9TH CLASS www.ignitephysics.

net PHYSICAL SCIENCE

Work and Energy

Exercise: 1 (Page: 58)
1. A force of 7N acts on an object. The displacement is, say 8 m, in the direction of the force (Fig. 10.3).
Let us take it that the force acts on the object through the displacement. What is the work done in this
case?
A. Force acts an object = F
Displacement = S
Work = W
Then the Work done by an object = Force x displacement = W = F × S
Where F = 7N,. S = 8m
∴ Work done = W = 7 × 8 = 56 Nm = 56 J
Exercise: 2 (Page: 60)
1. When do we say that work is done?
A. Work is said to be done when an object is displaced in the direction of applied force. Work or We
define work to be equal to the product of the force and displacement.
Work done = force x displacement = W = F × s
2. Write an expression for the work done when a force is acting on an object in the direction of its
displacement.
A. The expression for the work done, when 'F' is the applied force and 's' is the displacement in the
direction of the force.
Work done = force x displacement = W = F × s
3. Define 1J of work.
A. The amount of work done when a force of one Newton, displaces a body one meter in the direction
of the force applied is called 1 Joule of work. Joule is the S.I unit of work.
4. A pair of bullocks exerts a force of 140 N on a plough. The field being ploughed is 15 m long. How
much work is done in ploughing the length of the field?
A. Applied force F =140N
Displacement d =15 m
Work is said to be done when a force applied to an object moves that object.
The expression for work done by the bullocks is,
Work done = Force × displacement
W=F×d
=140 × 15 =2100 N.m
Hence, 2100 J of work is done in ploughing the length of the field.
Exercise: 3 (Page: 66)
1. What is the kinetic energy of an object?
A. The energy possessed by an object due to its motion is called kinetic energy.
2. Write an expression for the kinetic energy of an object.
A. Expression for Kinetic Energy Of an object is given by:
K. E = 1/2 mv2
3. The kinetic energy of an object of mass, m moving with a velocity of 5 m/s is 25 J. What will be its
kinetic energy when its velocity is doubled? What will be its kinetic energy when its velocity is
increased three times?
A. Velocity of object (v) = 5 m/s
Kinetic Energy (K.E.) = 25 J
K .E = 1/2 mv2
25 =1/2 × m × 52

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m = 25 × 2 / 25 = 2 kg
Kinetic energy of an object when its velocity is doubled :
m = 2, v = 2× 5 = 10
K.E = 1/2× 2 ×102 = 100 J
Therefore, its kinetic energy when its velocity is increased doubled will be 100J
Kinetic Energy of an object when its velocity is increased three times.
m = 2, v = 3 × 5 = 15
K.E = 1/2 × 2× 152 = 225 J
Therefore, its kinetic energy when its velocity is increased three times will be 225 J.
Exercise: 4 (Page: 74)
1. What is power?
A. Power is defined as the rate of doing work or rate of transfer of energy.
If an agent does a work W in time t, then power is given by
Power = Work / time
P = W/t
2. Define 1 watt of power.
A. One watt is defined as one joule of energy used in one second. Watt is a SI unit of power
3. A lamp consumes 1000 J of electrical energy in 10s. What is its power?
A. Electrical energy consumed by a lamp =1000J
Time of consumption = 10s
Power = W/t = 1000/10 = 100W
4. Define average power.
A. The average power is defined as ratio of Total work done (or Total energy consumed) and the total
time taken.
Average Power = Total Work Done / Total Time.
Exercises:
1. Look at the activities listed below. Reason out whether or not work is done in the light of your
understanding of the term 'work'.
(a) Suma is swimming in a pond.
A. While swimming, Suma applies a force to push the water backwards. Therefore, Suma swims in the
forward direction caused by the forward reaction of water. Here, the force causes a displacement.
Hence, work is done by Seema while swimming.
(b) A donkey is carrying a load on its back.
A. While carrying a load, the donkey has to apply a force in the upward direction. But, displacement of
the load is in the forward direction. Since, displacement is perpendicular to force, the work done is zero.
(c) A wind-mill is lifting water from a well.
A. A wind mill works against the gravitational force to lift water. Hence, work is done by the wind mill in
lifting water from a well.
(d) A green plant is carrying out photosynthesis.
A. A green plant is carrying out photosynthesis. In this case, there is no displacement of the leaves of the
plant. Therefore, the work done is zero.
(e) An engine is pulling a train.
A. An engine applies force to pull the train. This allows the train to move in the direction of force.
Therefore, there is a displacement in the train in the same direction. Hence, work is done by the engine
on the train.
(f) Food grains are getting dried in the sun.
A. Food grains do not move in the presence of solar energy. Hence, the work done is zero during the
process of food grains getting dried in the Sun.

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(g) A sailboat is moving due to wind energy.

A. Wind energy applies a force on the sailboat to push it in the forward direction. Therefore, there is a
displacement in the boat in the direction of force. Hence, work is done by wind on the boat.
2. An object thrown at a certain angle to the ground moves in a curved path and falls back to the
ground. The initial and the final points of the path of the object lie on the same horizontal line. What
is the work done by the force of gravity on the object?
A. Here the work done against gravity is According to work = force × displacement, (W = F × s)
W = mg × h Here, W=work, m=mass of object, g=acceleration due to gravity, h = vertical displacement.
The vertical displacement is zero because the initial and final positions of the object are on the same
horizontal line.
Hence, W= m × g × 0 W=0 Joule.
Therefore, the work done by the gravitational force on the object is 0 J (zero).
3. A battery lights a bulb. Describe the energy changes involved in the process.
A. (i) A battery converts chemical energy into electrical energy.
(ii) The bulb this electrical energy converts into light and heat energy.
(iii) Hence, energy changes involved in the process are:
Chemical Energy ⟶ Electrical Energy ⟶ Light Energy + Heat Energy.
4. Certain force acting on a 20 kg mass changes its velocity from 5 m/s to 2 m/s Calculate the work
done by the force.
A. Mass (m) = 29kg
Initial velocity (u) = 5 m/s
Final velocity (v) = 2 m/s
Work done, W = change in kinetic energy in mass.
Change in kinetic energy = 1/2 mv2 - 1/2mu2
= (1/2 × 20 × 22) - (1/2 ×20 × 52)
= (10 × 4) - (10 × 25)
= 40 - 250 = - 210 J
∴ Work done = 210 J
5. A mass of 10 kg is at a point A on a table. It is moved to a point B. If the line joining A and B is
horizontal, what is the work done on the object by the gravitational force? Explain your answer.
A. (i) Work done by gravity depends only on the vertical displacement of the body.
(ii) It does not depend upon the path of the body.
(iii) Therefore, work done by gravity is given by the expression, W = mgh
Vertical displacement, h=0
∴ W = mg × 0 = 0
Hence, the work done by gravity on the body is zero.
6. The potential energy of a freely falling object decreases energy progressively. Does this violate the
law of conservation of energy? Why?
A. No.
(i) When the body falls from a height, its potential energy changes into kinetic energy progressively.
(ii) A decrease in the potential energy is equal to an increase in the kinetic energy of the body.
(iii) Hence, throughout the process, the total mechanical energy of the body remains conserved.
(iv) Hence, the law of conservation of energy is not violated.
7. What are the various energy transformations that occur when you are riding a bicycle?
A. The rider's muscular energy is converted to heat energy and the bicycle's kinetic energy while riding a
bicycle. Hence, energy transformations are:
Muscular energy ⟶ Kinetic energy + Heat energy

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8. Does the transfer of energy take place when you push a huge rock with all your might and fail to
move it? Where is the energy you spend going?
A. No, the transfer of energy will not take place when we push a huge rock and fail to move it.
No loss of energy will take place because the applied muscular energy will be converted into heat energy
which will heat up the body.
9. A certain household has consumed 250 units of energy during a month. How much energy is this in
joules?
A. Consumed energy = 250 units
Some conversion are, 1unit = 1kwh
1 hour = 3600 seconds
1 W= 1 J/s
1 kw = 1000 W
Given that,
1 unit = kilo watt hour = 1000×3600 J
250 units = 250 × 3600,000 J
Simplify these, = 9,00,000,000 J = 9 ×108 J
10. An object of mass 40 kg is raised to a height of 5 m above the ground. What is its potential energy?
If the object is allowed to fall, find its kinetic energy when it is half-way down.
A. Mass of the object (m) = 40kg
Height of the object (h) = 5m
Acceleration due to gravity (g) = 9.8 m/s2
∴ Potential energy (P.E)= mgh =40 × 9.8 × 5 = 1,960 J
Potential energy of the object in half-way down = mgh/2
(h = h/2 as half the given height) = 40 × 9.8 × 5/2 = 980 J
As per the law of conservation energy
Potential energy = kinetic energy
∴ Kinetic energy in half-way down is = 980 J
11. What is the work done by the force of gravity on a satellite moving round the earth? Justify your
answer.
A. Work is completed whenever the given two conditions are satisfied:
(i) When a force is applied to an object the displacement of the object is in the direction or opposite to
the direction of the force applied.
(ii) When the displacement is perpendicular to the direction of force.
(iii) But the work done is zero when the displacement is perpendicular to the direction of force.
(iv)As the satellite moves around the earth, the gravitational force on the satellite is perpendicular to its
displacement.
(v) Hence, the work done on the satellite by the planet is zero.
12. Can there be displacement of an object in the absence of any force acting on it? Think. Discuss this
question with your friends and teacher.
A. (i) No, no object can displace in the absence of force.
(ii) Taking rain as an example, they may be thought to move without applying a force, but they are also
moved by the gravitational force of the earth. It should be understood that they move.
(iii) Therefore, an object cannot be displaced without applying a force.
13. A person holds a bundle of hay over his head for 30 minutes and gets tired. Has he done some
work or not? Justify your answer.
A. Work to be done means,
1. A force must be exerted on the object
2. The object must be displaced.

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3. The angle between the direction of force and the direction of displacement should not be 90°.
When a person holds a bundle of hay over his head, he applies force to hold it but there is no
displacement.
Since the displacement is zero, no work is done.
14. An electric heater is rated 1500 W. How much energy does use in 10 hours?
A. Power (P) = 1500 W
Time taken (t) =10hours
Power = energy consumed /time taken, P = W/t,
W/t = P,
W = P × t,
∴ W = 1500 × 10 = 15000 WH (or) 15 KWH
∴ Energy used by electric heater is =15 KWH
15. Illustrate the law of conservation of energy by discussing the energy changes which occur when
we draw a pendulum bob one side and allow it to oscillate. Why does the bob eventually? Is it a
violation of the law of conservation of energy?
A.(i) Law of conservation of energy state that energy can neither be created nor be destroyed it can only
be converted into one form to another form.
(ii)Now, let us consider a pendulum in which to and fro motion will take place.
(iii) When pendulum bob moves from its rest position (mean position) to another extreme position its
kinetic energy will be converted into potential energy when it is raised at some height 'h'.
(iv) Now when it comes back to its mean position, then its potential energy will be converted into kinetic
energy and this phenomenon will take place again and again.
(v) The bob will eventually come to rest due to the frictional resistance offered by air on the surface of
bob and pendulum loses its kinetic energy to overcome this friction and finally comes to rest.
(vi) The law of conservation of energy is not violated because the kinetic energy loss by pendulum to
overcome the friction is gained by surrounding, So total energy of system will remain conserved.
16. An object of mass, m is moving with a constant velocity, v. How much work should be done on the
object in order to bring the object to rest?
A. Mass =m, Velocity = v
Work done = change in kinetic energy
Change in kinetic energy = K.E at motion - K.E at rest.(0)
= 1/2 mv2 - 0 = 1/2mv2.
Work done = 1/2mv2
Value of work should be done on the object in order to bring the object to rest is 1/2 mv2.
17. Calculate the work required to be done to stop a car of 1500 kg moving at a velocity of 60 km/h?
A. The kinetic energy of the car is zero as it stops. So, the work done that is required to stop the car will
be equal to its kinetic energy.
Mass of car(m) = 1500 kg
Velocity of car(v) = 60 km/h
60 km/h Change into m/sec
= 60 x 1000/60 x 60 = 50/3
Kinetic energy = 1/2mv2 = 1/2 × 1500 ×(50/3)2
1/2 × 1500 × (50/3) ×(50/3)=1/2 ×1500 x2500/9
= 208333.3 J
Therefore, the value of kinetic energy is 208333.3 J

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18. In each of the following a force, F is acting on an object of mass, m. The direction of displacement
is from west to east shown by the longer arrow. Observe the diagrams carefully and state whether the
work done by the force is negative, positive or zero.

A.(a) Zero, because there is an angle of 90° between the direction of force and the direction of
displacement, that is, perpendicular to each other.
(b) Positive, because the displacement is in the direction of the force.
(c) Negative, because the direction of displacement is opposite to the direction of force.
19. Soni says that the acceleration in an object could be zero even when several forces are acting on it.
Do you agree with her? Why?
A. Yes, I agree with Soni.
The acceleration of an object can be zero even if several forces are acting on it, provided the net
resultant force (F) acting on the object is zero.
Let equal and opposite forces act on an object. They cancel out each other such that the net external
force experienced by the object is zero.
Now, put F = 0, in the force equation.
0= m × a ​ ​ =(∵m≠0)
∴ a = 0​
The zero-force makes the object to move with zero acceleration.
20. Find the energy in joules consumed in 10 hours by four devices of power 500 W each.
A. The power of each device = 500W
The power of four devices = 4×500 W =2000 W
Time = 1010 hours
Therefore,
The energy consumed = power × time
= 2000 ×10 = 20000 WH
= 20 KWH = 20 Units (1KWH = 1Unit)
1KWH = 3.6x106 Joules
20 KWH = 20 × 3.6x106 = 72 × 106 Joules
21. A freely falling objects eventually stops or reaching the ground. What happens to its kinetic energy?
A. When a freely falling body falls, its potential energy is converted into kinetic energy.
As it hits the ground, its kinetic energy is converted into
• Heat Energy - Heat is generated in the object and the ground
• Sound Energy - Sound is produced when object falls into the ground
• Transferred to the ground/earth - It can also deform the ground and transfer some energy to the
ground.

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