HSC ICT Chapter-2

Comparative discussion
 Asynchronous Transmission Synchronous Transmission Isochronous Transmission
Data is sent in form of byte or Data is sent in form of blocks or frames. Data is sent in form of blocks between
character. start and stop bits.
The time interval between characters The time interval between data blocks or There is no time interval between data
may not be equal. frames is equal. blocks or frames.
Start bit at the beginning of the Header information at the beginning of Start and stop bits are used.
character and stop bit at the end are the block and trailer (1/2 byte) at the
used. end are used.
Primary storage (RAM, Cache Primary storage (RAM, Cache Memory) Primary storage (RAM, Cache Memory)
Memory) device is not required. device is required. device is not required.
Efficiency and speed are low. Efficiency and speed are greater than Efficiency and speed are the highest.
asynchronous.
More useful in case of less data More useful for more data transmission. More useful in data transmission in real
transmission. time applications.
Data transmission from keyboard to Data transmission from computer to Data transmission of multimedia
computer. computer, mobile phone network, TV communications, audio or video calls.
network.
 Simplex mode Half-duplex mode Full-duplex mode
Data flows in one direction. Data flows in both Data flows in both
directions but not directions at the same time.
simultaneously.
There is one communication There is one There are two
channel. communication channel. communication channels.
Simplex mode is used in Half-duplex mode is used Full-duplex mode is used in
keyboard, mouse, monitor, in walkie-talkie, fax, SMS, mobile phones, telephone
projector, pager, printer, scanner, browser etc. communication systems,
speaker, microphone, radio, computer network
television communication etc. communication, etc.
 Unicast Multicast Broadcast
Data is transmitted from a Data is transmitted from a Data is transmitted from a
sender node to only one sender node to only selected sender node to all nodes in
receiver node in the nodes in the network. the network.
network.
Transmission is simplex, half- Transmission is either half- Transmission is simplex only.
duplex or full-duplex. duplex or full-duplex.
Browsing websites, Examples of multicast mode Radio, television are
downloading files from FTP are mobile conference, audio, examples of broadcast mode.
server, mobile, telephone, video conferencing, chatting,
single SMS etc. are examples group SMS, group email etc.
of unicast mode.
Twisted pair Coaxial cable Fiber optic
cable cable
There are four pairs of wires. There are two conductive and two Many optical fibers (made of glass)
Each pair of wires is evenly non-conductive layers. are there.
twisted.
RJ45 connector is used. BNC or BNC-T connectors are used. SC, ST, MT-RJ connectors are used.
The electrical signal flows. The electrical signal flows. The light signal flows.
EMI is available. EMI remains low. No EMI.
Bandwidth: 10 Mbps-1Gbps Bandwidth: 10 Mbps Bandwidth: Gigabyte range or
more.
Data can be transmitted over a Data can be transmitted over a Data can be transmitted over long
distance of 100m. distance of 500m. distances.
Transmission loss is very high. Transmission loss is relatively low. No transmission loss.
Installation is easy. Installation is relatively difficult. Installation is the most difficult.
Types: UTP and STP Thinnet(10Base-2) & Thicknet(10Base-5) Single mode & Multimode fiber

Usage: In case of LAN On cable TV, CC TV networks As the backbone of the network
 Radio waves Microwave Infrared wave
Electromagnetic spectrum of Electromagnetic spectrum of Electromagnetic spectrum of
frequency 3KHz - 300GHz. frequency 300MHz-300GHz. frequency 300GHz - 400THz.
The sender and receiver need not be The sender and receiver must be The sender and receiver must be in
in the same line of sight (LoS). in the same line of sight (LoS). the same line of sight (LoS).
Data can be transmitted even if Data cannot be transmitted if Data cannot be transmitted if there
there is interference between sender there is interference between is interference between sender and
and receiver. sender and receiver. receiver.
Transmission loss is very high. Transmission loss varies. Transmission loss is very less.
Used in long distance Used in long distance Used in short distance
communication. communication. communication.
Used in radio communication, Used in Television communication, Used in remote control system of
mobile communication. Internet connection, satellite radio, TV, AC etc., wireless
communication. keyboard, mouse, printer.
 Bluetooth WiFi WiMAX
Wireless Fidelity Worldwide Interoperability for
Microwave Access
Radio wave is used. Radio wave is used. Microwave is used.
Operates at 2.45 GHz Operates at 2.4-5 GHz Operates at 2-66 GHz
frequency. frequency. frequency.
WPAN technology. WLAN technology. WMAN technology.
Coverage Area 3-10 m. Coverage area 50-300 m. Coverage area 50-80 km.
Data transmission mode is Data transmission mode is Data transmission mode is
half duplex. half-duplex. full-duplex.
Data transmission speed is Data transmission speed is Data transmission speed is
0.72-25 Mbps. 11-250 Mbps. 80Mbps or more.
IEEE standard is 802.15 IEEE standard is 802.11 IEEE standard is 802.16
 Hub Switch
The hub cannot send information to But switches can send information to
specific devices on the network. specific receivers on the network using
MAC addresses.
Data exchange at the hub has the There is no possibility of collisions in the
potential for collisions. data exchange at the switch.
Hubs have fewer ports. Switches have more ports.
The data transmission mode of the hub The data transmission mode of the
is half-duplex. switch is full-duplex.
Configuration of the hub is simple. Configuration of the switch is a bit
complicated.
The security system of the hub is weak. The security of the switch is good.
 Router Gateway
A router is a network device that A gateway is a network device that can
connects two or more networks with the connect networks with different
same protocol. protocols.
The main function of a router is to The main function of the gateway is to
receive data packets, analyze them and translate network protocols.
route them to other networks with the
same protocol.
Routers identify networks using NAT The gateway identifies the network using
(Network Address Translation). PAT (Port Address Translation).