2nd International Conference on Engineering Technology and their Applications 2019-IICET2019- Islamic University,

Alnajaf-Iraq

Energy Harvesting based System: Toward Outage

Probability Minimizing of WBSN
A. Hussien Radie Ahmed A. Thabit
Department of computer technical Department of computer technical
engineering, technical engineering college engineering, Al-Rafdin University
The Islamic University , 54001 Najaf, Iraq College, Baghdad, Iraq
Ahmedalkhayyat85@gmail.com ahmed_a@coalrafidain.edu.iq

Abstract— The dual-hop and inter-WBSN (wireless body energy. Various power recharging techniques have been
sensors network) cooperation with energy harvesting in health- investigated and developed recently, such as wind power,
based paradigms have been investigated and designed in this solar power, and thermoelectric energy. One of the most
work. The two protocols have been named and abbreviated as suitable techniques for a WBSN system to harvest energy is
follows: energy harvesting based dual-hop cooperation (EH-
radio frequency-based energy harvesting (RF-EH) [8], [9].
DH), energy harvesting based inter-WBSN cooperation (EH-
IWC) and energy harvesting-based incremental inter-WBSN For RF-EH, the received radio signals are transformed into
cooperation (EH-IIWC). The outage probabilities for three DC power, then stored in the battery [10].
designed protocols were investigated and inspected, and the The contribution of this work can be summarised
mathematical expression of outage probabilities was derived. as follows:
We consider inter-WBSN (Wireless Body Sensor
Keywords— WBSN, energy harvesting, outage probability,
Network) cooperation with energy harvesting, where co-
cooperation protocols.
located WBSNs cooperate and harvest energy during a
I. INTRODUCTION dedicated time slot from the external energy harvester device.
1. In this work, three protocols are designed and
The WBANs usually comprised of a set of sensors with
the limited-energy source that are in-vivo or non-in-vivo, investigated along with an energy harvesting
with wireless transceivers that work in the proximity of a technique. We name and abbreviate the protocols as
human body. These sensors are located in, on, or around the Energy Harvesting-Based Dual-Hop Cooperation
body, and they can monitor the vital and physical signs of the (EH-DH), Energy Harvesting-Based Inter-WBSN
human body [1] [2] [3]. Cooperation (EH-IWC), and Energy Harvesting-
Sensors in WBAN utilize wireless medium to exchange Based Incremental Inter-WBSN Cooperation (EH-
their data, where existence of the human body could interrupt IIWC).
the transmission between sensors because sensors usually
2. An explicit mathematical expression of the outage
utilize the wireless medium for exchanging and transferring
their data, such interruption resulting to the certain and probability for EH-DH, EH-IWC, and EH-IIWC is
special radio propagation, which should be appropriately described, based on the IoT health-based paradigm.
considered in the designing an algorithms for the WBAN 3. We reveal that the proposed EH-IIWC protocol
systems. In addition, the necessity for efficient power achieves better performance in terms of outage
consumption shall be addressed through power control probability over EH-IWC and EH-DH in an IoT
solutions due to repeated battery replacing not practical, health-based paradigm.
which is a very hard job for implanted sensors node [4] [5].
WBSN technologies are one of the most powerful The rest of the paper is organized as follows: WBSN
technologies that could be utilized in the IoT-based modern network architecture is described in Section II, which
healthcare paradigm [5]. WBSN technology is a group of includes new inter-WBSN cooperation as well as the basic
low-power and lightweight devices with a transceiver which operation of the proposed protocols. In Section III, the link
is used to observe the vital signs of the human body. Every analysis and outage probability of the direct transmission is
sensor in the WBSN can gather physiological signals such as investigated. Then, outage probabilities of the proposed
electrocardiogram (ECG), electroencephalogram (EEG) and protocol are inspected in Section VI. The performance and
forward these signals to the coordinator node (CN) over a results are presented in Section V. Finally, conclusion and
wireless medium or human body channel (HBC) for further future work are drawn in Section VI.
analysis and inspection [6]. WBSN paradigms are capable of
giving long-range health-care monitoring without II. PROPOSED PROTOCOLS DESCRIPTION
constraining a person’s mobility or activity. These paradigms In the traditional WBSN network architecture, many
are used to create intelligent and inexpensive health-care sensors are evenly spread over the human body to observe
monitoring to be used for the diagnostic procedure [7]. important vital signs, and each sensor gathers and transmits
However, the performance of WBSN systems is profoundly the data to the CN. Thus, a WBSN is based on the single-hop
affected by the limited energy of sensors and coordinators. star topology; all the sensors transmit their gathered data over
The recent advances in energy harvesting (EH) techniques a wireless medium or HBC to the CN. The CN then sends the
allow sensors on the human body to gain various kinds of

978-1-7281-4105-3/19/$31.00 ©2019 IEEE 89

 2nd International Conference on Engineering Technology and their Applications 2019-IICET2019- Islamic University,
Alnajaf-Iraq
data to the next tier as previously explained. The topology of RF at the time 𝜔𝑇. In the third phase, and at the time (1 −
the inter-WBSN are shown in the fig. 1. 𝜔)𝑇, the CN1 retransmits what is received from the sensor to
With WBSNs, sensors are placed on the body, below the the T2 device, utilizing the harvested energy from the second
skin tissue a few millimetres, or implanted in the body; phase, and the T2 device transmits back a positive ACK.
however, this makes replacing their batteries impractical. The second protocol is EH-IWC and works as follows: In
Energy harvesting technology through RF is a good candidate the first phase, the on-body sensors gather the data from the
for overcoming this problem, enabling sensors around the body and transmit (broadcast) it to the CN1 and CN2 over the
human body to replenish their batteries with energy [11[12] wireless medium. The CN1 and CN2 then process the
Based on the traditional WBSN network, we propose and received data and transmit back positive ACK. In the second
design three protocols in this paper. phase, the CN1 and CN2 request energy from the T2 device,
then the T2 device transmits energy via RF at the time 𝜔𝑇. In
the third phase, at the time (1 − 𝜔)𝑇⁄2, the CN1 retransmits
what is received from the sensor to the T2 device and then, at
the time (1 − 𝜔)𝑇 ⁄2, the CN1 retransmits what is received
from the sensor to the T2 device. Finally, in the last phase,
the T2 device retransmits back the positive ACKs and sums
up the received signal via Maximal Ratio Combing (MRC).
The last protocol is EH-IIWC, and works as follows: In
the first phase, the on-body sensors gather the data from the
body and transmit (broadcast) it to the CN1 and CN2 over the
wireless medium; the CN1 and CN2 then process the received
data and transmit back positive ACK. In the second phase,
the CN1 and CN2 request energy from the T2 device, then
the T2 device transmits energy via RF at the time 𝜔𝑇. In the
third phase, at the time (1 − 𝜔)𝑇⁄2 , the CN1 retransmits
what is received from the sensors to the T2 device. If the T2
device does not receive the data correctly, it then transmits
back NACK, the CN2 retransmits what is received from the
sensor to the T2 device, and the T2 device sums up the
received signal via MRC .

III. LINK AND OUTAGE PROBABILITY ANALYSIS

(a) Traditional WBAN Architectures In this section, the propagation model and the outage
probability between two nodes are described. Where the
𝑎𝑣
average signal-to-noise ratio ( 𝑆𝑁𝑅𝑖,𝑗 ) from node 𝑖 to the
node 𝑗 is given as [11] [12] [13] :
𝑘𝑖,𝑗
𝑎𝑣
𝑆𝑁𝑅𝑖,𝑗 = 𝑆𝑁𝑅𝑖,𝑗 𝑋𝑖,𝑗 10 𝑍𝑖,𝑗 𝑃𝑖,𝑗 = 𝑋𝑖,𝑗 10𝑍𝑖,𝑗 (1)
𝑃𝐼
where, 𝑃𝑖,𝑗 is the transmission power, and 𝑋𝑖,𝑗 is a
complex Gaussian random variable with unit variance. Then,
the channel gain |𝑋𝑠𝑑 |2 is an exponential distributed random
−𝛼
variable with the mean value 𝐸 [∣ 𝑋𝑖𝑗 ∣2 ] = 𝑑𝑖𝑗 1 , where 𝐸
denotes an expectation, 𝛼1 is the pathloss factor. 𝑍 is
represented by the shadowing parameter and its component
Gaussian random variable with zero mean and variance are
equal to 𝜎𝑖𝑗2 . The 𝑑𝑖𝑗 is the distance between two nodes. The
𝑃𝐼 is the received interference power at 𝐶𝑁 that generated
from nearby WBAN sensors, and it can be expressed as:
𝐾
−𝛼2
𝑃𝐼 = ∑ 𝑃𝑛 𝑑𝑑 (2)
(b) WBANs Cooperation 𝑛=1
where, 𝑛 is an integer value which represents a number
Fig. 1: Inter-WBSN cooperation network architecture
of sensors that generate interference at 𝐶𝑁 , 𝑛 =
The first protocol is EH-DH, and works as follows: In the 1, 2, 3, … … , 𝐾. 𝑃 is the power generated by interfering nodes
first phase, the on-body sensors gather the data from the body or interferer power, 𝑑𝑑 is the distance the 𝑛𝑡ℎ interferer and
and transmit it to the CN1 over a wireless medium, the CN1 the 𝐶𝑁, and 𝛼2 is the path-loss factor of interfering nodes.
then processes the received data, and it transmits back The 𝑘𝑖,𝑗 is the channel component and it is expressed as:
positive ACK. In the second phase, the CN1 request's energy 𝐺𝜆
𝑘𝑖,𝑗 = (3)
from the T2 device, then the T2 device transmits energy via 𝑁𝑜 (4𝜋)2 𝑀𝑙 𝑁𝑓

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Alnajaf-Iraq
where 𝐺 is the total gain of the transmit and receive 𝑜
− 𝑈𝑠1,𝐶𝑁2
antennas, 𝜆 is the wavelength, 𝑀𝑙 is the link margin, 𝑁𝑜 is the 𝑃𝑠1,𝐶𝑁2 = 1 − exp ( −𝛼1 ) (9)
(𝑑𝑠1,𝐶𝑁2 10 𝑍𝑠1,𝐶𝑁2 ) 𝑃𝑠1,𝐶𝑁2
noise power and 𝑁𝑓 is the noise figure at the receiver. The 𝑠 𝑠
then, 𝑃𝑠1,𝐶𝑁1 and 𝑃𝑠1,𝐶𝑁2 are expressed as
outage probability is defined as the probability that the
− 𝑈𝑠1,𝐶𝑁1
transmission rate is less than or equal to the required 𝑠
𝑃𝑠1,𝐶𝑁1 = exp ( −𝛼1 ) (10)
transmission rate 𝛽 (𝑏/𝑠/𝐻𝑧). The outage probability can be (𝑑𝑠1,𝐶𝑁1 10𝑍𝑠1,𝐶𝑁1 )𝑃𝑠1,𝐶𝑁1
calculated as [14]: 𝑠
− 𝑈𝑠1,𝐶𝑁2
𝑃𝑠1,𝐶𝑁2 = exp ( −𝛼1 ) (11)
− 𝑈 𝑖,𝑗
(𝑑𝑠1,𝐶𝑁2 10 𝑍𝑠1,𝐶𝑁2 ) 𝑃𝑠1,𝐶𝑁2
𝑜
𝑃𝑖,𝑗 = 𝑃(𝛽𝑖,𝑗 ≤ 𝛽) = 1 − exp ( −𝛼 ) (3) In a sequel, the second phase is the energy harvesting
(𝑑𝑖𝑗 1 10𝑍𝑖,𝑗 ) 𝑃𝑖,𝑗 phase, the T2 device will transmit RF power to harvest energy
to the CN1 and CN2 nodes at 𝜔𝑇. The energy harvested by
where, 𝛽𝑖,𝑗 = log 2 (1 + 𝑆𝑁𝑅𝑖,𝑗 𝑋𝑖,𝑗 10𝑍𝑖,𝑗 ) and 𝑈𝑖,𝑗 is the CN nodes from the T2 device is mathematically expressed
express as as:
(2𝛽 − 1) 𝐸ℎ = 𝜑 𝑃𝑇2 𝑋𝑖,𝑗 𝜔𝑇 (12)
𝑈𝑖,𝑗 = (4) in which, 𝜑 is the energy conversation ratio varying
𝑆𝑁𝑅𝑖,𝑗
between 0 to 1 , 𝑃𝑇2 is the transmission power of the T2
3.1. Outage Probabilities Analysis of Proposed Protocols device. Thus, the transmission power of the CN1 and CN2
In this sub-section, the outage probability of the EH-IIWC nodes which is harvested from the T2 device is given as:
𝐸ℎ 2𝜔
is investigated and analysed which consequently leads to the 𝑃𝐶𝑁1,𝑇2 = 𝑃𝐶𝑁2,𝑇2 = = 𝜑 𝑃 𝑋 (13)
outage probability of the EH-DH and EH-IWC. As shown in (1 − 𝜔)𝑇/2 1 − 𝜔
fig. 1 and described previously, the outage probability of the According to (13), we define 𝑈𝐶𝑁1,𝑇2 and 𝑈𝐶𝑁2,𝑇2 as
EH-IIWC is mathematically expressed as: follows:
2𝛽
𝑜
𝑃𝐸𝐻−𝐼𝐼𝑊𝐶 =1− (𝑃 𝑠
⏟𝐸𝐻−𝐷𝐻 + (1 𝑠 𝑠
⏟ − 𝑃𝐸𝐻−𝐷𝐻 ) 𝑃𝐸𝐻−𝐼𝑊𝐶 ) (5) (2(1−𝜔) − 1)
⏟ 1𝑠𝑡 2𝑛𝑑 𝑈𝐶𝑁1,𝑇2 = (14)
𝑆𝑁𝑅𝐶𝑁1,𝑇2
Ps of EH−IIWC
2𝛽
in which, 𝑃 𝑠 of the EH-IIWC is the successful
(2(1−𝜔) − 1)
transmission probability of the EH-IIWC protocol. In (5), the
1st term represents when the EH-DH is not in the outage, the 𝑈𝐶𝑁2,𝑇2 = (15)
𝑆𝑁𝑅𝐶𝑁2,𝑇2
2nd term represents the EH-DH in the outage while EH-IWC 𝑠 𝑠
then, utilizing (13), (14) and (15), the 𝑃𝐶𝑁1,𝑇2 and 𝑃𝐶𝑁2,𝑇2
𝑠
is not in the outage probability. 𝑃𝐸𝐻−𝐷𝐻 is the successful are given as:
transmission probability of the EH-DH protocol and it is −1
2𝜔
expressed as: − 𝑈𝐶𝑁1,𝑇2 ( 𝜑 𝑃 𝑋𝐶𝑁1,𝑇2 )
𝑠
𝑃𝐶𝑁1,𝑇2 = exp ( 1 − 𝜔 ) (16)
−𝛼1
𝑠 𝑜 𝑜 𝑜 (𝑑𝐶𝑁1,𝑇2 10𝑍𝐶𝑁1,𝑇2 )𝑃𝐶𝑁1,𝑇2
𝑃𝐸𝐻−𝐷𝐻 = 1 − (𝑃
⏟𝑠1,𝐶𝑁1 + (1 − 𝑃𝑠1,𝐶𝑁1 ) 𝑃𝐶𝑁1,𝑇2 ) (6)
𝑜 −1
𝑃𝐸𝐻−𝐷𝐻 2𝜔
𝑜 𝑜 − 𝑈𝐶𝑁2,𝑇2 ( 𝜑 𝑃 𝑋𝐶𝑁2,𝑇2 )
in which, 𝑃𝑠1,𝐶𝑁1 and 𝑃𝐶𝑁1,𝑇2are the outage probabilities 𝑠
𝑃𝐶𝑁2,𝑇2 = exp ( 1−𝜔 ) (17)
−𝛼1
of the 𝑆1 − 𝐶𝑁1 and 𝐶𝑁1 − 𝑇2 links, respectively. Then, (𝑑𝐶𝑁2,𝑇2 10𝑍𝐶𝑁2,𝑇2 ) 𝑃𝐶𝑁2,𝑇2
𝑠
𝑃𝐸𝐻−𝐼𝑊𝐶 is the successful transmission probability of the EH-
IWC protocol and it is expressed as: 𝑜 𝑜
𝑠
𝑃𝐸𝐻−𝐼𝑊𝐶 then, 𝑃𝐶𝑁1,𝑇2 and 𝑃𝐶𝑁2,𝑇2 are given as:
𝑜 𝑜 𝑠 𝑠
((𝑃𝑠1,𝐶𝑁1 . 𝑃𝑠1,𝐶𝑁2 ) . (𝑃𝐶𝑁1,𝑇2 . 𝑃𝐶𝑁2,𝑇2 )) + −1
=1−( ) (7) 2𝜔
− 𝑈𝐶𝑁1,𝑇2 ( 𝜑 𝑃 𝑋𝐶𝑁1,𝑇2 )
((𝑃 𝑠
. 𝑃 𝑠
) . (𝑃 𝑜
. 𝑃 𝑜
)) 𝑜
𝑃𝐶𝑁1,𝑇2 = 1 − exp ( 1−𝜔 ) (18)
⏟ 𝑠1,𝐶𝑁1 𝑠1,𝐶𝑁2 𝐶𝑁1,𝑇2 𝐶𝑁2,𝑇2 −𝛼1
(𝑑𝐶𝑁1,𝑇2 10𝑍𝐶𝑁1,𝑇2 )𝑃𝐶𝑁1,𝑇2
𝑜
𝑃𝐸𝐻−𝐼𝑊𝐶
𝑜 𝑜 −1
in which, 𝑃𝑠1,𝐶𝑁1 and 𝑃𝑠1,𝐶𝑁2 are the outage probabilities − 𝑈𝐶𝑁2,𝑇2 (
2𝜔
𝜑 𝑃 𝑋𝐶𝑁2,𝑇2 )
𝑠 1−𝜔
of the 𝑆1 − 𝐶𝑁1 and 𝑆1 − 𝐶𝑁2 links, respectively. 𝑃𝐶𝑁1,𝑇2 𝑜
𝑃𝐶𝑁1,𝑇2 = 1 − exp ( −𝛼1 ) (19)
𝑠 (𝑑𝐶𝑁2,𝑇2 10𝑍𝐶𝑁2,𝑇2 ) 𝑃𝐶𝑁2,𝑇2
and 𝑃𝐶𝑁2,𝑇2 are successful transmission probabilities of the
𝐶𝑁1 − 𝑇2 and 𝐶𝑁2 − 𝑇2 links, respectively. In what inserting “(8)”,”(9)” ,”(10)” and “(16)”, to “(19)” in “(7)”,
follows, 𝑃𝑥𝑠 is the successful transmission probability of the x 𝑠
we obtain the 𝑃𝐸𝐻−𝐼𝑊𝐶 , and inserting “(8)” and “(18”) in
link. As described earlier and shown in fig. 2, the three “(6)”, we obtain 𝑃𝐸𝐻−𝐷𝐻𝑠
. Finally, inserting evaluated
protocols work in the three phases, thus we will find all the 𝑠
𝑃𝐸𝐻−𝐼𝑊𝐶 𝑠
and 𝑃𝐸𝐻−𝐷𝐻 in “(5)”, we obtain an outage
outage and successful transmission probabilities over each probability of EH-IIWC.
link accordingly. At the first phase, we have
𝑜 𝑜
𝑃𝑠1,𝐶𝑁1 and 𝑃𝑠1,𝐶𝑁2 , and with the help of derivation from (1)
to (4), then, they can be furthered expressed as: IV. SIMULATION AND RESULTS
𝑜
− 𝑈𝑠1,𝐶𝑁1 In this section, we evaluate the performance of the
𝑃𝑠1,𝐶𝑁1 = 1 − exp ( −𝛼1 ) (8) proposed Inter-WABN cooperation of health-based systems
(𝑑𝑠1,𝐶𝑁1 10𝑍𝑠1,𝐶𝑁1 )𝑃𝑠1,𝐶𝑁1
via computer simulations. In the simulations, a random

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 2nd International Conference on Engineering Technology and their Applications 2019-IICET2019- Islamic University,
Alnajaf-Iraq
topology, various wireless body sensors are located in a range proposed EH-IIWC protocol achieved better performance
of 3 × 3 𝑚, and two human bodies are assumed to be co- compared to EH-IWC and EH-DH; while the performance of
located in the same range. The distances are assumed to be the EH-IWC protocol was better than EH-DH because in EH-
variable in the simulations, and all links are assumed to have IWC two relays retransmitted what was received from the
the same distance which is denoted as 𝑑𝑜 . The transmission sensor.
rate of all the links is assumed to be 𝛽 (𝑏/𝑠/𝐻𝑧). The path-
loss exponent, 𝛼1 and 𝛼2 , are 3, 𝑀𝑙 = 40 𝑑𝐵 and 𝑁𝑓 =
10 𝑑𝐵 , the total antenna gain is 𝐺 = 5 𝑑𝐵𝑖 , the carrier
frequency is 𝑓𝑐 = 2.5 𝐺𝐻𝑧, and 𝑁𝑜 = −74 𝑑𝐵𝑚. In what
follows, we denoted the power consumption of circuity for
amplifying, transmitting and receiving as 𝑃𝑜 (𝑚𝑊) and the
transmission rate overall links is 𝛽 = 0.4 𝑏/𝑠/𝐻𝑧. Interferer
nodes distance, 𝑑𝑑 , is 4 𝑚. In this section, we compared three
different protocols; energy harvesting for dual-hop
communication, EH-DH; energy harvesting Inter-WBAN
cooperation, EH-IWC; and energy harvesting-based
incremental inter-WBAN cooperation EH-IIWC.
Figure 2 shows the comparison of outage probability for
three different protocols as a function of the inter-node
distance, 𝑑𝑜 . For all cases, power transmission, interfering
power, a number of interfering nodes, and 𝜔 are 10 𝑑𝐵𝑚,
10 𝑑𝐵𝑚, 10, and 0.5. In general, the outage probabilities of
all protocols increased as the inter-nodes increased. As shown
in the figure, the proposed EH-IIWC protocol achieved better
performance compared with EH-IWC and EH-DH. The
performance of the EH-IWC protocol was better than EH-DH
because in EH-IWC two relays retransmitted what was Fig. 3: Outage probability versus 𝜔.
received from the sensor. It was also noticed, that at a long
distance the performance of EH-IIWC and EH-IWC V. CONCLUSION
approached each other.
The outage probabilities for three different protocols with
energy harvesting are derived and formulated. The results
show that the EH-IIWC achieved better performance
compared to the EH-IWC and EH-DH in terms of the outage
probability, while the EH-IWC has outperformed the EH-DH
in terms of the outage probability.
In future work, we will analyze the proposed protocol with
the energy harvesting technique for different data traffic, such
as critical and non-critical traffic.

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