ANNA UNIVERSITY REGIONAL CAMPUS

KEELAKUILKUDI

MADURAI-625019

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

It is hereby certified that this is the bonafide record of work done by

_____________________ of Fifth semester, BE Department of Electronics
and Communication Engineering in EC3501 - Wireless Communication
Laboratory.

Staff-In-Charge HOD

Submitted for Wireless Communication Laboratory Practical Examination

held on _____________ at Anna university regional campus Madurai.

Register Number:

Internal Examiner External Examiner

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2
 INDEX
S.No Date Name of Experiment Pg. No Marks Signature

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4
Exp. No:
Modelling of wireless communication systems using MatLab
Date:

AIM:
To design a model of wireless communication systems using Matlab (Two ray
ground reflection Model and Okumura-Hata Model).

PROGRAM:

1. Program for Two ray ground reflection model:

2. %Program to implement Two ray ground reflection model
3. Pt=input('Transmitted power by transmitter:');
4. Gt= input('Transmitter antenna Gain:');
5. Gr=input('Receiver antenna Gain:');
6. Ht=input('Transmitter height (in mts):');
7. Hr=input('Receiver height (in mts):');
8. D=input('Distance between transmitter and receiver (in mts):');
9. p=[];
10. for d=1:D
11. Pr=Pt*Gt*Gr*((Ht*Hr)^2)/d^4;
12. p=cat(1,p,log10(Pr));
13. end
14. semilogx((1:D),p);
15. xlabel('Distance in meters')
16. ylabel('Received Power in dB')
17. title('Two Ray Ground Reflection Model')

2. Program for Okumura-Hata model:

%Program to implement Okumura-Hata Model

clc;
clear all;
close all;
hte=30;
d=1:1:4;
hre=input('Enter the receiver antenna height 3m<hre<10m:');
f=input('Enter the frequency 150MHz<f<1920Mhz:');
disp('For Hata Model');
aHr=input('Correction factor in dB:');
c=3*10^8;
lamda=c/(f*10^6);
lf=10*log((lamda^2)/((4*pi)^2));
amu=[16 17 18 19];
garea=9;
ghte=20*log(hte/200);
if (hre>3)
ghre=20*log(hre/3);
else
ghre=10*log(hre/3);
end

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for i= 0:3
l50=lf+amu-ghte-ghre-garea;
end
display('Prapagation path loss is: ');
disp(l50);
figure(2);
plot(d,l50,'LineWidth',1.5);
title('Okumura Model Analysis');
xlabel('Transmitter antenna height (km):');
ylabel('Propagation path loss(dB) at 50 km:');
grid on;
%hata model
p=[];
for D=1:4
pL=69.55+26.16*log10(f)-13.82*log10(hte)-aHr+(44.9-6.55*log10(hte))*log10(D);
p=cat(1,p,pL);
end
figure (1);
plot(d,p);
xlabel('Distance in meters');
ylabel('Path Loss in dB');
title('Hata Pathloss Model');

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Output:

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Result:

Hence, Wireless communication systems were modelled using Matlab by implementing

two ray ground reflection and Okumura-Hata Model.

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9
Exp. No:
Modelling and simulation of Multipath fading channel
Date:

AIM:
To model and simulate a multipath fading channel using Rayleigh fading model.

PROGRAM:

N=input('Enter the number of samples:');

SNR_dB=input('Enter the snr of the channel in dB:');
noise=(randn(1,N)+1i*randn(1,N))/sqrt(2);
cf=(randn(1,N)+1i*randn(1,N))/sqrt(2);
x=(randn(1,N)+1i*randn(1,N))/sqrt(2);
SNR=10^(SNR_dB/10);
y=cf.*x+sqrt(1/(2*SNR)).*noise;
SNR_received=abs(cf.*x).^2/abs(sqrt(1/(2*SNR))*noise).^2;
variance=0.2;
r=sqrt(variance*(x.^2+y.^2));
step=0.1;range=0:step:3;
h=hist(r,range);
approxPDF=h/(step*sum(h));
theoretical=(range/variance).*exp(-range.^2/(2*variance));
figure(1);
plot(range,approxPDF,'b',range,theoretical,'r');
title('Simulated and theoretical Rayleigh PDF from variance=0.5');
legend('Simulated PDF,Theoretical PDF');
xlabel('r---->');
ylabel('p(r)--->');
figure(2);
subplot(2,1,1);
plot(real(y));
title('Real part of received signal');
subplot(2,1,2);
plot(imag(y));
title('Imaginary part of received signal');

OUTPUT:

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11
RESULT:
Hence, a multipath fading channel (Rayleigh fading) has been implemented
through MatLab.

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Exp. No:
Spread Spectrum – DSSS Modulation & Demodulation
Date:

AIM:
To modulate and demodulate a signal through spread spectrum-DSSS.

PROGRAM:
clc;
clear;
b=round(rand(1,30));
pattern=[];
for k=1:30
if b(1,k)==0
sig=-ones(1,20);
else
sig=ones(1,20);
end
pattern=[pattern sig];
end
subplot(4,2,1);
plot(pattern);
axis([-1 620 -1.5 1.5]);
title('Original bit sequence');
xlabel('Time');
ylabel('Amplitude');
d=round(rand(1,120));
pn_seq=[];
carrier=[];
t=1:1:600;
for k=1:120
if d(1,k)==0
sig=-ones(1,5);
else
sig=ones(1,5);
end
c=cos(t);
pn_seq=[pn_seq sig];
end
spreaded_sig=pattern.*pn_seq;
subplot(4,2,2);
plot(spreaded_sig);
title('Spreaded signal');
xlabel('Time');
ylabel('Amplitude');
bpsk_sig=spreaded_sig.*c;
subplot(4,2,3);
plot(bpsk_sig);
title('bpsk modulated signal');
xlabel('Time');
ylabel('Amplitude');
y=abs(fft(xcorr(bpsk_sig)));
subplot(4,2,8);
plot(y/max(y));
title('FFT of DSSS signal');
xlabel('Frequency');
ylabel('PSD');

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rxsig=bpsk_sig.*c;
demod_sig=[];
for i=1:600
if rxsig(i)>=0
rxs=1;
else
rxs=-1;
end
demod_sig=[demod_sig rxs];
end
subplot(4,2,5);
plot(demod_sig);
title('domodulated signal');
xlabel('Time');
ylabel('Amplitude');
despread_sig=demod_sig.*pn_seq;
subplot(4,2,6);
plot(despread_sig);
title('despreaded signal');
xlabel('Time');
ylabel('Amplitude');
z=0.5+0.5*despread_sig;
y=abs(fft(xcorr(z)));
subplot(4,2,7);
plot(y/max(y));
title('Power spectrum of despreaded data');
xlabel('Frequency');
ylabel('PSD');
subplot(4,2,4);
plot(c);
title('carrier signal');
xlabel('Time');
ylabel('Amplitude');

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OUTPUT:

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RESULT:
Hence, DSSS modulation and demodulation were implemented to a given data
sequence.

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Exp. No:
Wireless Channel equalization
Date:

AIM:
To perform wireless channel equalization by implementing zero-forcing
equalizer and adaptive equalizer.

PROGRAM:
1. Zero Forcing equalizer:

N = input(‘Enter number of transmitted symbols: ’);

SNR_dB =input(‘Enter SNR in dB: ’);

channel_coeff =input(‘Enter channel coefficient: ’);

tx_symbols = randi([0, 1], 1,N);

tx_signal = 2 * tx_symbols - 1;

rx_signal = channel_coeff * tx_signal;

snr = 10^(SNR_dB / 10);

Pnoise = 1 / (2 * snr);

noise = sqrt(Pnoise) * randn(size(rx_signal));

rx_signal = rx_signal + noise;

equalized_signal = rx_signal / channel_coeff;

% Demodulate the received signal (detect symbols)

rx_symbols = sign(equalized_signal);

num_errors = sum(rx_symbols ~= tx_symbols);

ber = num_errors / N;

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OUTPUT:

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 fprintf('Bit Error Rate (BER) with Zero Forcing Equalizer: %f\n', ber);

2. Adaptive Equalizer:

channel_length = input(‘Enter length of the impulse response: ’);

SNR_dB=input(‘Enter SNR of the channel in dB: ’);

N=input(‘Enter number of symbols to transmit: ’);

mu=0.01;

data_symbols = randi([0, 1], 1,N);

modulated_symbols = 2 * data_symbols - 1;

channel = (randn(1, channel_length) + 1i * randn(1, channel_length)) / sqrt(2);

received_symbols = filter(channel, 1, modulated_symbols);

Pnoise = 10^(-SNR_dB / 10);

noise = sqrt(Pnoise) * (randn(1, length(received_symbols)) + 1i *

randn(1, length(received_symbols)));

received_symbols_noisy = received_symbols + noise;

equalizer_length = channel_length;

equalizer = zeros(1, equalizer_length);

output_signal = zeros(1, length(received_symbols_noisy));

for i = equalizer_length:length(received_symbols_noisy)

received_window = received_symbols_noisy(i:-1:i-
equalizer_length+1);

output_signal(i) = equalizer * received_window.';

error = modulated_symbols(i) - output_signal(i);

equalizer = equalizer + mu * conj(error) * received_window;

end

demodulated_symbols = real(output_signal) > 0;

ber = sum(data_symbols ~= demodulated_symbols) / N;

disp(['Bit Error Rate (BER): ', num2str(ber)]);

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OUTPUT:

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RESULT:
Thus, zero-forcing and adaptive equalizations were implemented for a given
channel.

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22
Exp. No:
Modelling and simulation of TDMA, FDMA and CDMA for
wireless communication
Date:

AIM:
To model and simulate TDMA, FDMA and CDMA for wireless communication.
PROGRAM:
1. TDMA:

numUsers = 4;

numSlots = 10;

snr_dB = 20;

user_data = randi([0, 1], numUsers, numSlots);

transmitted_signal = zeros(1, numSlots);

for slot = 1:numSlots

for user = 1:numUsers

transmitted_signal(slot) = transmitted_signal(slot) +
user_data(user, slot);

end

end

SNR = 10^(snr_dB/10);

noise_power = 0.5 / SNR;

noise = sqrt(noise_power) * randn(1, numSlots);

received_signal = transmitted_signal + noise;

received_data = zeros(numUsers, numSlots);

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OUTPUT:

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 for slot = 1:numSlots

for user = 1:numUsers

received_data(user, slot) = received_signal(slot);

end

end

disp('Transmitted Data:');

disp(user_data);

disp('Received Data:');

disp(received_data);

ber = sum(sum(abs(received_data - user_data))) / (numUsers *

numSlots);

fprintf('Overall Bit Error Rate (BER): %f\n', ber);

2. FDMA:
3. fs=20000;
4. fm1=1;
5. fm2=5;
6. fm3=9;
7. fcm1=25;
8. fcm2=50;
9. fcm3=75;
10. tiv=1/fs;
11. t=0:tiv:1;
12. A=2;
13. mu=0;
14. sigma=10;
15. m1=A*cos(2*pi*fm1*t);
16. sound(m1,fs);
17. pause(5);
18. len=length(m1);
19. y=lognpdf(mu,sigma);
20. m1=m1+y';
21. m2=2*A*cos(2*pi*fm2*t);
22. m3=3*A*cos(2*pi*fm3*t);
23. c1=A*cos(2*pi*fcm1*t);
24. c2=A*cos(2*pi*fcm2*t);
25. c3=A*cos(2*pi*fcm3*t);
26. x=m1.*c1+m2.*c2+m3.*c3;x=awgn(x,.02);
27. [num1,den1]=butter(5,[.5*(fcm1-fm1),fcm1+fm1]*4/fs);
28. [num2,den2]=butter(5,[.5*(fcm2-fm2),fcm2+fm2]*4/fs);
29. [num3,den3]=butter(5,[.5*(fcm3-fm3),fcm3+fm3]*4/fs);
30. filtr1=filter(num1,den1,x);
31. filtr2=filter(num2,den2,x);
32. filtr3=filter(num3,den3,x);

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 33. lp1=filtr1.c1;
34. lp2=filtr2.c2;
35. lp3=filtr3.c3;
36. [num11,den11]=butter(5,4*fm1/fs);
37. [num22,den22]=butter(5,4*fm2/fs);
38. [num33,den33]=butter(5,4*fm3/fs);
39. lpf_out1=filter(num11,den11,lp1);
40. lpf_out2=filter(num22,den22,lp2);
41. lpf_out3=filter(num33,den33,lp3);
42. figure(1);
43. subplot(3,3,1);plot(t,m1);title('Message signal 1');grid on;
44. subplot(3,3,2);plot(t,m2);title('Message signal 2');grid on;
45. subplot(3,3,3);plot(t,m3);title('Message signal 3');grid on;
46. subplot(3,3,4);plot(t,c1);title('Carrier signal 1');grid on;
47. subplot(3,3,5);plot(t,c2);title('Carrier signal 2');grid on;
48. subplot(3,3,6);plot(t,c3);title('Carrier signal 3');grid on;
49. figure(2);
50. subplot(2,2,1);
51. plot(x);
52. title('AWGN in channel');
53. subplot(2,2,2);
54. plot(lpf_out1);
55. title('Demodulated user 1');
56. subplot(2,2,3);
57. plot(lpf_out2);
58. title('Demodulated user 2');
59. subplot(2,2,4);
60. plot(lpf_out3);
61. title('Demodulated user 3');

OUTPUT:

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62. CDMA:

Nbits=input('Enter number of bits transmitted per user:');

chipRate=input('Enter the number of chips transmitted per second:');

snr=input('Enter SNR in dB:');

user1Bits=randi([0,1],1,Nbits);

user2Bits= randi([0,1],1,Nbits);

user1Symbols=2*user1Bits-1;

user2Symbols=2*user2Bits-1;

chipSequence = [1, -1, 1, 1, -1, 1, -1, -1];

user1SpreadSymbols = kron(user1Symbols, chipSequence);

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user2SpreadSymbols = kron(user2Symbols, chipSequence);

noiseVar = 10^(-snr/10);

user1NoisySymbols = user1SpreadSymbols + sqrt(noiseVar/2) *

randn(1, length(user1SpreadSymbols));

user2NoisySymbols = user2SpreadSymbols + sqrt(noiseVar/2) *

OUTPUT:

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randn(1, length(user2SpreadSymbols));

user1FilteredSymbols = filter(fliplr(chipSequence),
1,user1NoisySymbols);

user2FilteredSymbols = filter(fliplr(chipSequence), 1,
user2NoisySymbols);

user1DetectedBits = user1FilteredSymbols(1:length(user1Symbols)) >

0;

user2DetectedBits = user2FilteredSymbols(1:length(user2Symbols)) >

0;

berUser1 = sum(user1DetectedBits ~= user1Bits) / Nbits;

berUser2 = sum(user2DetectedBits ~= user2Bits) / Nbits;

fprintf('Bit error rate for user 1: %f',berUser1)

fprintf('\nBit error rate for user 2: %f',berUser2)

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RESULT:

Thus simulation of TDMA, FDMA and CDMA for wireless communication channels
were achieved through MATLAB.

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