NSS – U2NS1

PAPER – 1

Semester I & II
Unit I :
NSS: Introduction – The History of NSS – growth of NSS – Objectives – The Motto
– NSS Symbol – NSS Badge – NSS day – Important National days – NSS song

National Service Scheme

Introduction
National Service Scheme is a Nobel experiment in academic expansion. It inculcates
the spirit of voluntary work among the students and teachers through sustained community
interactions. It brings our academic institutions closer to society. It shows how to combine
knowledge and action to achieve results, which are desirable for community development.
NSS is a permanent student youth programme of the Government of India and the
expenditure id shared by the Central and State Government in the ratio 7:5.
The overall aim of National Service Scheme is to give an extension dimension to the
higher education system and orient the student youth to community service while they are
studying in educational institution. The reason for the formulation of this objective is the
general realization that the college students have tendency to get alienated from the village or
slum masses which constitute the majority of the population of the country. The educated
youth who are expected to take the reins of administration in future are found to be unaware
of the problems of the village or slum community and in certain cases are indifferent towards
their needs and problems. Therefore it is necessary to arouse the social conscience of the
students, and to provide them an opportunity to work with the people in the villages and
slums.

The History of NSS

In India, the idea of involving students in the task of national service dates
back to the times of Mahatma Gandhi, the father of the nation. The central theme which
he triedto impress upon his student audience time and again, was that they should always
keep before them, their social responsibility. The first duty of the students should be, not
to treat their period of study as one of the opportunities for indulgence in intellectual
luxury, but for preparing themselves for final dedication in the service of those
who provided the sinews of the nation with the national goods & services so essential to
society. Advising them to form a living contact with the community in whose midst their
institution is located, he suggested that instead of undertaking academic research about
economic and social disability, the students should do “something positive so that
thelife of the villagers might be raised to a higher material and moral level”.
On September 24, 1969, the then Union Education Minister Dr. V.K.R.V. Rao,
 launched the NSS programme as a result of discussions ad studies at various
academic and administrative levels by eminent personalities such as Dr. S
Radhakrishnan, Prof. K.G. Saiyidain, Dr. D S Kothari, Dr. C D Deshmukh etc. It was
appropriate that the programme was started during the Gandhi Centenary Year as it was
Gandhiji who inspired the Indian youth to participate in the movement for Indian
independence and the social uplift of the downtrodden masses of our nation.
The cardinal principle of the programme is that it is organised by the students
themselves and both students and teachers through their combined participation in social
service, get a sense of involvement in the tasks of national development. Besides, the
students, particularly, obtain work experience which might help them to find avenues of
self-employment or employment in any organisation at the end of their university career.
Community service rendered by university level students has covered several
aspects like adoption of villages for intensive development work, carrying out the
medico-social surveys, programmes of mass immunization, sanitation drives, skill
development programmes, life skill programmes, energy conservation programmes,
different kinds of technical training programmes, adult education programmes for the
weaker sections of the community, blood donation, water conservation programmes,
waste management programmes, employment generation programmes, helping homeless
families, environment enrichment programmes, helping patients in hospitals, helping
inmates of orphanages and the physically handicapped etc.
The overall aim of National Service Scheme is to give an extension dimension to the
higher education system and orient the student youth to community service while they
are studying in educational institution. The reason for the formulation of this objective is
the general realization that the college level students have a tendency to get alienated from
the village masses which constitute the majority of the population of the country. The
educated youth who are expected to take the reins of administration in future are
found to be unaware of the problems of the village community and in certain cases are
indifferent towards their needs and problems. Therefore, it is necessary to arouse the
social conscience of the students, and to provide them an opportunity to work with the
people in the villages and slums. It is felt that their interaction with the common villagers
and slum dwellers will expose them to the realities of life and bring about a change in their
social perception.

Objectives:

The broad objectives of NSS are to:

(i) understand the community in which they work
(ii) understand themselves in relation to their community;
(iii) identify the needs and problems of the community and
involve themin problem solving process;
(iv) develop among themselves a sense of social and civic responsibility;
(v) utilize their knowledge in finding practical solution to
 individual andcommunity problems;
(vi) develop competence required for group living and sharing of responsibilities;
(vii) gain skills in mobilizing community participation;
(viii) acquire leadership qualities and democratic attitude;
(ix) develop capacity to meet emergencies and natural disasters and
(x) practice national integration and social harmony.

The Motto of NSS

The motto or watchword of the National Service Scheme is : ‘NOT ME

BUT YOU’. This reflects the essence of democratic living and upholds the
need for selfless service and appreciation of the other person’s point of view
and also to show consideration for fellow human beings. It underlines that the
welfare of an individual is ultimately dependent on the welfare of society on
the whole. Therefore, it should be the aim of the NSS to demonstrate this
motto in its day-to-day programme.

NSS Symbol

The symbol of the National Service Scheme, as appearing on the cover

page of this Manual is based on the ‘Rath’ wheel of the Konark Sun Temple
situated in Orissa. These giant wheels of the Sun Temple portray the cycle of
creation, preservation and release, and signify the movement in life across time
and space. The design of the symbol, a simplified form of the Sun-chariot wheel
primarily depicts movement.

The wheel signifies the progressive cycle of life. It stands for continuity
as well as change and implies the continuous striving of NSS for social
transformation and upliftment.

NSS Badge

The NSS symbol is embossed on the NSS badge. The NSS volunteers
wear it while undertaking any programme of community service. The Konark
wheel in the symbol has eight bars which represent the 24 hours of the day.
Hence, the badge reminds the wearer to be in readiness for service of the nation
round the clock i.e., for 24 hours. The red colour in the badge indicates that the
NSS volunteers are full of blood i.e., lively, active, energetic and full of high
spirit. The navy blue colour indicates the cosmos of which the NSS is a tiny
part, ready to contribute its share for the welfare of the mankind.

Important National days

NSS Day

NSS was formally launched on 24th September, 1969, the birth centenary year
of the Father of the Nation. Therefore, 24 September is celebrated every year as
NSS Day with appropriate programmes and activities.

NSS Song

During Silver Jubilee Year the NSS theme song has been composed. All
NSS volunteers are expected to learn the theme song and sing the song during NSS
programmes and celebrations.

Unit II
Basic concepts and Components: NSS Programme Officer – NSS volunteer –
Community – Aims of NSS Programmes/Activities – Classification of NSS Programme –
Adoption of Villages – contacting village/Area leaders – Survey of the village/Area
Identification of Problem(s) – Completion of Projects – Evaluation of Project – Adoption
of Slums – Survey of the Slum – Services in Slums of Coordination with Voluntary
Organizations.

NSS Programme Officer

The Programme Officer is one of the important person in NSS Organization,
he/she plays pivotal role and responsible for the organization of NSS Unit,
implementation of NSS Programme under the supervision and direction of Chairman and
Principal of the College. He/she will be responsible to carryout the instructions issued by
the Programme Co-ordinator of the University. NSS Regional Centre and State Liaison
Officer for the implementation of NSS activities as per the Action Plan given by the
Programme Coordinator, the Programme Officer plays the role of an organizer, an
educator, as a motivator, a Coordinator, a supervision, an administrator, and public
relation officer to improve the quality and magnitude of NSS Programmes in their
institutions/ colleges.

The Duties and Functions of the NSS Programme Officer

His/her functions can be stated as under.
1. As a Organiser
i) To interpret the scheme to the students / volunteers and other members of the college
community and create awareness about the NSS Programmes.
ii) To provide information about NSS motto aims and objectives, philosophy and
activities.
iii) To enlist cooperation and coordination of community, agencies, government
departments and non-governmental agencies.
iv) To select or adopt the village/slum for service projects on the basis of utility and
feasibility.
2. As an Educator
i) To prepare and conduct the orientation Programme for NSS Volunteers, explain them
about the concept of social service.
ii) To prepare and teach them the methods and skills required for achieving the objectives
of the NSS scheme.
iii) To promote community education through meetings, talks, new bulletins, discussions
etc.
3. As a Motivator
i) He/she co-ordinate the NSS activities in accordance with the volunteers ability and
community demands.
ii) He/She to coordinate various external resources available in the forms of government
services, welfare agencies and voluntary organizations for the success of the NSS
Programmes.
iii) He/She coordinates internal resources available in the form of teaching expertise of
teachers for enhancing the knowledge and skills of the students in implementation of the
NSS scheme.
4. As a Supervisor
i) He/She supervises the NSS Programme undertaken by Volunteers.
ii) He/She supervisory and consultative skills should enable students to set realistic goals
and see problems as a challenge and take appropriate steps to solve them.
iii) He/She to assist in evaluation and follow-up work.
5. As an Administrator
i) He/She to keep the principal or Chairman of NSS, College advisory committee and the
programme Coordinator of the University informed of the University informed of the
programmes of the Unit.
ii) To run day-to-day administration of the programmes.
iii) To attend correspondence regularly between college and university.
iv) To prepare progress report periodically for submission to college and university.
v) To maintain record of volunteers participation and programmes undertaken.
vi) To keep accounts and stock in the prescribed forms.
6. As a Public Relation Person
i) To inform the community about the NSS programmes through press reports, radio and
television programmes.
ii) To create awareness, through pamphlets, seminars and meetings.
iii) To initiate to create awareness for image building of NSS in order to inspire and
motivate the NSS Volunteers.
NSS Volunteer
Since National Service Scheme is aimed at developing the personality of NSS
volunteers through community service, hence, all NSS activities provide an opportunity to
NSS Volunteers to involve themselves in community services.
1) Participation in NSS Programme/Training
A student enrolled as NSS volunteer will have to put in 120 hours for community
work in a year for a period of 2 years. He/she is likely to participate in different
programmes and projects under NSS. The distribution of 120 hours on NSS activities is
given as under :-
a) Orientation
i) Each NSS volunteer who joins NSS will undergo an orientation in NSS
programme for 20 hours out of 120 hours. The 20 hours meant for orientation will further
be divided as general orientation - 2 hours; special orientation - 8 hours and programme
skill learning - 10 hours. During the general orientation the NSS volunteers will get to
know the history and growth of NSS programme, aims, objectives and other basic concepts
of NSS.
ii) After the general orientation is completed the students will be given special
orientation where information regarding the realities of life pertaining to community and
its problems. Volunteers will be encouraged to know more about the problems of
village/urban slums and will be oriented for the schemes which are sponsored by the
Government agencies and voluntary organisations in the field of community service;
iii) The 3rd phase of orientation will consist of developing programme skills which
are essential for community work and completion of NSS projects. During the orientation
the NSS volunteers should be given information regarding the following:
1) to establish rapport with the people in the project area;
2) identify needs, problems and resources of the community;
3) plan programmes and carry out the plans;
4) relate learning and experience towards finding solutions to the problems
identified; and
5) record the activities in work diary systematically and assess the progress
periodically and effect changes, as and when needed.
b) Campus Projects
The NSS volunteers may be asked to participate in the campus projects not
exceeding 20 hours. The purpose of the campus project is to motivate the NSS volunteer
for manual work and to instill in them the dignity of labour.
c) Community Work
Remaining 80 hours will be devoted to the community work. The NSS volunteer is
expected to participate in projects prepared by the Programme Officer for community
work. The aim of such projects is to bring the NSS volunteer face to face with the realities
of life and needs & requirements of the community. The volunteer is expected to develop
rapport with the community by sharing their problems and help them to overcome their
difficulties. This first hand exposure to community realities does help to develop the
personality of the volunteer.
 2. Maintenance of Diary
Every NSS volunteer will keep a record of his/her project work in his/her work-
diary supplied by the Programme Officer.
3. Certificate
NSS volunteer, who has completed 240 / 360 hours of regular activities in the
period of Inter or P.G. student for 2 years / Degree student for 3 years and attended two 7
Days special camps, will be issued an NSS certificate by the respective university. In case,
a volunteer does not fulfill the above conditions and has to miss the university certificate,
the college authorities may issue Special Camp certificates to the NSS volunteers when
they participate under NSS Unit.

NSS PROGRAMMES AND ACTIVITIES

The National Service Scheme was started to establish a meaningful linkage between
the campus and the community. Mahatma Gandhi, the Father of the Nation, had recognized
that the country could not progress in a desired direction until the student youth were
motivated to work for the upliftment of the villages/community. For Gandhiji the villages,
where majority of the population lived, represent the country i.e. India. Therefore, for
the national reconstruction and national resurgence it was deemed fit that the students and
teachers should be properly sensitized and utilized for strengthening the Indian society as a
whole with particular emphasis on rural community. Therefore, student youth, teachers and
the community are considered the three basic components of the National Service Scheme.
Aims of NSS Programmes/Activities
The operational aim of NSS is to integrate the three basic components of the
programme. NSS programme should provide a variety of learning experiences which must
develop a sense of participation, service and achievement among the volunteers.
The activities should aim at the following:
(i) making education more relevant to the present situation to meet the felt needs of
the community and supplement the education of the university/college students by bringing
them face to face with the rural situation;
(ii) providing opportunities to the students to play their role in planning and
executing development projects which would not only help in creating durable community
assets in rural areas and urban slums but also results in the improvement of quality of life of
the economically and socially weaker sections of the community;
(iii) encouraging students and non-students to work together along with the adults in
rural areas;
(iv) developing qualities of leadership by discovering the latent potential among the
campers, both students as well as local youth (Rural and Urban), with a view to involve
them more intimately in the development programme and also to ensure proper maintenance
of the assets created during the camps;
(v) emphasising dignity of labour and self-help and the need for combining physical
work with intellectual pursuits;
(vi) encouraging youth to participate enthusiastically in the process of national
development and promote national integration, through corporate living and cooperative
action. While undertaking these activities, each NSS unit should envisage its
programmes/activities aimed at instilling discipline, building character, promotion of
physical fitness and development of culture.

Classification of NSS Programme

NSS activities have been divided in two major groups. These are regular NSS
activities and special camping programme –
(a) Regular NSS activity: Under this, students undertake various programmes in the
adopted villages, college campuses and urban slums during week ends or after
college hours;
(b) Special Camping Programme: Under this, camps of 10 days duration are
organised in adopted villages or urban slums during vacations with some specific
projects by involving local communities. 50 percent NSS volunteers are expected to
participate in these camps.
NSS Regular activities: As stated above, NSS volunteers undertake various
activities in adopted villages and slums for community service. Duration of these
services is 120 hours. The NSS units organise the regular activities as detailed
below: (i) Orientation of NSS volunteers: To get the NSS volunteers acquainted with
the basics of NSS programmes, 20 hours are allocated for their orientation through
lectures, discussions, field visits, and audio-visuals etc. (ii) Campus work: The NSS
volunteers may be involved in the projects undertaken for the benefit of the
institution and students concerned. Such projects cover development of play
grounds, laying of gardens, tree plantation in the premises, awareness programmes
on drug-abuse, AIDS, population education and other projects. The NSS volunteers
may work on campus projects for not exceeding 30 hours in a year; (iii) The
remaining 70 hours will be utilised for community service on the projects in adopted
villages/urban slums independently or in collaboration with others in this field, as
detailed below.
(a) Institutional work: The students may be placed with selected voluntary
organisations working for the welfare of women, children, aged and disabled outside
the campus.
(b) Rural Proiect: The rural projects generally include the working of NSS volunteers
in adopted villages for eradication of illiteracy, watershed management and
wasteland development, agricultural operations, health, nutrition, hygiene, sanitation,
mother and child care, family life education, gender justice, development of rural
cooperatives, savings drives, construction of rural roads, campaign against social
evils etc.
(c) Urban projects: In addition to rural projects other include adult education, welfare
of slum dwellers, training in civil defence, traffic control, setting up first-aid posts,
work in hospitals, orphanages, destitute home, environment, population education,
drug, AIDS awareness, and income generation projects etc. Professional and
technical institutions having NSS may have to design appropriate programmes for
the community based on the needs. (d) Natural calamities & National Emergencies:
The NSS units are expected to utilise the services of NSS volunteers at the time of
natural calamities and national emergencies for mobilising public support and
 rendering necessary assistance to the authorities in rescue, relief and rehabilitation.
In such emergencies and calamities the Programme Officers are expected to take the
initiative and offer the services of the NSS units and its volunteers to assist the
administration.
(e) National Days and Celebrations: The National Service Scheme programmes also
include the celebration of National days. The purpose of such a provision is to
celebrate such occasions in a befitting manner. List of important days and weeks to
be celebrated at institutional level are given in.
National Programmes: In the development perspective of any nation, certain
programmes assumes special relevance in view of problems existing or anticipated.
In our country, three such programmes have been launched. They are the Mass
Programme of Functional Literacy, AIDS Awareness Programme and Sustainable
development with emphasis on Watershed Management & Wasteland Development.
It is pertinent to mention here that NSS Volunteers have come forward with zeal to
make these programmes a great success.
Adoption of Villages/Slum
A nearby village or slum has to be adopted by every NSS unit to organize need-
based programmes for the benefit of the students in particular and the community in general.
The special camp should also be conducted in the same village. The adopted village should
not be changed frequently without producing tangible developments. This may take three to
four years or even more.
Most of the colleges and universities are usually located in the urban areas. Due to
long distance between the college campuses and the villages, the visits to the adopted
villages by the NSS volunteers may become expensive and time consuming. In view of this,
it is desirable to adopt slum especially by colleges located in urban areas.

Survey of the Slum

For adoption of a slum, there should be composite survey team consisting of students
drawn from faculties. The selected areas should be compact and should be easily accessible
for students. The issues pertaining to the identification of problems, project planning,
interaction and coordination with the various departmental agencies, execution and
completion of projects shall be undertaken on the same basis/lines. The progress of projects
should also be reviewed frequently.

Services in Slums
The slum can be adopted by the NSS units with the aim of slum improvement and
check its spread. Under this, activities like providing water, water logging, sanitation,
electricity, drainage, health and welfare services, life and living conditions can be
undertaken.

Role of NSS volunteers in Slum

By taking into account the living conditions and status of slum dwellers of the slums,
only highly motivated adaptable, mature and skilled students should be selected for slum
development. Following are the tasks which the students can undertaken in slum areas:-
a) As Community Investigators
They can prepare brief community profile on various slums in the city or
Town covering different amenities, services and living conditions etc.,
b) As Community workers
They can identify local leaders and in cooperation with them discuss local
problems on which cooperative action can be initiated
c) As Programme aides
Students can help the local communities in launching a number of
programmes like setting up a free milk distribution centre, sanitation drive,
recreation, adult lad primary education, health projects like immunization, first aid
centre, child care, nutrition classes and free legal aid centres etc., They can help in
forming youth clubs, children’s groups, mahila mandals etc.,
d) As Community organizers
NSS students after establishing rapport with the slum dwellers, can form
community association to tackle local problems on a group basis with reliance on
local resources, self help and mutual aid and with some minimum external
assistance.

Unit III
National Integration: Importance and necessity – Freedom struggle and Nationalistic
movement in India – National interests, objectives, threats and opportunities – unity in
Diversity – contribution of youth in Nation building.

National Integration
Nation Integration is the awareness of a common identity among the citizens of a
country, this means that although we belong to different castes, religions and speak different
languages, we recognize the fact that we are all one. It is not just a national feeling, but the
spirit which brings people of all dialects and beliefs together in a similar endeavor. National
Integration‘ arises thought the behaviour and determination of citizens. It is the duty of every
person as a citizen to oppose the forces and ideas that weaken national unity and integrity. In
this article, we have discussed the definition of national integration by different authors,
importance of national integration, advantages & disadvantages of national integration are
also discussed.

DEFINITION OF NATIONAL INTEGRATION BY DIFFERENT AUTHORS:

Dr S. Radhakrishna defines that national integration cannot be made by bricks and
mortar, mould and hammer, but it quietly grows in people’s minds through education.

The great ideologist and author Myron Weiner, defines “National integration implies
the avoidance of divisive movements that will balance the presence of attitudes in the nation
and society that distinguish national and public interest from parochial interest”.

HA Gani defines, “National integration is a socio-psychological and educational

process through which a feeling of unity and harmony develops in the hearts of the people
and a sense of common citizenship or feeling of loyalty to the nation is fostered among
them”. To sum up, the concept of national integration includes political, economic, social,
cultural and psychological dimensions and the interrelationships between them.

IMPORTANCE OF NATIONAL INTEGRATION:

The importance of national integration is certainly can be understood as it helps to
stabilize democracy, improve economic growth, develop the nation and provide all the
important rights and duties to the people. A country like India has a varied society and has a
large population, so it is a more difficult task to achieve. Historical Background: There was
never a problem of national integration in ancient India. From time to time, some people and
ethnic communities have been coming to India from outside Their language gradually merged
with their customs, rituals and way of life in Indian society. This process also enriched
society and culture here. When we talk about Indian culture, it means not the culture of
anyone cult or any particular community, but the culture of the whole of India. In order to
strengthen national integration in ancient times, many tasks were done smoothly. The biggest
task among them was to develop a tendency to travel among Indians. Since ancient times,
people have been coming from one place of the country to other places with devotion. There
are two types of national integration. One form is based on uniformity, i.e. language, living
and customs, ritual worship Another form of national integration is internal unity, i.e.
language, the standard of living, customs, creed etc. of the people living in the nation may be
different and however, everyone has the same attitude and thinking regarding national
interests. Everyone has the same feeling and thinking on national issues such as national
unity, integrity, sovereignty. In India, more than 250 languages and dialects are spoken and
22 languages have been notified as national languages, in the Constitution. Apart from the
Hindus, Muslim Christians, Parsi, Sikh and believers of many religions. Naturally, there is a
difference between the costumes and worship practices in them, but in spite of this, there is
unity about national interests. This is called “unity in diversity“. The spirit of nationalism
gives strength to our unity.

NEED FOR NATIONAL INTEGRATION:

When national integration occurs, individuals have the possibility to work together to
build systems that enhance the prosperity of a nation and its people. Some things that may
come in the way of national integration include religious or political divisions as well as
communication barriers between citizens.

NATURE OF NATIONAL INTEGRATION:

There are two types of national integration. One form is based on uniformity, i.e.
language, living and customs, ritual worship Another form of national integration is internal
unity, i.e. language, the standard of living, customs, creed etc. of the people living in the
nation may be different and however, everyone has the same attitude and thinking regarding
national interests. Everyone has the same feeling and thinking on national issues such as
national unity, integrity, sovereignty. In India, more than 250 languages and dialects are
spoken and 22 languages have been notified as national languages, in the Constitution. Apart
from the Hindus, Muslim Christians, Parsi, Sikh and believers of many religions. Naturally,
there is a difference between the costumes and worship practices in them, but in spite of this,
there is unity about national interests. This is called “unity in diversity“. The spirit of
nationalism gives strength to our unity

SUPPORTING ELEMENTS IN NATIONAL INTEGRATION:

Our national heroes have made several efforts from time to time to keep India’s unity
and integrated. The Indian Constitution incorporated such ideals and principles that
strengthen the unity of India. These principles are essential for the unity and integrity of India
are a democracy, fundamental rights, fundamental duties, the unified justice system,
secularism, common national emblems and national festivals etc. India is a democratic
country, here the elected representatives of the public constitute the government. These
representatives work according to the wishes of the public because it is the public who elects
and sends them as a public representative.

1. EQUAL FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS

2. EQUAL FUNDAMENTAL DUTIES

3. SECULAR

4. IDENTICAL SYMBOLS
5. TOURISM AND NATIONAL INTEGRATION

NATIONAL INTEGRATION IN INDIA:

India is a sovereign, democratic, secular country. Here, all the people have equal
rights and duties without discrimination on the basis of religion, caste, colour, creed, region
and language, etc. India is a multi-racial and multi-religious country. It is a secular country
where the people of all religions worship without any let or hindrance according to their
religious practices, though subject to law and order. Geographically and linguistically India
has a vast variety it is our unity in diversity. Indian people in different states and regions eat
different kinds of food. They wear different clothes, they speak different languages, they have
different castes and they observe different religious practices, still, they all are Indian. it is a
pity that communal rights take place in different parts of our country of an all mostly the
innocent, gullible people are incited by political leaders are religious bigots to indulge in acts
of violence and resort to arson, murder, loot, Mayhem, etc. The result is the untold loss of life
and property, mostly of innocent people. An awakening and love for the country should be
brought about among the common people. These are the innocent illiterate people, who are
most gullible and most likely to be astray, therefore the literacy campaign should be
intensified. Inter-cast and inter-religious marriages should be encouraged. People should be
encouraged to celebrate together festivals sacred to all religions. Ancient monuments where
the temples are must use should we consider national monuments. Students should be given
patriotic lectures in colleges and school and college curriculum should include lives of great
national leaders. The practice of Pilgrimage, fairs, etc. were the members of all committees.
Participate should be encouraged.

Causes of National Integration:

1. CASTEISM: This is a major obstacle to national integration. There is a great difference in
the population of different religions and castes in India. Followers of the appropriate caste or
religion consider themselves superior to those who believe in other religions or castes. These
biases are so ugly and narrow that people are unable to think of national interest.

2. COMMUNALISM: This is a major obstacle to national unity. In our country, people

follow different religions: Hinduism, Islam, Christianity, etc. Generally, all citizens live
together in harmony. Sometimes the accumulated interests create feelings of mutual enmity
and hatred, leading to communal clashes. We need to rein in the communal divide to keep
national unity unharmed.
3. PROVINCIALISM: It is also a major obstacle in India’s national unity. There is a growing
richness for the creation of new states based on language. The narrow sense of regionalism in
various states of the country is increasing mutual enmity between states.

4. POLITICAL PARTIES: In democracies, political parties need to be there for building

public opinion and political awareness. Unfortunately, there are many parties that chase votes
on the basis of caste, religion, creed and region, disregarding the public and national interest.
5. LINGUISTIC DIFFERENCES: In a vast country like India, the national language should
be spoken and understood in all regions. But due to narrow regional views, Hindi or any other
language has not yet been included as a means of communication by all the people of the
country. Politics on linguistic distinctiveness is not letting people rise above their partisan
differences over language.

6. ECONOMIC DISPARITY: There is great social and economic diversity in our country.
Some people in the country are rich, while most are poor. Economic asymmetry is a major
problem in national integration and integration.

Advantages of National Integration:

Increases the feeling of brotherhood.

Reduces differences about religion, region, race, culture. Reduces murders, massacres and
riots etc. Supports in developing the nation.
Increase unity among people.

Disadvantages of National Integration:

Social tension Corruption and illiteracy Lack of urbanization in some states Diversity with
diverse issues Reduces differences regarding religion, region, race, culture or caste. Cycle of
Poverty

Limitations in National Integration:

There was no problem of national integration in ancient India, the whole country was
tied in the thread of unity.

In the nineteenth century, the first step was taken in the direction of thinking towards
developing the trend of segregation in the country.
 Some people promote them for personal interest in our society. Sometimes people
become more emotional in matters of their religion, their caste language or region.
This creates a situation of tension or conflict in society, this situation threatens the
integrity of the country by weakening its unity.

For example:

Suppose there is a village in which people from two different communities live, they do not
trust each other. So they have two different schools, two different water tanks etc. Apparently
none of which is in good condition. The teachers available in the village are divided between
the two schools. Now suppose that a student of community A is interested in history, but due
to lack of a good life teacher he does not get good guidance in his own school.

Interestingly, the best history of the village is that of teacher community B and hence the
teacher in another school. In this way, some students may lose their true potential due to
caution between the two communities. The two communities trusted and respected each
other, there would have been a single and more developed school, with all the best teachers
available. This will help every student in the village regardless of their community.
Ultimately, the village would have benefited greatly. National integrity does the same thing
but on a much larger scale.
India is a country of vast geographical diversity, where many religions, castes, tribes
and sects live. To maintain national integration, it is necessary to participate in the elements
of national integration. Following the path and ideals of great nationalists promotes national
integration. For a developing country like India, which has been a victim of slavery for some
years; It should be strengthened for national integration to avoid threats like communalism,
casteism and regionalism. These self-governments challenge national integration, leading to
assassinations, massacres and riots, etc. The addition of external elements and forces became
restrictive to national integration. Progress the country always struggles to divide the country
and struggle mutually; the revolution in Kashmir is supported by such external forces.
Prolonged confusion in Kashmir has separated these areas from the national mainstream
youth when the number of these disorganized elements exceeds, they struggle for complete
isolation. These differences are the superiority of our culture, when unilateral, become a
weakness for national unity and integration. We need to recall the stories of countless
nationalists who laid down their lives to maintain national independence and sovereignty.

Unit IV
Personality Development: Introduction to Personality Development – Factors
influencing/shaping personality: Physical, Social, Psychological and Philosophical – Self-
awareness – Know yourself – Interpersonal relationship and communication.

Personality
The word ‘Personality' is used by some to refer the physical attributes of a person -
body structure, skin colour, hairstyle etc. The physical characteristics of an individual, no
doubt are important. But there are a number of intellectual and psychological qualities that
reveal the true personality of a person. The intellectual qualities includes communication
skills, intelligence (IQ), capacity to Judge, tactfulness and inquisitiveness. Important among
the psychological qualities are a person's attitude, level of motivation and capacity to
overcome stress.
Definitions
Many behavioural scientists have defined the term 'Personality". One of the important
definitions are given below
“Personality can be described as how a person affects others, how he understands and
views himself and his pattern of inner and outer measurable traits". -Floyd L. Ruch.
According to Stephen P.Robbins, “Personality is the sum total of ways in which an
individual reacts and interacts with others”.
According to Leon G.Schiffman and Leslie Lazar Kanauck, “Personality may be
defined as those inner psychological characteristics that both determine and reflect how a
person responds to his or her environment”.
The Concept of Personality Development
Personality development refers to the “process by which the organized thought and
behavior patterns that make up a person's unique personality emerge over time. Many factors
influence personality, including genetics and environment, how we were parented, and
societal variables”.

Factors influencing/determining personality

To put it simply, Personality is influenced mainly by 4 factors:

 Physical Determinants: Pertains to hereditary and physical features of an individual

 Social Determinants: Sociological aspects related to the community of an individual and his/her
role in the community
 Psychological Determinants: Behaviour, emotions, sentiments, thought patterns and complexes
of an individual
 Philosophical Determinants: Philosophical aspects related to Values, Morality, etc of an
individual.

Other determinants of personality include cultural, situational, environmental factors, etc.

Physical Determinants of Personality

Biological traits are the foremost parameter which reflects various factors of one’s
personality. Being the essential determinant of personality, it incorporates a majority of other factors
as well which bring out the various insights about an individual. Some important constituents under
the physical determinants of personality are:

 Hereditary: The features that can be determined from the time of conception are generally
put under hereditary. Sex, physical stature, temperament, muscle composition, facial features,
 height etc are the characteristics that one usually inherits from parents. Thus, through the
hereditary approach, it is evident that the genes located in chromosomes are the ultimate
explanation of personality.

 Physical Features: Physical appearance is also amongst the integral determinants of personality.
How one appears physically actually plays an important role in how they are perceived by others.
Whether one is short, tall, slim, fat, black or white will obviously have an impression on others
and this will have an influence on the self-conception of the individual.

Social Determinants of Personality

The social determinants analyse a personality as per the status of the individual in their
social group or community and consider the individual’s conception of their role in the group is like.
The key factor that this approach weighs in is what others perceive us as plays a greater role in the
formation of our personality.

The era has seen the widespread emergence of communication tools, especially through
social media. Social media influencers hold an authoritative power to influence masses around the
globe. Hence, anyone’s personality is majorly persuaded by the social lives they lead and are a part
of. Through socializing, be it virtual or real, one encounters a plethora of other individuals which
some way or the other leave a mark on our personalities. The process starts as soon as we step into
the real world from the playschool we go to peers and friends, amongst others. Our social life is one
of the essential determinants of personality and that’s why we are always advised to choose our
social circle wisely.

Psychological Determinants of Personality

Considering a personality as a particular style pertaining to each individual, the psychological

approach is amongst the major determinants of personality. This specific style which is different for
each individual actually gets determined through the accumulative characteristics of mental trends,
emotions, sentiments, thought patterns and complexes. Further, it also studies an individual’s mental
conflicts, wishes, aspirations, feelings of repression, sublimation and emotional well-being.

Philosophical Determinants of Personality

Philosophy is another essential factor that can play an important role in the development of our
personality. Our intellect can influence various aspects and areas of our behaviour which in turn, can
determine our personality. Here are the philosophical determinants of Personality:
 Morality: Our philosophy and worldview plays a crucial role in the development of our
morality and how we see certain things as moral or immoral. Thus, morality is another factor that
determines our intellect and thus overall personality as well.

 Values: An individual learns about values from his/her upbringing as well as from the society
they are brought up in. These values and beliefs also form our philosophical behaviour and thus
are an important determinant of our personality.

Self Awareness:
“Self Constitutes care of personality pattern which provides integration. If a person
can perceive his own behavioural style and how his behaviour is perceived by others,
relationship can be better studied”.
Awareness of self is vital in the context of inter-personal relationships. Behavioural
experts have identified four different levels of self-awareness. These are
a) The open self
b) The blind self
c) The hidden self and
d) The unknown self
The open self refers to a condition of an individual that is known both to the individual
and to the person inter-acting. When the individual is honest and straight forward in his
dealings, it should be clear as to what he is doing and what his motives are.
The ‘blind self’ refers to the state of an individual known to others but not known to
him. For example, a person may do certain things unconsciously without knowing the
pros and cons of his actions. But those watching him or interacting with him know the
consequences of his actions.

Known to self Not known to self

Know to others Open Blind

Not known to others Hidden Unknown

The state of an individual known to him but not known to others is what is called
‘hidden self’. There are many things a person may not be prepared to discuss with others.
The ‘unknown self’ is the state of an individual that is neither known to him nor to the
people with whom he interacts.

Increase your self – Awareness: Are you a High Self Monitor?

 Indicate the degree to which you think the following statements are true or false by
circling the appropriate number; for example, if a statement is always true, you would circle
the 5 next to that statement.
5 - Certainly always true
4 - Generally true
3 - Somewhat true, but with exceptions
2 - Somewhat false, but with exceptions
1 - Generally false
0 - Certainly always false
1. In Social situations, I have the ability to alter my
5 4 3 2 1 0
behaviour if I feel that something else is called for.

2. I am often able to read people’s true emotions correctly

5 4 3 2 1 0
through their eyes

3. I have the ability to control the way I come across to

people, depending on the impression I wish to give 5 4 3 2 1 0
them.

4. In conversation, I am sensitive to even the slightest

change in the facial expression of the person I’m 5 4 3 2 1 0
conversing with

5. My powers of intuition are quite good when it comes to

5 4 3 2 1 0
understanding others emotions and motives

6. I can usually tell when others consider a joke in bad

5 4 3 2 1 0
taste, even though they may laugh convincingly.

7. When I feel that the image I am portraying isn’t

5 4 3 2 1 0
working, I can readily change it to something that does

8. I can usually tell when I’ve said something

5 4 3 2 1 0
inappropriate by reading the listener’s eyes.

9. I have trouble changing my behaviour to suit different

5 4 3 2 1 0
people and different situations.

10. I have found that I can adjust my behaviour to meet the

5 4 3 2 1 0
requirements of any situation I find myself in.

11. If someone is lying to me, I usually know it at once

5 4 3 2 1 0
from that person’s manner of expression.
12. Even when it might be to my advantage, I have
5 4 3 2 1 0
difficulty putting up a good front.

13. Once I know what the situation calls for, it’s easy for
me to regulate my actions accordingly. 5 4 3 2 1 0

Scoring Key
To obtain your score, add up the number circled, except reverse scores for question 9
and 12. On those, a circled 5 becomes a 0, 4 becomes 1, and so forth. High self-monitors are
defined as those with scores of approximately 53 or higher.

Interpersonal Relationship
Human behaviour is complex to study as it is influenced by psychological factors.
Besides, individual behaviour is affected by behaviour of others. One of the greatest
challenge in the study of human behaviour is to analyse and improve the inter-personal
relationships.
One of the approaches to understand interpersonal behaviour is transactional analysis
which deals with understanding, predicting and controlling interpersonal relationship.
Transaction analysis is a technique of analyzing and understanding interpersonal behaviour.
Interpersonal relationships are composed of inter-self.
Communication:
The word ‘communication has been derived from the Latin word ‘communis’ which
means common. Communication, thus, is the process of sharing facts, ideas and opinions in
common. Communication is said to take place when an individual conveys some information
to another.
The person conveying or sending the information is called the ‘sender’ or the
‘communicator’ and the person receiving the information is called the ‘receiver’ or the
‘communicatee’. The information conveyed is known as the ‘message’. The act of
conveying the message is called ‘transmission’. The reaction of the receiver to the message
is what is called ‘response’
Definition:
“Communication is the process of passing information and understanding from one
person to another”– Haimann.
“Communication is the exchange of facts, ideas, opinions or emotions by two or more
persons” – Newman and summer.
Communication plays a very important role among friends, within the family and in
all social circles, Since we spend nearly seventy percent of our working hours communicating
writing, reading, speaking and listening.
“Failure to communicate” is generally cited as a cause of lost friendships, divorces
and distance between parents and children.

Elements of communication:
1. Communicator or Sender
 He is the person who sends the message
2. Message
It is the subject matter of communication. It may consist of certain facts, ideas,
opinions etc.
3. Encoding
It is the practice of translating the message into suitable signs, symbols, etc., for the
purpose of transmissions
4. Transmission
It is the act of sending the message.
5. Channel
It is the medium through which the message is sent to the receiver. The channel may
be formal or informal. The method of communication may be oral or written.
6. Receiver or communicatee
He is the person who receives the message.
7. Decoding
It is the act of converting the signs, symbols etc., into meaningful statements.
8. Feedback
It is the reaction, response or reply by the receiver. The communication process is
complete when the sender gets feedback from the receiver.

UNIT-V
Leadership: Leadership traits – Types of Leadership – Attitude: Assertiveness and
Negotiation – Conflict Motives –Reesolution – Importance of Team Work

Leadership
A Leader is a person who guides and directs others, called followers. He gives focus
to the efforts of his followers.
According to Allen, “a leader is one who guides and directs other people. He must
give effective direction and purpose”
Leadership is a force that binds a group together and motivates the desired goals.
Definition
Leadership is the activity of influencing people to strive willingly for mutual
objectives – George R.Terry
“Leadership is generally defined as the influence or art of influencing people, so that
they will strive willingly towards the achievement of group objectives”.
“Leadership is interpersonal influence exercised in a situation and directed through a
communication process towards the attainment of a specialized goal or goals”.
The following facts are revealed through analysis of leadership
1. Leadership is basically a personal quality, this quality motivates the individuals to be
with leaders.
2. Leaders influence the behaviour of others.
3. There is relationship between leader and individuals.
4. Leadership is a continuous process of influencing behaviour.
5. Leadership is exercised in a particular situations.
Different Kinds of Leadership styles
The following are the different kinds of leadership styles that have been identified:
i) Autocratic
ii) Democratic
iii) Laissez Faire
iv) Functional
v) Institutional
vi) Paternalistic
Autocratic Leader
An autocratic leader wants his subordinates to work in the manner he wants.
The autocratic leader thinks that his followers are incapable of making decisions. To
secure performance from his subordinates, he may use coercive power. A subordinate, who
performs as per the specifications of the leader, is rewarded while the one who fails to
perform is punished.
Democratic Leader
A democratic leader does not make unilateral or one-sided decisions. He provides
scope for his followers to participate in the decision-making process. He allows his
subordinates to discuss the problem and put forth their views freely. The final decision will
be made based on the consensus of all.
Laissez Faire Leader
The dictionary meaning of Laissez faire is policy of non-interference. Also known as
a ‘free rein leader’, a laissez faire leader gives full freedom to his follower to act. He does
not lay down guidelines within which his followers have to work. He neither influences the
subordinates’ decisions nor does he interfere in the process of decision-making.
Functional leader
A functional leader is one who is an expert in a particular field of activity. He has
risen to the position of a leader by virtue of certain special skills that he possesses. He does
not command any formal authority.

Institutional Leader
An institutional leader is one who has become a leader by virtue of his official
position in the organisational hierarchy. For example, a person appointed as the General
Manager of a concern.
Paternalistic Leader
A Paternalistic leader takes care of his followers in the way the head of a family takes
care of the family members.

Attitude:
Attitudes are evaluative statements either favourable or unfavourable concerning
objects, people or events. They reflect how one feels about something. The attitude may be
favourable or Unfavourable.-Robbins.
DEFINITION
 “Attitude is a predisposition to respond in a positive or negative way to someone or
something in one’s environment”- schermerhorm

Nature or Characteristics of Attitude:

The salient features of attitudes may be stated as follows:
1. Attitudes are the feelings and beliefs of an individual about other person and things in
his environment.
2. Attitudes may be positive or negative. A person with a positive job attitude for
example, likes his job.
3. Attitudes influence behaviour An employee with a negative job attitude, for example,
may not be regular for work, quarrel frequently with his superiors and fellow-
employees, may show arrogance and so on
4. Attitudes are acquired through learning over a period of time.
5. Attitudes are intangible in nature, that is, they cannot be directly observed. A person
can study the attitude of another by observing the latter's behaviour.
6. Attitudes are subject to change. A person having a negative attitude
towards his job may, in due course of time, start developing a positive
attitude towards it.
7. All individuals hold attitudes irrespective of their age, sex, social status etc.
Assertiveness
Assertiveness is considered a balanced response, being neither passive nor aggressive,
with self-confidence playing an important part. An assertive person responds as an equal
to others and aims to be open in expressing their wishes, thoughts and feelings.
Being assertive means being able to stand up in own or other people’s rights in a calm
and positive way, without being either aggressive, or passively accepting “wrong”.
Assertive individuals are able to get their point across without upsetting others, or
becoming upset themselves.

Qualities of an assertive person

 They can express what they feel.
 They confidently share their opinion.
 They can say no without feeling guilty.
 They unapologetically say what is fair even when it is in someone else’s favour.
 They can disagree with people respectfully.

Negotiation
Negotiation is a dialogue between two or more people or parties to reach a desired
outcome regarding one or more issues of conflicts.
Negotiation should establish their own needs and wants while also seeking to
understand the wants and needs of others involved to increase their chances of closing
deals, avoiding conflicts, forming relationships with other parties, or maximizing mutual
gains.
 The goal of negotiation is to resolve points of difference, gain an advantage for an
individual or collective outcome to satisfy various interests. People negotiate daily, often
without considering it a negotiation.

Conflicts
In simple terms, conflict means disagreement between the persons employed in an
organisation. It may also mean clash of interests. It is the result of differences in the opinion
of employees of an organisation over any issue. Such a difference of opinion arises mainly
because of differences in perceptions.
Conflict motives
Conflicts of motives refers to the clash between two or more equally strong and
incompatible motives occurring at the same time that complies an individual to make a
choice, which in turn leads to stress.
Resolution of Conflicts
Five different strategies are available to resolve conflicts in any workplace. These are
1. Avoidance
2. Smoothing
3. Forcing
4. Compromising and
5. Confronting
Avoidance
Here, the parties concerned may withdraw from the conflict physically or mentally.
Both the parties show no interest in pursuing the issue after raising it. Avoidance, however,
cannot solve the problem. It takes the parties to a ‘lose-lose’ situation.
Smooting
In this approach, one party to the conflict tries to accommodate the other party’s
interests. It places emphasis on concern for others. The party accommodating may suffer
detriment. It results in a ‘lose-win’ outcome.
Forcing
In this case, one party tires to be aggressive so that he can achieve his goal. He has no
concern for the other party. It may result in a ‘win-lose’ situation.

Compromising
It is a strategy in which one party is willing to give up something in exchange for
gaining something else. By doing so the party is able to take care of himself and also the
other party. Such a strategy may not produce any definite outcome.
Confronting
In this case both the parties are determined to work to find a solution by a mutually
acceptable plan. It is a problem solving approach. It seeks to maximise the attainment of
both the party’s goals. It may take the parties to a ‘win-win’ situation.

Team work
Teamwork is a set of actions done by a group having a common purpose or goal. Teamwork
is generally fulfilled under a collaborative environment since there is the assumption that
working together produces a better outcome than making separated efforts.
Teamwork is the collaborative effort of a group to achieve a common goal or to complete
a task in the most effective way. The four key characteristics of a team include a shared goal,
interdependence, boundness and stability, the ability to manage their own work and internal
process, and operated in a bigger social system.

Importance of Teamwork
Teamwork teaches essential communication and social skills, such as active listening and
effective speaking. When working as a team, students learn how to listen to their leaders and
coaches in order to perform their individual roles. Students learn how to listen to one another
in order to function as a cohesive unit.

Four benefits of teamwork for student development and success

1. It teaches essential social skills

 Teamwork teaches essential communication and social skills, such as active
listening and effective speaking.
 When working as a team, students learn how to listen to their leaders and coaches
in order to perform their individual roles.
 Students learn how to listen to one another in order to function as a cohesive unit.

2. It improves self-confidence
 Teamwork teaches students that their voices are respected and valued.
 Even the most introverted and quietest members of the team can become active
participants and learn to enjoy team activities.

3. It reduces bulling.

 One of the biggest benefits of teamwork is its potential to dramatically reduce the
effects of bullying on students.
 When a student knows he/she is valued and respected by others, she will be able
to rise above the hurtful acts or comments of a bully.
 Furthermore, the self-confidence from team activities may empower a student to
stand up for other victims of bullying who may not have a similar support system.
4. It sets students up for future success
 The benefits of teamwork almost always translate into success outside the classroom.
 Introducing students to collaborative environments early in their school experiences
presents opportunities for them to more productive and joyful as they work with
others in a team- based environment.
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