Module $1} DE_ciseuits ¢ ) chenae % Elecole chswust ; T& i an dleraerts ancl provtela a Complete pet dos the ewer, —7 St consists of 3: “batt. darks \ + Sounce 5 paowdlad entagy tn te elpeul 2. tse |condustoss + fnler connects the elament& 9 the cfstult , Connites ot ence tn¥stonne C4100 of elaveeteo| coves ore bas 6 hood + Pont of ceseuik thet A unegy foto another dosin ( devde. sshich consune dernier chonges Pe i an dures col penpeory vf He adornic. panes cla which mabe con ststS , » Bveny edo — Conds a nucleut . ancl nucked & Prac up of netubeons & paotons and the —ddectuon vill be noving cuounch tho. Obs._— a rected — fn coulomb . > chonge aleckoon hea a cheng e (9) = = Ptoneig” IC poton hat thange (g) = Ie 6onxio 7} Coulomb of, change = +24 rio! electors, > undlls nasal. concistons dom th Peet elo teotcally reviool st NO of pootons = Now cf eta elettoont > by giving Some uneegy 40 an adorn 2 oe vemat ge one valine dicen dim AR) oublsmost osbit ood tnosit an ee-ctzon aanck become posteively choryed sleet cumin Sgn > Losey bouncl ebeasort tn the ouesrnost obit on ready 10 rot: door ort chon £0 anothes atom dotdy , west 7 called dee decaort. ~? Fouts “Tondluutot- hat. -doee eedsont to move th any olfsection pe 2299 Sunall the condlzetoe bh tonne ee xo any voltage sounce. ayes > whin voltage it opphedl to & conpluctor ha movernent gps demote at abies & yO abtvacle waupd, ae end oh bobtey Bat thoy an, seoaight Line ihay wil take Ry. , hapazcerd. uc, rer mot Mow7 cuwwint Con be defined ch wade 4 Plow ob ow din eborbstC. cbs cuit. q- change in tc! £ - time in Sel, a coor oh. chonge pes Second = | Ampest (2) vay . Te om cogs wtquised 40 mov ath uectste Change shsough an demenb a alto fgg, 8 | lsamstit_fova (208) 8 8. po 4exenee » jen te 4 a “ ' ye ; \ yo “Bt Pe | ‘ac! "cheap for, AB, ‘ye need oo oa 4 soul’ | hanue Vo lbages = 1 sould ovale! i : é > ak Coulomb ~ = Q » E-engy , @- choose.5 th hghes the. pokndtal defdetne blo 2 komirnh tho bighes energy vt aeguived to moe thang 5 The f Poses wote at which eneygy. 3, Supphedt ow tortumed 19 Ne Syke, « & ez ~ mneogy atguirtd +0 rove ‘10° change & 7, att - iu —— 5 . sey} Fa. Byh 2 vxt Pong Fe oe s ' seledtions hip bly panes, cursene + 2 To knov whethis.. ar dette ik contuming pons “px diatipaieg), Oe supplied, Gan be four by On. rn ; cigs Honing out d ‘ye Reminal , cetement supplying’ pores: Aye. tesminal Spf oMpbaint te dint peony, | consumo porseer.Eningy ¢ Te ke captity to” do stk , revctuned tn Soult (5) > elivrid power uailiteys compante — mtouurek energy + ankd — houns (wh) i (A | Whe 2joo T Boaie viscid _ elements 3 2330 1s Rysistoors 2 Hominal polgive element jahech“oppset she. #4 EL obi ehecbatc . Cunntnt / asecdet oeaintanel., -y Reimar - The opposition obfeaeed by a subgtance yo Ye glow oot electoie cument . > unt 4 ohn (2) —wn— Fotkiss aldceing Value of Retercnces => icaReotd... ( Divecdy panpostonal to Leog th brdl Reb. CA te ews seefomal anda’) Log (At > notre of. the weatestal and, tempesatune, Rh! : ee iran gts f ag Ra a 0s R= Fo 0 - 4 ih — (Goce Metts Rho.) & ik contart SREY eet Zags | : } 0 fC BV sho age if . & Known Ok valivulty oF » Specitre waiktance Pa a mottorol . a> id Woe 1m 4 ‘a's tom? , oi yen, R=S. dom er O re have gp = Moe Ri dhe XJ rove. Ad ~ L metoes pc ae Ohm reese > Une of welll tk ohm - mebse_(.SL=) tse agegR a oF Tepe te Y : ; i saigance a Conductance? The seipoool ot rid fog fondluctor — Concluctenve. - (a) , | 7 >, ge Oe. | b= Ie (Wo tag) lead) 2. Inclutto’s : - An sdenant that Stoset electateal eneegy in the “he bore o mpl: fetch Tt tt alo knoe au tol . Be he pope of coll to oppose VY Schutt ry df cwnne dls! change n “magnitude os diveckioN y dreugh ub > unit — Heray ae > Indilitaheer’ ¢ coll th ge? by, a QFN= Numbers & tumt ‘on coil O = duc , SZ = cupotnt theogh tho coil these one sin» typ duct 1. fixed tyP RD — 2, Vosiable {ype _Oppp pe. 7 voltage & Coanent selection ship “Py ; ‘Ve wolkage aceoss “Indes OD = -Cummtnt cess, ingluces [roy as 2 ob vd ‘ ih By. instgoating pe asa wv de ‘outs obsésbed by telutoe » P= Wwop Lie yl ; 8 Pe bythe jealuaos to panallel : —_—— + oy < eb p= Hh Lythe.- 3, Copactioss = —4Y/-—- > Dn dement whith Sowes eneygy “srasic change C elect _ tbh) « 5 iagisbione a ie popisty d copaltos to Store decrge chengt. ‘ > unit = Faved (F) vale a cpattance dagen on, nthe dam of , poopostional to ana af flast. > peoposrronal +0 dawane blo 2 plat pesmiavtly veediun ble plait. : Plo & peel. z edauate een an plow 6 Gon be ois, mien ule, » malate € Beef gedoornula Ga 2 eB ae Hie opyirg PME Los c. dM ) oe colt aL oe” E i 60 Pe NE 1606 ie 6 6 0° Cee po vexed eT ot An active elrment % the one shih ts noble oO oe ony: eneagy the, abo. . : euent couse, "genet ett Voltage soume Lsanstsi0os Diodes © “S aha’? rdevics produce neegy tn the dos | a wllap ox coebtne. ke hey Can conto) flow ot case gist ON eater Sonce iad epesatio”” Spevsthog' OU Hortve Uemonts +> Possive Klemens? An décrzonic oly ow ne aa fen Can Ey) otteie Lneagy hich con thew ii ebasb os Soot te i Gn dectate hdd / had. oe ar Rebittoss , thductoss , Cuftetitors » ansdosreess > Thy do not need any fos d elbchottal power to cpescde « - = they cannot aunpledy , oscillate ox gpneatt. a dectatcal sigpal. i Open cixeult & Ghost coxeulbe- een > fn eeuste cou elosel Loop retract rich ~psovicleh - oetuan , pos fos the dood eovunt. > Te tm a combination of active Ke poastul dary 2 ie > th~ ad closed loop in ah sonducing. otal OF ond werent bark 1 ce complest- chs cui F -—> Someimen in an elects cocuit y Uncle GondisiorR —oceun S *) i ‘h. pen Clacuit. Le Shot cbstuit- > Roaitally tht etaleh ob an, , elettale cise on wdteval “ot contideyed. of faults 9 Cistuit , buy they ont, unclatizable . h Open ksi o > An open Gotu: it a betak of inueveuptoo in the Cota po. \ Re open Casteilt Rs o,f ann cirube moy be ax a wtih aed: Component dalluw ox chscon netting od ton duchy perh such a botaking a cero ratet. > In ofan ciseuit | he Cunnene — dowen'- dbo a i. 00 4 te Tr =o!by ohe's law ee ¥ t ve volteage Coouree vo fis’ De yoy p REN SG ce spy, 0 ‘ Sdually an o pen Ck offers % Rout path ot | electfe. Comment ae > The dha d opm ciscule th ditdownt st & parallal cis wits. in eexte_Couait + I. Toro «= et become 2080 2. No vollgye cbsop €o. G.LDOSS comporerns which ane_rosral & total supply Ba wagt alll > appear Acp0SS owen ceovuted elements « : . ye Tesminal volage a Gounch rn bole ie than the nos" PeowWal coset * ye Come cganente_ Hivos open ~ gruatt bearich become 2010, ahsle- opescdion of beeanchet rotthout ope? coset potl| be 10 ° shost ceouuik Tn any edocisited dotedt thes umanied gran a \o oa penttiance 1 cabled © shast cesteuit~ phe gotal seyintance ob ~s Lahn — host ttocubt — OCLUMS, ae toate buome vey low .ok ottes healahy s Ry 3 6) shoot chvcuit Ts it Rg SS eked dar dost dau one fAubanoo day omponerhs gees _shosted. eH. de nowt & pra o> ek. chost ; were 1) thoowe =e samt, hoot 6h, 8 lect dist explston a ey chars 109) Rox $us3 hs So, peco iomcus ASY R=0, Voltag? =O,ndpendent Souncel $ vy when 0 pected vollgge os Capaing 1th nok aluatd by chong bo the ‘connecter netmask — if wtqeosed 08 any indspendent .. Sounee. ? fis i trdeperdint vOhege y : squnte Sounte Mogoaude » ok "plasty should. be _sput ded 10 dncibe aa de potential. diflesenue a uoltage. Type & ch Cluutacal, pores_SUPF sup roy Yow ttn. ghost = Too type at Coster discal - Poser supply f AC De © Msnating oon): The reuson a foo | ob lata change (sluctaont) nongpt pesiodiicadly «cx hauehold eydpmrents, office » buslalings [ > Ac in ued pores houtel L builchings because ginencting ord spring Ae Meaty MB ch oh poneatng detate rota’ sohich ant. usecl (0. srbsiyeoatos § , roashing * paiathine eA. 5. : ‘ Distt costo EDC) * th Hoo ot ob cliweeton a: ‘ akeceote change, dout not change pesvodlically ~> de Hows. 19, a. xogle dissection » sin, a. steady wll. jt mobile phon’ babteste changing » Flosblighs,, bos seoten +eListon & eectoic vehicle - > o +t Single phone §. 230 “Be phede a ursvghr's lavas stoderoent $ Ohm's los cede, that "she cumont oh nt looting thscugh ° Cenductos*| poauive element th disectly rptrol to the “posen vio dittevence —aewss the - conductor], element povided the “Keropercitin wemaink Conttant, " ‘ Lav. a 2M 08 T aa os ye fA. piluspscstion oh chre’s Leo low holde goot! on el “tondixionk —> ohro'sS oe. , tortiart Like empesottone & otheys h : dor. an chesic ciseuit. > 5 cae Yan seorgleaN od Limitation’ of obm'S lav: 5” § 1. Dn dew nok: holds gues for non Lintan dap such ak Semi conductoss 4 cheolt oe) nes cli became bie shot non Linean popertih ancl, olfo Pi Semiconductors ithe theatate. th, Hemperct ure hevecdy the Conduct tuity decoeater da waittone, Hot apyléceble dos non-wiwallic zordustons uch at stltcon tonbide » weet VE Kr” KA 9 fant conttonnts .. | tron eter) 3. com's. be connor be appked to anc lamps. pe £6, dome hold He good white dempesotuom ets, i tropick ta Some moaile , to daily lie: ul. apes bor geeks.0%% ; he, fae conne ctecl * cestee > satth alee! > th cunuent- volue ig 00 high , | Applications |. So) date puedl & bn: the don vtgaledo will De o_“convet ayatane and — conkol He . eanourt dlosly pot ne To date ste of wteiewor 1° dle1. Calculate doo. a he scutes shown, the cununt Honing « tor -cpsealt given thet oh, sn EE QR Rr Re AKL ed \ ye BOON i, ~& i ) cso (a): vo 5 28 jooxi = oe A 0s $00 mA. Dee Feed cist (6)? - : aq. we 7 Re arthur = (210°) +,Gx0°) £ 5 ALE : R= 4000 5. Ze 222 = ovo0SA = mA. 4000, ” i a. ahob (tts. the tarsene Jowing ra 40 bbb greovved 40 «(180V" La ibe hq pe ASW i Ve WoV pevt qe = WOXl zz 48/20 , Qos Orbs h-bk Te — — Sete cities Clecuit 0 whith setijtanwee — ang comecitd end-to-ad , @ hat hoe te only ong podh doo - coornont- flower - Tn seat ciscuit , tet 1) Scemt cose dlgs thspugh all the aeateanee, 3) these w0ll be vollage cleop acenss toch setigtane, acovding to chm! law. 8) sum ok voltage 0p = applied. voltage. “3 Bric Rp Se Ry digs Sevier Cistude Lee Vy, Wn Ve be voRage chop -aexnss By, & ak Now ve Vit +My Joe TAP ER2+ PRs a PC Rit Re +Re) Nw cs Ry+ Ra tks. 2 Acwoscling 10 ohm's law Mr =8. “4 RS Ry ert Re ack | to Tolol viietane = sum af indivicluol gohiore” Aper we a qr atlikkancl d we caus i “ Ro Reha. - pence, cumenr 0 dnote 8" —T cs ‘ve " “ Ree ; syatkae” sop orwss, 21 ye te eR xv sess dete Ryker, Vy Ry ” RL ipo : ’ Me! ewe (Re V Rees | 7 Mug, V (Bx) > vwllegt dividtss est: ‘ada in’ peoviding didtestat Voltage ws dom a commod ‘supply wollag® ot poser - dtoidar. dipinds. on he, ratioporal cismil’s: when ah mumbles ot ttLogs ent connected in auch a soy that one end of each of them joined 40 common point and. oes end of tach bd thm fired 40 ahothes tormmon Point » 5 —> Ta panablel ciowuirs , cursent “ diatcler® PO: a8 many ad numbers of -othkaniet + oy hits tHe vdigge | potential dedfeserce 00008 wach patos will’ be Same. an vba Mek, Ty Der Ly be Comtnts in waiteos Ry Rai Rg” atipectudly « i poo" Po S thths l Scuctpth Ma Va Sy be bb) by thm's lw, t = Se hig, * Rs : -v Ri Re @ £ 1 Lp : ve ae Zt Re R& |alBr jon hots tap Me SR oe ee Ly ; 1 oo ae yop HBS tae lp oo Semen tiger & want, han numbes oh rentecuncet twonneced ho pooreblel roa ¢ “rocol wegranes oh equal to Sun fe wet He aeesp Ws aa tndgotducl velba." cunt < dvd ous Ayty Ay > Aoovt supation * chgas that» Newowent shar tach uiteos shen conne cael in parable te tnuehwely Deopossiond to thelr » pec seeancet.”” Total” ‘iwinent phen 3 atlisioas at connected in ponallel . ae tool cue LoTtht+ts 2, o> Jk ihe tga saiane =k Iyoin ober’ slaw ya oh Mso , Ve TiRy (volt auwss @) TR = TR St _ he _ tk a EB o nek 36 on, dos a panelled “eke = tat = Bt Reo + % «Re Rye Rs Raby + Rik + RRs R2R3 [ RrRg - ay IRR FRLRs + aH i ( RRs Riker + Rb + is) Se eT. the ag) 4 ( Riker t RyAe t ARISean ese eee eee ee OMe ereeceeeeereeem a Ll ota ol” spas anil” peerlel chou Nemes” on ohm'S sata oe east toch “ages shown bye \ Be calledose. oe supply voltage we a tena R Wa it le gooh v wl! yy = TR Vegys 2 ody vp 2 SRe = ANT ey N3 oTkg = ax 6 Fe . ~ uegtin = UV 2 vitvatVs. = ‘ aridg.. died the Ubtuit supply & 00V. ry a Re Ry Rot hs aR = Lio + bo+ 60 = 8% eufis 2/300. re R 180 oleares: 3,0 An, voltage divides in dig, given ok vesy 4 vollage —cuca0sS Ry Coon) fe 20,’ Caleulere the value of Rie fom nolkagt dividis vule. we, Ae - Rr Re 3G 100 ee Rit 100 Soo = Ridtoo. Ry = 260-100 2 4 . “pls 160 LR, eet He A genittancee a - par th connected fo” Sesto * aith’ ce combinaion af a. Jode wexinancet th, parallel . when vol of 20V a applic) crosses sho hole ciacuit, deel the comnend 4cbit depm abe Supply. , al ae) : Pop = x2 = BED I¢+ 20 the equivalent wutitiance of the chr ik, Reg = Robt R (= Bsa tia Ry = 204 L7 = 6§3 A De dwar te connect in sesre uh “each of SD avargél th Poot , S. A waitgence ARO seuitand& rok pethagnce aun be shunned canss thie poral combination go’ thak the total cwment doken hell be BSA wth 20V applied | y jg aed volt. deoP Gems 10.2 ih, Nc pg Xlo =isV peop cans paral combination , vag = 20-18 = ov. 1, Noliage...ccwmss each paral! sactane ik SV a 53 wey Tes Se gAs My = 5. | aaa a, SAS 3 2 eae be ’ : t. : kL 21i-( $44) ee oe en Gal S38 , H2-2 BO ost he eS 2 i 6§ £R=% 6 R 4 Ww » \ M 62. 4.5 the cae ae dinafpeued do ‘fe tigre Shown Se ht ROR Oe! igutok. ; i 18L04 ge "Ea, aes Res anes} os. ste iy e va > Nea + a Ie =) aot Ty © — ue - os 0+S . over te, ee R 2 she goes 'skoon bdo ® » do total pao! cohewlove thie Ceo flowing in ~~» ry MW 4. fos ov dunt peaed Sra Ub wo. toch sertetance Be ped bh" A&B. Ope pnt Pp lor- sy tae FH sale? Ryo OR, ReAOD, Rye 2OR., tee got ctscia| st Powes = PHHBBu: 5 we kno P= TR a A. A Re = (S20 Nes) 410 i boy , Re = 4 +10 5 SY pr. j P= par ) HBB wD ge ute 2Sy, tow t,o BRS bs gan’ = 2 amp E Ri + (Rolls) Orth ge eer sg fl Rei 4 . a Jo = Tt. Rifts PS xt OF no ant Rot CRIs) Bo 4 Lobbt Qa 2 5 - Ute) ee ae M VES Pak SE MBBK NSY > J ye Veg = a5: 2 96)" Le =O«S amp. Lg > Uamp, EV i a” ! 3 ou "Ne 8 =Kschibd 'S laws f° oy Kiotholl'S lows ane very udu tn I which cannot b ~ “4 eal un solvin cs ells Cannot be eaarly Solved. ty ohm 'S lass. yaschold'S Cosine lana Cit laio) + CKCL) goatee: To any nebvork of wish consying ceases, the “clgebwate Sum od all Cuments mecting a 2 poim th 2080 " Cos) Sum a incoming caprents onerdle any point th tgual to sun od outgoing cus rns ancy foom that poi eels ahh i _ (oe) ‘ . “pk any node of Juntiion at Ong active nebivoble , de cunts entering the node» th equal thee aun, of the cones’ lenuigg the Same node", othe. Sum, > Ke th bottd on" law cd. conseavertion ” af elotlae Coage” sahod . ths aceon, cannot be catatedl oo dy. ~ {Nusrsceting Keloe MIA —> algebsaic aun > Sig ab the gulandity te (20. Here tunnents eniesing the node crve) . Cuprenis leaving the, rnocle (-ve) Dj4Sgtly +Iy- T,-T, =9 “gftesg Ty IT," » ee hen eusects) = = si Ve outpcg ao) kisthold volag. lan ‘Cen 4 seoktreent 6 The, _cbgebrate Sure y pol sie Tn a seldead. Chscuit a0 - : > Ried “on © fows..ob: Consee-vection “od enuagy « “ns fos, ppttniial camot be. cotaded. | ox ey ie Cos) . in ony "eed Pui) ha al bins Sure d ae quol $0 28. Sy.s0 => Kaplanedion :fn eee 4, Honing doo toy hence Sigh ie ve, iki — Ry - IR; -@ +E) 29 £\-Ex = if tie +R EG, > EUR +R RS) 7 stants ob em Is and. ce ualtagts dps ) Sgos of tod's ; ‘ wise th potenttal = +e dell tn pokinttall = ve Aas batten to HVE = -wist fo postnttal Cave) ave Haminal t9 ve = dell in potential C-Ve) Hotes Sian of emd i independant’ sat distéhion “ab, curwent- ‘er thot branch. rat . » & Signs ob voleage dee: he ae Cupne pout Feigh a ‘galtttarie those ik ao a voltage deop he nh, El 7 wenn Joos. ‘doors highew portal Flo potential — gall to porn |e -Vve > ower to highs - wst in pot oc +. a deop dpe ‘ont pe dseetion at cevent fon and peiandines a poly § of.