forecast, Monitoring of Natural Calamitles etc.: Satellite images can be used for weather forecast, monitoring of natural calamities, survelllance of border area etc. eeee EERE EEE IEEE EE EID EI EI IDI IDI EI IDI ID II II III II II IID IEEE EO ET x Practice Exercise €) Multiple choice Questions Sy QL Nagpur Plan is associated with which of the Qe Q3. a4 Qs. 96 Q7. Qo Qo. quo. following? 2. Railway modernisation b. Road madernisation . Waterway development 4. Airways development Which ane of the following is the longest National Highway of india? aNHl bNHT GNHG od. NH ‘The Golden Quadrilateral connects which of these cities in India? 2. Delhi-Gurugram-Farldabad - Mumbai b. Delhi-Mumbal-Chennal-Kolkata Chennal-Bengaluru+Hyderabed-Pune d, Delhi-Chennal-Bengaluru-Pune Which of the following constitute the maximum, length of roads In India? 2. National Highways —_b. State Highways District Roads d. Rural Roads Name the Headquarters of Northern Railway Zone of India. 2. Lucknow New Delhi b. Kanpur d. Chandigarh Which of these is the most important body in India ‘engaged in exploration and production of crude oil? 2. Oil india Lt b. Bharat Petroleum ONGC Videsh d. Indane Lt ‘The National Waterway Il les on which river In India? 2. Ganga b. Yamuna © Brahmaputra 4. Chamba Which of these provides helicopter services in hilly areas in the North-East region in India? 2. Alr India Ltd b. Pawan Hans Ltd Indian Altines d. BHEL Ltd. “Indian Airlines’ was merged with Alr India to form a single alrtine in which of the following years? 22009 «bz = 1992 1981 Which of these Is true for road transport in India? ‘L.India has the second largest road network In the world, 2. About 20% of passenger traffic Is carried by roads in India. 3. Twenty year road plan was introduced in the year 1961 to improve the conditions of roads. Codes: a..2anda b.1and 2 cc Vand3 d.2and3 qu. Qua aus Qu. as. Que. au. Which ofthese states operate the Konkan Railways? 4. Maharashtra 2. Goa 3, Andhra Pradesh 4, Karnataka Codes: a. L2and3 b.1.2,3and4 c. L2and 4 d.tand3 Which of the following is/are the use/s of satellite communication in India? 4, Management of natural rasources. 2, Meteorolagical observation, 3, Telecommunication. Codes: a. Vand 2 b..2and3 c 2anda d. Tanda In how many zones has the Indian Railway system been divided? ag bo c16 419 On which river and between which two places does the National Waterway No. 1 tie? a, The Brahmaputra, Sadlya- Ohubri b. The Ganga. Haldla-Allshabad (Now Prayagra) . West Coast Canal. Kottapuram to Kollam d. None of the above In which of the following year, the first radio programme was broadcast? 1s 1936 1927. 1923, Consider the following statements and choose the correct answer with the help of given options: ‘Statement I: Mass communication promotes national, Integration and provides entertainment, Statement Il:It strengthens democracy in the country by providing news to the masses, they feel attached to country and a feeling of nationalism arises in them. 2 Both the statements are true, statements il does rat explain statement | correctly, b. Both the statements are true and statement 1 correctly explains the statement . Both statements | and Ilare false. 4d, Statement IIs true and statement iis false. Match the means of transport with their important features: Column Column i ‘A. Roadways — | 1. Fastest ways of transport B. Railways |2. Cheapest _means for catrying hheavy and bulky goods over long distances.ee EERE EEE IEEE EE EID EI EI IDI IDI EI IDI ID II II III II II IID IEEE EO ET C Waterways | 3. Camry heavy goods and people over Long alstances quickly and cheaply. ©. Airways | 4, Most commanly used speclally for short distances. Codes: A 8 cD A Bc O alo2 3 4 ba 4 1 2 c4 3 2 1 d2 1 4 3 -@ Assertion & Reason typ2 Questions Directions (Q.Nos. 18-20): /n the following questions given below, there ore two statements marked a5 Assertion (A) ‘ond Reason (R). Read the statements and choose the correct option a Qs, geo. Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) Is the correct explanation of (A). Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) Is not the correct explanation of (A). (A) steve, but (A) stats (A) ls false, but (R) is true |. Assertion (A): Water transport Is the cheapest transport. Reason ( waterways, ‘Assertion (A): Construction of roads Is easy and ‘cheaper In plain areas. Reason (R): Plain areas have good topography and are economically developed. Assertion (A): Indian Railways earlier has been divided into 16 (now 19) zones. Reason (R): Large size of Indian Railways puts 2 lot of pressure on centralised railway management india has 17,500 km of navigable system. Answers| v b) 2) 32) 4@ 5 @ 270 &8% 20 © @ Rw BO wo) 5 @ 0) 7 WO) 1% —) 2. @ -@ Passage Based Questions y Passage 1 Read the passage given below and answer the questions that follow by choosing the most ‘appropriate option. Human beings have evolved different methods ‘of communication over time. In earlier times, the messages were delivered by beating the drum or hollow tee trunks, giving indications through smoke of fire or with the help of fast runners Horses, camels, dogs, birds and other animals were also used to send messages. Initially, the QL ga. 93 a4, ‘means of communication were also the means of transportation. Invention of post office, telegraph, printing press, telephone, satelite, etc. has made the communication much faster and. easier. Development in the field of science and technology has significantly contributed in bringing. about revolution in the field of communication. Among all the personal communication system, internet is the most effective and advanced one. It is widely used in urban areas. It cables the user to establish direct contact through e-mail to get access to the world of knowledge and information. It is increasingly used for e-commerce and carrying ‘out money transactions. The intemet is like a huge central warehouse of data, with detailed information on various items. The network through intemet and ¢-mail provides an efficient ‘access to information at a comparatively low cost It enables us with the basic facilities of direct communication. Satellites are mode of communication in themselves as well as they regulate the use of other means of communication. However, use of satelite in getting a continuous and synoptic view of larger trea has made satellite communication very vital for the country due to the economic and strategic reasons. Satellite images can be used for the ‘weather forecast, monitoring of natural calamities, surveillance of border areas etc. On the basis of configuration and purposes, satellite system in India can be grouped into two: Indian National Satellite System (INSAT) and Indian Remote Sensing Satellite System (IRS). The INSAT, which ‘was established in 1983, isa multipurpose satellite system for telecommunication, meteorological observation and for various other data and programmes. Which among the following is the most advanced form of personal communication? a. Postal system ». Telegraph ©. Telephone d. Internet Which of these isa system of mass communication? a. Television b. Newspapers © Radio 4. Allof these Satellite data can be used for which ofthe following purposes? a. Weather forecasting b. Monitoring natural disasters c Suneeillance in strategic areas . Allof the above Which of the following satellites is used for natural resource management? a. IRS. b. INSAT Astrosat d. All of these |Answers v L(g) 2) 3) 4a)ee EERE EEE IEEE EE EID EI EI IDI IDI EI IDI ID II II III II II IID IEEE EO ET Passage 2 an Q2 Q3 Read the passage given below and answer the questions that follow by choosing the most ‘appropriate option: ‘The main roads which are constructed and maintained by the Central Government are known as the National Highways. These roads are meant for inter-state transport and movement of defence men and material in strategic areas, These also connect the stutc capitals, major cities, important ports, railway junctions etc. The length of the National Highways has increased from 19,700 km in 1951 to 10,10,11 km in 2016. The National Highways constitute only about 2% of the total road length but carry 40% of the road traffic. Stato Highways are constructed and maintained by state governments. They join the state capitals with district headquarters and other important towns, These roads are connected to the National Highways. These constitute 4% of total road length in the country. District roads are the connecting link between District Headquarters and the other important nodes in the district. They account for 14% of the total road length of the country. Rural roads are vital for providing links in the rural areas. About 80% of the total road length in India are categorised as rural roads. There is regional variation in the density of rural road because these are influenced by the nature of the terrain. Other roads include Border Roads and Intemational Highways. The Border Road Organisation (BRO) was established in May, 1960 for accelerating economic development and strengthening defence preparedness through rapid and coordinated improvement of strategically important roadsalong the Northem and North-Eastern boundary of the country. It is a premier multifaceted construction agency. It has constructed roads in high altitude ‘mountainous terrain joining Chandigarh with Manali (Himachal Pradesh) and Leh (Ladakh). This road runs at an average altitude of 4,270 ‘metres above the mean sea level Which of these roads connect state capitals? 2. District Roads b. National Highways Rural Roads d. Border Roads Which organisation is responsible for maintenance of strategic roads in border areas? 2. Indian Army b. Sahastra Seema Bal Border Roads Organisation . National Highwoys Authority of india Which category of roads constitute the largest proportion of roads in India? 2, National Highways b, Rural Roads © Border Roads d.State Highways the Q4, Which ofthe following roads are mast important for the district administration to function effectively? a National Highways. State Highways. © District Roads. Rural Roads Answers 3. (b) 4 (b) Lb) 20) Passage 3 Read the passage given below and answer the questions that follow: The replacement of steam engines run by coal has also improved (diesel and electric) the environment ‘of the stations, Metro rail has revolutionlised the urban transport system in Kolkata and Delhi. Replacement of diese! buses by CNG-run vehicles along with the introduction of metro is a weleome step towards controlling the air pollution in urban centres. One of the important achievements of the Indian Railways has been the construction of Konkan Railway in 1998, It is 760-km long ruil route connecting Roba in Maharushtra to Mangalore in Karnataka, It is considered an engineering marvel. It crosses 146 rivers, streams, nearly 2000 bridges and 91 tunnels, Asia’s largest tunnel which is nearly 6.5 km long, also lies on this route. The states of Maharashtra, Goa and Karnataka are partners in this undertaking, 1. Which isthe latest engines used by Indian railways? Ans. The latest engines used by Indian rallways are electric engines Q2. Which two cities are connected by Konkan Railway? ‘ans, The Konkan Rallway connects with two states Karnataka and Maharashtra (03. Which transportation has reduced alr pollution in the urban aroas? ‘Ans. Wtro rail and CNG vehicles have reduced sir pollution inthe urban areas Passage 4 Read the passage given below and answer the questions that follow We use many items in our daily life. From toothpaste to our bed tea, milk, clothes, soaps, food items, etc., are required everyday. All these ‘can be purchased from the market. Have you ever ‘thought as to how these items are brought from the site of production” All the production is meant for consumption. From the fields and factory, the produce is brought to the place from where consumers purchase it, It is the transportation Of these items from the site of their production to the market which make them available to the consumer. We not only use material things, likeee EERE EEE IEEE EE EID EI EI IDI IDI EI IDI ID II II III II II IID IEEE EO ET fruits, vegetables, books clothes, etc., but also use ideas, views and messages in our daily life Do you know we exchange our views, ideas and messages from one place to another or one individual to another while communicating with the help of various means? ‘The use of transport and communication depends ‘upon our need to move things from place of their availability to the place of their use. Human beings. use various methods to move goods, commodities, ideas from one place to another. QS. State the functions of ‘Border Road Organisation (Ro): ‘Ans, The main functions of BRO are: (3) In Peace {2} To develop and maintain the operational road infrastructure of general staff In the border areas, {b) To contribute _to_the development of the border states (il) In War soclo-econamic Q1 Explain the utility of transportation, (2) To develop and maintain roads to heap line ‘Ans. Transportation's very essential fr the commutation OF control through in original sectors and of the goods and services as well as people fromoane fedeployed sectors. place to another easly. This has led to the Increase (b) To exacute adltional tasks a Lid down by the in the closoness of the wartd jowrnmont contributing to the war effort Q2. Define the term 'Communication’ Q6. What aro'National Highways"? ‘Ans. Communication Is the exchange of Jnformatin Ans. The National Highways are the network of highways between the sender and receiver through several That is managed and maintained by agencies of the channels Uke radio, Internet, mobile and other Government of india, ee ee eee Q7 Which authority looks after the responsibility 3. Difforentiate betweon transportand communication. of development, maintenance and operation of ‘An. Transport Is the movement of goods and services National Highways? easesaia & ae eat kd oe +3 stettit niece oe ‘Ans. The National Highways Authority of India (NHAI), exchange of information from one medium to another Is known as communication, 8. What is the major functlon of the National ne Highways Authority of India? (case 2017) “@ Very Short Answer type Questions ns. Najr function of the National Highways Authority 5 : of India Is Operation, maintenance and development Ri Delran Manpar Neng (sez oFiizanal phan 6. Several places (nades) jalned together by a series ‘of routes (links) to form a pattern which permit @9- Which type of the roads connect the state capitals vehicular movement or flow of some commodity Is with district headquarters and other important calles Transport Network towns? y . . State Highways connect the state capitals with QE. Explain the cerry olden Rod stars feaseanas} istrict headquarters and other important towns. ‘Ans. Golden Quadrilateral _comprises construction of 5.846 km long 4/6 lane. high density traffic corridor. sarc Tees ee in india? to connect India four big matro cities of Delhi ee i ‘Mumbai-Chennai-olkata. With the construction of ( 1 OSES REI Golden Quadrilateral. the time, distance and cost of ee movement among the mega cities of India will be Q11. Why was the Inland Waterways Authority of India considerably minimised set up? 3. Why did Sher Shah Suri build the Shahi (Royal) AN® For the development. maintenance and regulation Road? (case 2015) of national waterways in the country. the Inland ‘Ans. Sher Shab Suri built the Shahi (Royal) Read fram Maberwenys Authority wns setup in 1986, the Indus Valley to the Sonar Valley in Bengal to @12. Name the boat race that is held in the backwaters strengthen and consolidate his empire of Kerala. QA. Which means of transport is extensively used ANS The famous Nehru Trophy Boat Race (Vallam kal s to carry water, petroleum, natural gas and other held in the backwaters (Kayal) liquids? (cose201s) 13. Write a brief history of ar transport in India ‘Ans. Pipelines are extensively used to carry water, Ans. Alrtransport inindla was started in 911 when airmail petroleum, natural gas and other Uquids for uninterrupted flov. ‘operation commenced over a Uttle dstance of 10 km between Allahabad (Now Prayagral) and Naini ee4. 16. qa. 2 ee How do oceanlc routes play an important role in the transport sector of India? Oceanic routes play an important role _In_the ‘wansport sector of Indias economy, Approximatel 935 per cent of Indias foreign trade by volume and70 [par Ce by aL TSN WOU GTCRT OCR What is Open House Policy? To help the Indian exporters and make thelr export ‘more competitive. the government had introduced ‘an Open Sky Policy For cargo in Apri. 1992. Under this policy foreign airines or association of exporters can bring any freighters to the country. Which organisation is responsibte for tho safety of air transport in India? The Alrport Authority of india (AA) Is responsible for providing safe, efficlent alr traffic and aeronautical communication services inthe Indlon Alr Space Name the two corporations that manage the alr transport in India, The alr transport in India was managed by two Corporations, Alr India and indian Alrines after ‘nationalisation. Name the air service which is widely used in the hilly areas of the North-Eastern sector of India. Pawan Hans, How many airports does the Alrport Authority of India manages? The authority manages 126 alrparts including 11 international, 86 domestic and 29 clvil enclaves at defence alr Fields Name the two means of mass communication used in today’s world, The two means of mass communication used In today’s world are (i) Personal Communication (0) Mass Communication In how many groups can the satellite system in India can be grouped? On the basis of configuration and purposes. satellite system in India can be grouped into two: Indian National Satellite System (INSAT) and Indian Remote Sensing Satellite System (IRS) From where has the logo of ‘indian’ been adopted and what does it signify? The logo of Indlan is a partly visible blue wheel and is inspired by the Sun Temple at Konark (Odisha) symbolising timeless: motion convergence and ges. Ans. Name the Asia's largest cross country pipelines. Alas first crass country pipeline covering adistance of 1157 km was constructed by Ol India Limited (OIL) from Naharkatiya oilfield in Assam to Baraunt refinery in Bihar, What is NRSA? Where is its headquarter? The National Remate Sensing Agency (NRSA) at Hyderabad provides faciities for acquisition of data ‘and its processing. These are very useful in the ‘management of natural resources. In India, how many domestle alrports ara there? There are 11 International alrports and 81 domestic airports, aaa. Ans. gas. Ans. ~) Short Answer type Questions w 1. Which activity does transportation convey? Name the three modes of transportation. Also draw a diagram depicting the same. Transportation conveys the tertiary activity Le transport services for people and goods from one place to another ‘The three modes of transportation are: () Lang, (i) Water (i) Ale Ans. ‘Means of Transport ——+— Land Water Ale ty] ti Road Rallway PipeUne | National. International Seaways and Oceanic Route Q2. Discuss advantages and disadvantages of pipeline transportation. ‘Advantages of pipeline transportation are: () They are ideally suited to transport the liquids and gases and solids in slurry form, (i) They can be laid through difficult terrains as ‘well as under water. (l) Tetnvolves very low energy consumption (w) his safe, accident free and environment fiend\ {v) Itneeds Uttle maintenance. Disadvantages of pipeline transportation: () His not flexible ie, it con be used only for a few feed points (li) Is capacity cannot be increased ance it Is Laid (i) Undergroundpipetines connatbe easly repaired and detection of leakage is also dificult Inland Ans. divergence, It also embodies strength as well as trust that has stood the test of time. (iv) iis difficult to make security arrangements for pipelines.ee EERE EEE IEEE EE EID EI EI IDI IDI EI IDI ID II II III II II IID IEEE EO ET 8, Discuss the contribution of Air India and Indion Airlines in the air transport of India. fans. Contribution of Ar Ina in te alr transport of Inala: () The ale tansport in India is managed by Ale inca (W) Air india provides international Ale Sorvices for Both passengers and cargo traf (i) connects ail the continents of the world ihrough is services Contribution of ncn Altnes inthe slr transport of india: (i) Iwas the largest state owned domestic carrier whieh handled_the_ domestic needs of ar transport in nda (i) lRwas merged with Airing in 200. Q4. Which are the different railway gauges in India? On what basis are these categories made? Ans, The diferent ralway gauges in India are ()) Broad Gauge (0) The distance between rls In broad gauge is is76m. (b) The total length of broad gauge lines was 63950 kmin 2015-20 Gi) Metre Gauge (a) Te distance between ralls in metre gauge is 1 metre (b) Its total Length was 2402 km in 2019-20 (li) Narrow Gauge (a) The distance between the ralls |s 0.762 m or (0.610 min this case (b)its total Length was L604 km in 2019-20. (c) It is generally confined to hilly areas, These categories are made on the basis of the width ifthe track of Indian Raliways. QS. Whyis road transport gaining more importance over rail transport? Explain, oR “Road transport Is the most economical for the short distances compared to railways in the world’ Support the statement. (€88€2022 Term-2) Ans. Road transport is gaining more Importance over rail transport because: (0 Construction cost of roads Is much tower than construction cost of railway lines (]) Roads can be constructed easily in hilly terrains and undulating topography (il) Roadways act_as_a feeder to other_modes of transport. as they provide a link between ‘allway stations. air and sea ports. (iv) Roads provide door-to-door _service_while rallways do not (v) Road transport Is economical in transportation Of few persons and relatively smaller amount of goods over short distances. 6. Which are the two types of roads included under the category of other roads'in India? Write any two features of each. ‘Ans. The two types of roads included under the category of ‘other roads in india are: () Border Roads: These are strategically important roads along the Northern and North-Eastern boundary of the country. Characteristics of border roads aro as follows {@) The total length of border roads is 46.870 km. those are constructed by Border oad Organisation (B80) (b) These roads are important to accelerate economic development and strangthaning defence preparedness. (li) international Highways: These are the roods wwhich connect India to neighbouring countries Characteristics of international highvoys are as follows: (a) They are constructed with aim to promote harmonious relationship with _nelghbouring countries. (b) They provide_an effective connectivity to ‘neighbouring countries. Q7. What are the steps taken by Indian Railways to improve its performance? ‘ans. The steps teken by Indian allways to Improve its performance are () Conversion of Metre and Narrow Gauge to Broad Gauge: Indlan Railways _has launched extensive programme to convert the metre and ‘arrow gauges to broad gauges, (ll) Replacement of Steam Engines by Diesel and Electric Engines: Steam engines have been replaced by diesel and electric engines, This has {ed to two benefits (2) It has increased the speed as well as the hravlage capaci (b) ithas also improved the environment of the salons (w) invoduction of Motro Ralls In Metropolitan Clies: Metro Ralls have been inzoduced in metropolitan ces The Koa and Da which fas revolutionised the urban transport system there, Q8. Why is the Indian Railway System divided into sixteen zones (now nineteen)? Name the headquarters of Easter, Wester, Northern and ‘Southern Zones. Ans. Indian Ralvays network Is one_of the longest petwork nthe word nian Ralays the Largest government undertaking In the country. The length OF Inlan Ralnay network was 68.030 ken as on 3132016,Reasons for dividing the Indian Railway system into 16 (Now 19 in 2023) zones are: () Administrative Convenience: The very arge size of Indian Ralivay syste puts a lot of pressure onthe centrallsed railway management system. So, it was decided to divide the operations into zones for convenient structural implementation of hierarchy and responsibilities, (ll) Provision of Services Across the Country's Length: Indian Railways was divided _into dierent zones to provide services throughout the country Zoning helps ninereasing efficiency in raibweys (li) Better Control Measurement: The divisions give better control in a zone as por traffic passing itarmugh ‘The headquarters of diferent zanes are givan below: Zones Headquarters Eastern Zone Kolkata Western Zone ‘Mumbal (Church Gate) Northern Zone New Oethi Southern Zane Chennai 9. How are oceanic routes advantageous for India? Ans. Oceanic routes are advantageous for India because ()) These play an important role in the transport Sector of Indias economy (li) About 95% of India's foreign trade by volume and 70% by value moves through oceanic routes: (i) Oceanic routes are advantageous 25 India has, vast 17 km Including Islands (iu) These routes provide International trade service (0) It provides transportation between the Islands and rest of the country ‘About 185 minor ports and twelve major ports provide infrastructural support to these routes QUO. Describe any three advantages of satellite communication in India Ans. Three advantages of satellite communication in India are ()) Provides Synoptic View of Larger Area: Satellites provide a continuous and synoptic view of 2 (anger area wich is very vital forthe country due to economic and strategic reasons. Helps. in Telecammunication, Meteorological Observation, etc: Satellite systems are used for telecommunication. meteorological observation and for various other data and programmes 2g, Indlan National Satellite System (INSAT) Is 3 multipurpose satelite system used for this purpose (ul) Used in Weather Forecast, Monitoring of Natural Calamitles ete: Satellite Images can be used for_weather forecast monitoring of natural calamities, surveliance of border area. etc EERE EEE IEEE EE EID EI EI IDI IDI EI IDI ID II II III II II IID IEEE EO ET ee (QL Which Is the most effective and advanced personal ‘communication system in India? Explain any four characteristics ‘Ans. The _most_ ef ‘communication 5) of it. Hective_and advanced personal four characteristics are: () Enables Establishmont of Direct Contact by User: Internet enables the user to establish direct contact thraugh e-mail ta pet access to the world of knowledge and information, (ii) Used for E-commerce: Internet is increasing! used for e-commerce and carrying out money transactions (ili) Huge Central Warehouse of Data: internet is Uke huge central warehouse of data, with detalled information oF various items. tem In India Is the ‘Internet’ Its (Iv) Access to information at Low Cast: The network through internet and e-mall provides an efficient ‘6cess to information at_a comparatively low cast, QZ. Distinguish between personal and mass communication. ‘Ans. The difference berween personal and mass communication are: Personal Communication asa Communication Basis of SNo. | bifferanco t) [No oF peopie Involwed (0 | Provider of (@ | example Tt ls the commu ication between person ta person. Itprovices necessary ‘communication between two people making ‘man a socal animal Lemers. €-malls Telephones, SMS itis the communication among masses, leprovides entertainment ‘as well as creates adie, Television Newspaper. Magazines. et Q13. The distribution of roads in India is not uniform. Examine the statement by giving three reasons. OR “The density and quality of roads are better in plains as compared to other regions in India: ‘Support the statement with examples. ‘Ans, The distribution of raads in India Is nat uniform, Reasons behind this uneven distribution of roads are: (i) Nature of Terrain: Roads can be easily constructed at low cost in plain areas, whereas itis difficult ‘and costly In hilly, mountainous and plateau ‘areas. Therefore, most of the Northern states ‘and Southern states have of roads as compared to Himalayan and North-Eastern states dense networkee EERE EEE IEEE EE EID EI EI IDI IDI EI IDI ID II II III II II IID IEEE EO ET qua. Ans. qs. (ii) Level_of Economic Development: Level_of economic development also plays an important ole in deciding the network of roads In an ‘area, Therefore, areas having low economic development Uke. Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh have less dense network of roads. Accessibility of Areas: inaccessible areas also have less density of roads in India eg. Forested ‘alny and high altitude areas have less density of roads. Which is the apex body in India to improve the quality of National Highways? Examine the significance of Natlonal Highways. (csé 2016), ‘The apex body in India to Improve the quality of National Highways Is National Highways Authorin ‘of ingio (NHA The significance of National Highways con be understood from the following points: (i) They facilitate inter-state transport _and movement of defence men and materi in Strategie areas. (i) They connect the state capitals, major citles, Important ports. railway junctions, ete (it) They constitute only about 2% of the total road Tength but carry 40% of the road traffic (iv) They are 4-6 lanes ond make journey fast and easy, What are National Highways? Explain any four uses of National Highways in India. ;. National Highways: The main roads which are constructed and maintained by Central Government ‘are known as National Highways, They are developed and maintained by NHAL Four uses of National Highways In india are ()) The transport moverent of defence men and macerbt in strategic areas (u) They connect the state capitals, major cites important ports. ralway junctions. etc (il) They constitute only about 2% of the total road iength but carry 40% of the road trafic hy) They areideotlanasrand.mmeke.Joureyitastvend easy Why does the rail transport continue to remain the cheap made of transport for the masses in India? (case 2016) ‘The rail transport continues to remain the cheap mode of transportation for the masses in India because: (0) _faclities movement of both freight _and passengers (i) brings people of divarse cultures together. facltate inter-state and (ii) contributes to the growth of the economy of the country. (Wu) Itisa cheap means of transport. (0) Introduction of metro rail in metropolitan cities have revolutionised the urban transport system there, Peaple can travel in huge numbers at cheap rates in them, QZ. Classify satellite system of India into two groups on the basis of configuration and purpose. Explain the main feature of each group. Ans. On the basis of configuration and purposes. satellite system in Indl fs divided into two types: (\) Indian National Satellite System (INSAT) (6) ewwos establohad in 19883, (0) It & a multhpurpose satelite system for tolecommunicaion meteorological observation (i) Indian Remote Sansing Satellite System (IRS) (@) With the Launching of IRS-IA in March, 1988 fromBalkonurin Russla.itbecame operational (0) collects data in several spectral bands and transmit them to the ground stations for various uses. (Ris usefulnmanagernont af naturatresources QB. Explain the functions of OIL. Ans, The function of OIL are () Gil India United (01L) was incorporated in 1959 asa company. (i) Oi under the administrative setup of the Mlnlstry of Petroleum and Natural Gas is engaged in the exploration. production and transportation of crude oll and natural gas (i) OL_undertakes construction of _pipelines_in ‘various regions in India. Some of the examples ‘are given below, {a} it_constructed Asia's first_cross_country pipeline covering a distance af 1157 km from Naharkatiye oilfield in Assam to Barauni refinery in Bihar It was further extended Upto Kanpur in 1966, {b) It_constructed another _eension_network of pipelines in the Western region of incia of which Ankleshwar-Koyall_ tumbal High-Koyal_and_Ha2ire-Viaipur-Jagalshpur (HV) are most important (©) Recently, it constructed _a 1.256 km long pipeline connecting Saloya (Gujarat) with Mathura (UP) (a) It supplies crude oil from Gujarat to Punjab (Jalandhar) via Mathura, {e) itis in the process of constructing of 660 km {ong pipeline from Numallgarh to Siliguri