GEC310 ASSIGNMENT

Name: ADEOGO COVENANT

Mat. No: 22CJ031064
Course: COMPUTER ENGINEERING

1. Z-Transform of k 2
The Z-transform of a discrete-time signal x[k] is given by the formula:
∞
X
Z{x[k]} = x[k]z −k ,
k=0

where x[k] is the discrete-time signal and z is a complex variable. For the signal x[k] = k 2 ,
we are tasked with finding the Z-transform of k 2 , denoted by:
∞
2
X k2
Z{k } = .
k=0
zk
To solve this, we start by recalling the geometric series sum:
∞
X 1
xk = , for |x| < 1.
k=0
1−x
This series forms the basis for calculating many Z-transforms. In this case, we need to
find a way to express k 2 in a form that relates to the geometric series.
Step 1: Differentiate the geometric series
We first differentiate the geometric series to find a relationship involving k. Taking
the derivative of the geometric series with respect to x, we get:
∞
!
d X k 1
x = = 1 + 2x + 3x2 + 4x3 + . . . .
dx k=0 (1 − x)2

This expression gives the series for kxk−1 . To match k 2 , we differentiate again.
Step 2: Differentiate again
Next, we differentiate the result of the first derivative with respect to x:
 
d 1 2
= = 2 + 6x + 12x2 + 20x3 + . . . .
dx (1 − x)2 (1 − x)3
This gives the series for k(k − 1)xk−2 . Dividing by 2 to match the k 2 term:
1
= 1 + 3x + 6x2 + 10x3 + . . . .
(1 − x)3
1
Now, substitute x = z
to obtain the Z-transform:
z2
Z{k 2 } = .
(z − 1)3
Thus, the Z-transform of k 2 is:
z2
Z{k 2 } = .
(z − 1)3

1
2. Z-Transform of k 3
We are now tasked with finding the Z-transform of the signal k 3 , denoted as:
∞
3
X k3
Z{k } = .
k=0
zk

Just like in the previous case, we begin with the geometric series:
∞
X 1
xk = , |x| < 1.
k=0
1−x

To derive the Z-transform for k 3 , we differentiate the geometric series multiple times, just
as we did for k 2 .
Step 1: Differentiate once
First, differentiate the geometric series once to get:
1
= 1 + 2x + 3x2 + 4x3 + . . . .
(1 − x)2
Step 2: Differentiate twice
Now, differentiate the result of the first derivative to obtain:
1
= 1 + 3x + 6x2 + 10x3 + . . . .
(1 − x)3
Step 3: Differentiate again
Next, differentiate once more:
6
= 6 + 24x + 60x2 + 120x3 + . . . .
(1 − x)4
Dividing by 6:
1
= 1 + 4x + 10x2 + 20x3 + . . . .
(1 − x)4
Step 4: Substitute x = z1
Substituting x = z1 into the equation, we obtain:

z3
Z{k 3 } = .
(z − 1)4
Thus, the Z-transform of k 3 is:
z3
Z{k 3 } = .
(z − 1)4

3. Z-Transform of kak
The Z-transform of the signal kak is given by:
∞
X
k
Z{ka } = kak z −k .
k=0

2
This Z-transform involves both an exponential term ak and the factor k, which suggests
the use of a modification of the geometric series. Let’s break this down step by step.
Step 1: Express the general term as a function of x = az
To simplify the expression, we rewrite the general term as:
X∞  a k X ∞
k
Z{ka } = k = kxk ,
k=0
z k=0

where x = az .
Step 2: Use the derivative of the geometric series
Recall that the geometric series sum is:
∞
X 1
xk = , |x| < 1.
k=0
1−x

Now, differentiate this sum with respect to x to obtain a series for kxk :
∞
!  
d X k d 1 1
x = = .
dx k=0 dx 1 − x (1 − x)2

Thus, we have:
∞
X x
kxk = .
k=0
(1 − x)2
a
Step 3: Substitute x = z
Now substitute x = az into the expression:
a
Z{kak } = z

.
a 2
1− z

Step 4: Simplify the expression

Simplify the denominator:
a
a z2 az
Z{kak } = z
= · = .
z−a 2 z (z − a)2 (z − a)2


z

Thus, the Z-transform of kak is:

az
Z{kak } = .
(z − a)2