IRC:SP:103-2014

Guidelines on Tree Plantation

Along
Rural Roads

Published by:

INDIAN ROADS CONGRESS

Kama Koti Marg,
Sector-6, R.K. Puram,
New Delhi-110 022
October, 2014

Price : ` 600/-
(Plus Packing & Postage)
IRC:SP:103-2014

First Published : October, 2014

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translated or transmitted in any form or by any means without the
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 IRC:SP:103-2014

Contents

S. No. Description Page No.

Personnel of the Highways Specifications and Standards Committee i - ii
Introduction 1
1. Scope 2
2. Important Aspects in Respect of Rural Roads 3
3. General Considerations Needing Attention 4
4. Broad Guidelines for Roadside Plantation 7
5. Bio-Engineering Measures in Slope Stabilization and Protection 15
6. Bridge Structures and Appurtenants 15
7. Maintenance of Roadside Plantation 16
Annex-A List of Trees suitable for Arid and Dry Regions of South Haryana,
Rajasthan, Gujarat, Maharashtra and Central Plateau 17
Annex-B Trees suitable for Temperate and Sub-tropical Areas of North-West
India, J&K, Punjab, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Part of U.P. 21
Annex-C Trees suitable for Indo Gangetic Plains of Uttar Pradesh, Punjab,
Bihar and West Bengal 22
Annex-D List of Trees suitable for North Eastern States, North Bengal,
Assam, etc. 24
Annex-E List of Trees suitable for Coastal Areas of Maharashtra, Goa,
Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and Orissa, etc. 25
Appendix-I List of Members of the Committee on Tree Plantation along Rural
Roads constituted by Ministry of Rural Development for providing
inputs to H-5 Committee of IRC 26
Appendix-II Broad Details of Plant Species Native in India 27
Appendix-III Categories of Plants 35
 IRC:SP:103-2014

PERSONNEL OF THE Highways Specifications

and Standards Committee

(As on 9th August, 2014)

1. Das, S.N. Director General (RD), Ministry of Road

(Convenor) Transport & Highways, New Delhi.
2. Varkeyachan, K.C. Addl. Director General, Ministry of Road
(Co-Convenor) Transport & Highways, New Delhi.
3. Chief Engineer (R) S,R&T (Rep. by Shri S.K. Nirmal), Ministry of Road
(Member-Secretary) Transport & Highways, New Delhi

Members
4. Basu, S.B. Chief Engineer (Retd.), MORTH, New Delhi
5. Bongirwar, P.L. Advisor, L & T, Mumbai
6. Bose, Dr. Sunil Head FPC Divn. CRRI (Retd.), Faridabad
7. Duhsaka, Vanlal Chief Engineer, PWD (Highways), Aizwal (Mizoram)
8. Gangopadhyay, Dr. S. Director, Central Road Research Institute, New Delhi
9. Gupta, D.P. Director General (RD) & AS (Retd.), MORTH, New Delhi
10. Jain, R.K. Chief Engineer (Retd.), Haryana PWD, Sonipat
11. Jain, N.S. Chief Engineer (Retd.), MORTH, New Delhi
12. Jain, Dr. S.S. Professor & Coordinator, Centre of Transportation
Engg., Dept. of Civil Engg., IIT Roorke, Roorkee
13. Kadiyali, Dr. L.R. Chief Executive, L.R. Kadiyali & Associates, New Delhi
14. Kumar, Ashok Chief Engineer (Retd.), MORTH, New Delhi
15. Kurian, Jose Chief Engineer, DTTDC Ltd., New Delhi
16. Kumar, Mahesh Engineer-in-Chief, Haryana PWD, Chandigarh
17. Kumar, Satander Ex-Scientist, CRRI, New Delhi
18. Lal, Chaman Director (Projects-III), NRRDA (Ministry of Rural
Development), New Delhi
19. Manchanda, R.K. Consultant, Intercontinental Consultants and
Technocrats Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi
20. Marwah, S.K. Addl. Director General (Retd.), MORTH, New Delhi
21. Pandey, R.K. Chief Engineer (Planning), MORTH, New Delhi
22. Pateriya, Dr. I.K. Director (Tech.), NRRDA, (Ministry of Rural
Development), New Delhi
23. Pradhan, B.C. Chief Engineer, National Highways, Bhubaneshwar
24. Prasad, D.N. Chief Engineer (NH), RCD, Patna
25. Rao, P.J. Consulting Engineer, H.No. 399, Sector-19, Faridabad

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26. Raju, G.V.S. Dr. Engineer-in-Chief (R&B), Rural Roads, Director

Research and Consultancy, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh
27. Representative of BRO (Shri B.B. Lal) ADGBR, HQ DGBR, New Delhi
28. Sarkar, Dr. P.K. Professor, Deptt. of Transport Planning, School of
Planning & Architecture, New Delhi
29. Sharma, Arun Kumar CEO (Highways), GMR Highways Limited, Bangalore
30. Sharma, M.P. Member (Technical), NHAI, New Delhi
31. Sharma, S.C. DG (RD) & AS (Retd.), MORTH, New Delhi
32. Sinha, A.V. DG (RD) & SS (Retd.), MORTH, New Delhi
33. Singh, B.N. Member (Projects), NHAI, New Delhi
34. Singh, Nirmal Jit DG (RD) & SS (Retd.), MORTH, New Delhi
35. Vasava, S.B. Chief Engineer & Addl. Secretary (Panchayat) Roads
& Building Dept., Gandhinagar
36. Yadav, Dr. V.K. Addl. Director General (Retd.), DGBR, New Delhi
37. The Chief Engineer (Mech.) (Shri Kaushik Basu), MORTH, New Delhi

Corresponding Members
1. Bhattacharya, C.C. DG (RD) & AS (Retd.), MORTH, New Delhi
2. Das, Dr. Animesh Professor, IIT, Kanpur
3. Justo, Dr. C.E.G. Emeritus Fellow, 334, 14th Main, 25th Cross,
Banashankari 2nd Stage, Bangalore
4. Momin, S.S. Former Secretary, PWD Maharashtra, Mumbai
5. Pandey, Prof. B.B. Advisor, IIT Kharagpur, Kharagpur

Ex-Officio Members
1. President, Indian Roads Congress (Bhowmik, Sunil), Engineer-in-Chief, PWD
(R&B) Govt. of Tripura
2. Honorary Treasurer, (Das, S.N.), Director General (RD),
Indian Roads Congress Ministry of Road Transport & Highways, New Delhi
3. Secretary General,
Indian Roads Congress, New Delhi

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 IRC:SP:103-2014

Guidelines On Tree Plantation

Along
Rural Roads
Introduction
The Guidelines on Landscaping and Tree Plantation, First Revision (IRC:SP:21-2009)
published in November 2009 provides comprehensive guidance on landscaping and roadside
arboriculture along highways. The Ministry of Rural Development (MoRD), Government
of India requested that the Indian Roads Congress may consider bringing out a special
publication on plantation of trees along rural roads as the focus of the current publication
appears to be more towards roads of higher categories.
In view of the urgency expressed on this requirement, the Ministry of Rural Development set
up a small group comprising a few domain experts from the forest sector to provide inputs to
the IRC for consideration. (List of Members at Appendix-I).
It was decided to have the Guidelines for Tree Plantation along Rural Roads formulated by
the Rural Roads Committee (H-5) keeping in view the already published document of the IRC
on the subject and the special inputs of the Group constituted by the MoRD.
The draft of the said Guidelines was prepared by a small group comprising Shri N.C. Solanki,
Director (Projects-I), NRRDA and Member-Secretary, H-5 Committee; Dr. I.K. Pateriya,
Director (Technical), NRRDA and Member H-5 Committee; Dr. B. Mukhopadhyay, Deputy
General Manager (NHAI) and Members of the group constituted by the MoRD.
The draft was discussed by the H-5 Committee during its meeting held on 1st August, 2014.
The Committee deliberated over the draft and approved it with some suggestions. The
Convenor was authorised to modify the same by suitably incorporating the suggestions made
in the meeting.
The Personnel of the Rural Roads Committee (H-5) is given below:
Gupta, D.P. -------- Convenor
Jain, N.S. -------- Co-Convenor
Director (Projects-I), NRRDA -------- Member-Secretary
(Solanki, N.C.)

Members
Banerjee, A.K. Kumar, Dr. Praveen
Bongirwar, P.L. Kumar, Dr. Ashok
Duhsaka, Vanlal Parameswaran, Dr. (Mrs.) Lakshmy
Franco, Colin A. Pateriya, Dr. I.K.
Goswami, Diganta Raju, Dr. G.V.S.
Gupta, Mukesh C. Sagne, A.A.
Gupta, S.K. Sarkar, Prof. A.K.
Jain, Dr. M.C. Satish, J.

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IRC:SP:103-2014

Jain, Dr. P.K. Sharma, S.C.

Kadiyali, Dr. L.R. Singhvi, S.S.
Kalra, B.B. Sun, M.M.
Kapaley, A.D. Tongden, C.P.
Katare, P.K.
Corresponding Members
Jawaid, Dr. S.M. Ali Kumar, Vijay
Justo, Dr. C.E.G. Reddy, Prof. K. Sudhakar
Kand, Dr. C.V. Rohatgi, Rajesh
Khanna, Ms. Shobha
Ex-Officio Members
President, Indian Roads Congress (Bhowmik, Sunil), Engineer-in-Chief, PWD
(R&B) Govt. of Tripura
Honorary Treasurer, (Das, S.N.), Director General (RD),
Indian Roads Congress Ministry of Road Transport & Highways, New Delhi
Secretary General,
Indian Roads Congress, New Delhi
The draft finalized by the Rural Roads Committee was discussed by the Highways
Specifications and Standards Committee (HSS) in its meeting held on 9th August, 2014. The
document finalized by the HSS Committee was approved by the Executive Committee in
its meeting held on 18th August, 2014. The IRC Council in its meeting held at New Delhi on
19th August, 2014 approved the draft IRC:SP:103-2014 “Guidelines on Tree Plantation along
Rural Roads” for publishing.
1 SCOPE
1.1 India is witnessing a major development of road infrastructure to catalyse its
socio-economic development. In order to give a boost to rural connectivity, a Rural Roads
Programme known as the Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY) was launched
in December, 2000. Another programme known as the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural
Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) is being implemented as a rights-based, demand-
driven and self-selecting scheme with a view to enhance livelihood security to rural
households. Some roads are being built under this programme. Side by side, several States
have taken up the construction and improvement of rural roads to all-weather standards to
provide connectivity to lower size habitations not covered under the PMGSY eligibility criteria.
Roadside plantation will check deterioration of roads and will contribute to strengthening
ecological balance and reducing global warming.
1.2 The Indian Roads Congress (IRC) brought out a document entitled “Guidelines on
Landscaping and Tree Plantation” (First Revision) in the year 2009 as a special publication,
IRC:SP:21-2009. This document provides guidelines for plantation of trees and strategies
for landscaping along highways. This is serving as a very useful guide to the road agencies
particularly dealing with main roads (National Highways, State Highways, Major District
Roads) and roads in urban areas. It also covers guidelines on selection of tree species in
different areas of the country but lacks focus on guidance for rural roads. It is, therefore, felt
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that a separate document on the Guidelines for Plantation of Trees along Rural Roads may
be prepared that would provide guidance to the road agencies that are implementing the
PMGSY and other rural roads programmes in the country. This document has been prepared
and finalized accordingly.
1.3 It needs to be pointed out that unlike main roads, the rural roads being upgraded
or constructed under the various programmes rely mostly on voluntary donation of land by
the local communities. As such, there could be situations where the available Right-of-Way
is not sufficient enough to accommodate any tree plantation.
1.4 It is not possible to lay down rigid and uniform standards for tree plantation along
rural roads, as the plantation scheme to be adopted may vary from place to place depending
upon the topography, climate and other environmental features. As such, this document
lays down broad guidelines subject to such modifications as may be governed by local site
conditions. It would be productive and useful, if the road agencies keep in contact with the
departments dealing with Forest and Agriculture for seeking their advice as to the selection
of species and methods of plantation.
1.5 These guidelines are divided into seven sections to focus attention on different
aspects of plantation relevant to rural roads, types of species, spacing of plantations,
maintenance, bio-engineering measures for slope protection duly drawing reference to
the material already contained in the Special Publication IRC:SP:21-2009 and MoRD
Specifications for Rural Roads, First Revision (2014).

2 IMPORTANT ASPECTS IN RESPECT OF RURAL ROADS

2.1 The plantation of trees along rural roads is to be confined to the available Right-
of-Way. No attempt should be made to acquire additional land for the purpose of tree
plantation.
2.2 In view of the limited space likely to be available along the PMGSY and other
rural roads, only single row of plants would generally be provided. A spacing of 4 m to 6 m
between tree plants may be adopted. In case block areas are available along the road side,
the spacing grid of 3 m x 3 m may be adopted. Two rows of trees along rural roads may be
provided where there is adequate Right-of-Way already available for two rows of trees.
2.3 It should be borne in mind that for plantation, the strategy of using saplings of
minimum 1.2 m height proves much more effective in reducing the mortality rate. The use of
seedlings (less than 900 mm in height) shall be avoided in case of rural roads. The mortality
of such seedlings along the road side is rather high.
2.4 Sapling should be procured preferably from nursery of the forest department
or any other Government Department. Further, for providing saplings in the plantations, a
dedicated nursery of suitable capacity should also be raised. Schemes such as MGNREGS
can be availed of for such purposes.

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2.5 Only quality planting material should be used for plantation.

2.6 The plantation should be maintained for a period of four years from the year
of planting. Vacancy filling/replacement should be carried out regularly from second year
onwards. During initial stages of plantation, sometimes weeding and other plant diseases
could occur. This will require particular attention.
2.7 The raising of avenue plantation should form an integral component of rural road
including PMGSY. Proper monitoring and evaluation of the plantation should be done as a
follow-up.
2.8 Nature has devised vegetation in a manner that only specific varieties thrive in
particular climates. Planting of vegetation as a part of landscaping along rural roads should,
therefore, be restricted as far as possible to local species already thriving in the area served
by the road.

3 GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS NEEDING ATTENTION

3.1 Existing features along a road alignment, whether natural or man-made, can
contribute significantly to general road landscape and every effort should be made to preserve,
incorporate and integrate these into the landscape. A reconnaissance survey should be
made to identify all valuable natural features such as natural wooded areas, streams, ponds,
rock outcrops, scenic vistas etc., in addition to man-made features like historical buildings,
monuments, gardens, etc. During design, and later during construction, every care should be
taken to avoid damage to them.
3.2 Conservation of existing grass and plant growth needs no emphasis. In all road
cuttings, top soil should be preserved and reapplied after completion of grading operations,
on slopes etc., to help growth of vegetation.
3.3 While constructing roads in forest areas, felling of trees should be kept to bare
minimum. Fire should never be used in cleaning operations as this will destroy natural
regeneration of young trees and drive out wildlife. The effect of felling on undergrowth and
wildlife also needs to be kept in view.
3.4 In the design and development of arboriculture, certain restrictions imposed by
engineering, traffic and safety requirements should be kept in view. Some of these are:
● Trees should be planted minimum 0.5 meter beyond the toe of the roadway
and as close to the edge of the Right-of-Way as possible so that they are not
a safety hazard or affect the required sight distance.
● Considerations of sight distance and safety be primary.
● Shrubs and trees should be planted clear of roadside drains and other
drainage structures so that their root system does not interfere with efficient
working of the drainage facilities.

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3.5 Typical cross-sections showing the location of trees on rural roads with different
carriageway width and formation width are given in Figs. 1 to 3. To facilitate systematic
execution of operations involved in roadside arboriculture, it will be advisable to prepare a
detailed work plan including necessary drawings for field use. These should cover the scope
and extent of the proposed activities, pattern, type and location of plantings, plant species to
be used etc. and should be simple enough that can be easily understood by the field crews.

Fig. 1 Typical Cross-Section and Plan for Single Lane (3.75 m Carriageway) and
7.5 m Formation Width in Rural Area

Fig. 2 Typical Cross-Section for Intermediate Lane (5.5 m Carriageway);

with 9.0 m Formation Width in Rural Area

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Fig. 3 Typical Cross-Section of Link Route with 6.0 m Formation Width in Rural Areas in Cutting
3.6 Ornamental and flowering species of plants should be selected for plantation along
the road, near the entry of village and also near the junctions from the main roads. Species
with aroma which do not attract cattle should normally be proposed along the road.
3.7 In areas where limited land is only available and farmers are reluctant for plantation
because of shadow of plants, particular species like “Poplar” may be used for plantation,
which leaves its leafs in winter avoiding shadow on crops in the nearby fields.

Photo 1 Road Side Plantation

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4 BROAD GUIDELINES FOR ROADSIDE PLANTATION

4.1 General
4.1.1 This section gives broad guidelines about different aspects of roadside arboriculture.
For proper selection of plant, species of native plants have been recommended for different
climatic regions. In Appendix-II, principal details of each of the species such as their name
in different languages, characteristics of growth, and the suggested location of use has been
described. This Appendix is divided into two categories. Category 1 are the species that are
to be provided normally in a single row along rural roads. Category 2 are the species which
can be provided only where two rows are possible.
4.1.2 From the point of livelihood and nutrient angles, apart from the green factor, the
plants can be divided into four categories (Refer Appendix-III).

4.2 Selection of Species for Plantation

Trees, shrubs and climbers have been used to enhance the soft natural ambience against
harsh elements in most of the enhancement schemes. The planting species are decided
based on the physical growth characteristics of trees, like form and shape, foliage pattern,
growth rate, branching pattern, soil characteristics and conditions of the strip like water
logged areas etc. The selection of plant types and planting arrangement should be based on
the following considerations:
● shape (spread of the tree) and size.
● texture and colour of foliage/flower/fruits in different seasons and stages of
growth.
● adaptability and suitability to agro-climatic regions/zones.
● growth rate (slow/fast), average age of maturity and replacement cycle.
● after-care and maintenance required for sustenance and growth.
● economic and other social/recreational benefits.
● drawbacks and demerits if any, like prone to insects/pests disease, animal
grazing and human interference.

4.3 Other Considerations

Plantations along the embankment slopes and near major water bodies play a major role in
the control of erosion. Similarly, green cover in the form of turfing stabilizes steep slopes and
high embankments.

4.4 Ornamental Trees

Generally, only one row of trees would be possible on rural roads. In such cases, ornamental
species should be planted instead of shade bearing species. A combination of ornamental,
shade and screening trees have been recommended. The number of rows and the repetition
of the trees and their type vary with the road cross section and the space available in the
RoW for tree plantation.

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Tables 1 and 2 list a few species, which can generally be planted throughout India for this
purpose.
Table 1 Species Recommended for 1st Row of Avenue Plantations

S. No. Soil Botanical Name Local Name Flowering Month/

Colour
1. Normal Loamy Acacia auriculiformis Vilayati babool September-October/
soils Yellow
2. Bauhinia sps. Kachnar February-March/Pink
3. Cassia fistula Amaltas May/Yellow
4. Cassia nodusa Cassia May-June/Pink
5. Delonix regia Gulmohar May/Yellow
6. Jacaranda mimosaefolia Jacaranda April/Blue
7. Peltophorum ferrugineum Peltophorum October/Yellow
8. Water logged Cordia dicotma Lasoda
9. areas Syzygium cuminii Jamun
10. Terminalia arjuna Arjun
11. Alkaline soils Albizzia lebbek Kala Siris
12 [Usar] Pongamia pinnata Kanji
13. Terminalia arjuna Arjun

Table 2 Species Recommended for 2nd Row of Avenue Plantations

1. Normal Loamy Albizzia lebbek Kala siris

2. Soils Dalbergia sissoo Shisham
3. Gravillea robusta Silver Oak
4. Malia azadiracta Bakain
5. Pongamia pinnata Kanji
6. Terminalia arjuna Arjun

4.5 Shade Plants

The shade trees in the second row, where sufficient land is already available, should be
planted at a spacing of 8 to 12 metres. These tree species should be of local significance
and should be mostly evergreen in nature, which ensures no substantial leaf-fall in winters
preventing the problem of blockage of roadside drains. Trees with the following characteristics
should be planted as shade trees:
i. Trees with high crown forms secure better visibility and are therefore ideal.
ii. Trees that retain their foliage longest are preferred to deciduous trees.
iii. Trees with long gestation period and having rapid growth and capacity to
resist fungal and insects attack form ideal avenues.

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The tree species recommended as shade plants for roadside avenues are given in Table 3.
These species can be planted almost throughout India.
Table 3 Shade Trees Recommended for Roadside Avenues

Soil Species
Local name Botanical Name
Loamy Arjun Terminelia arjuna
Imli Tamarindus indica
Water Logged Areas Jamun Syzynium cuminii
Mahua Madhuca indica
Mango Mangifera indica
Alkaline Neem Azadirachta indica [at pH up to 8.5]
[Usar]
Kanji Pongamia pinnata [upto 9.0 pH]

Peepal Ficus religiosa

Paker Ficus infectoria
Shisham Dalberjia sissoo
Neem Azadirachta indica
Sandy Shisham Dalbergia sissoo

Region-wise specific lists have been provided in the Annexes A to E. It is recommended that
local experts from the Forest department and Horticulture department should be consulted
before finalizing the choice of species for a particular stretch.
4.5.1 Fruit Bearing Trees
Fruit bearing trees along the rural roads may be planted where sufficient land is available for
planting of such trees in such a manner that they do not spread on to the road. For selection
of fruit bearing trees reference may be made to Appendix-III. Fruit bearing trees and trees of
medicinal values may also be preferred in case of block plantation. Community participation
through social mobilization, in case of fruit bearing trees may be resorted to for safeguard of
plants and fruits. This will also help in improvement of livelihood for rural people.

4.6 Plantation in Special Areas

4.6.1 Water Logged Areas
Waterlogged areas along the road are generally a result of inadequate drainage conditions,
the road acting as a bund and contributing to water logging, high water table of the region or
the low lying nature of the terrain itself. Planting in such sites after proper drainage is now
a common practice. Jamun, Mahua and Mango are usually recommended for waterlogged
areas. Bamboos can also be planted in such areas.
Soils become waterlogged when water builds up and is not able to drain away. This leaves
no air spaces in the saturated soil, and plant roots literally drown. Waterlogging limits oxygen
supply to the roots and prevents carbon dioxide from diffusing away. Root function is reduced

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or it stops and the roots start to die off, allowing the invasion of rots and decay organisms.
This has a subsequent effect on the visible parts of the plant, as the leaves and stems are
unable to obtain enough water and nutrients.
Mounding is essential on wet sites. A study undertaken some time back showed that tree
survival improved from 65 percent to over 95 percent by mounding on sites prone to seasonal
waterlogging. On wet sites, mounds should be aligned to allow excess water to drain off
the site without causing erosion. The drainage furrows created on each side of the mound
provide important additional drainage. For maximum effect, these should be continuous, and
connected into the drainage network. The mound should be constructed at least 200 mm to
300 mm high and about 1000 mm wide. Even larger mounds may be required on very wet
sites.

Fig. 4 Mounding on Wet Sites Fig. 5 Tree Planting in Waterlogged Areas

Photo 2 Mounds in Waterlogged Area

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4.6.2 Alkaline Soils

Alkaline (Usar) soils are frequently encountered in some areas of the country. The species
recommended for such soils include; Azadirachta indica, Ailanthus, Terminalia arjuna,
Pongamia, Albizzia lebbeck, A. procera.

4.7 Specifications for Avenue Plantations

The technical specifications for plantations are given in Table 4.
Table 4 Technical Specifications for Plants
A Ornamental plants (Normally First Row)
Distance from toe of embankment Minimum 0.5 m away from the toe of the embankment
and close to the edge of the Right of Way (ROW).
Spacing between plant to plant 4 m to 6 m
Spacing between rows 3 m minimum
Size of the pits 60 x 60 x 60 cms (in alkaline soils, kankar pans to be
broken by augur. In waterlogged areas, mound with
height varying depending on water level)
No. of plants per km 167 to 250 on one side
Height of the saplings at the time of planting 1.2 m to 2 m
Survival percentage of plantation 90% at any time
B Shade plants (Second row)
Distance from preceding rows 3.0 m minimum
Spacing between plant to plant 8 m to 12 m (6 m if high mortality expected)
Size of the pits 60 x 60 x 60 cms (in alkaline soils, kankar pans to be
broken by augur. In waterlogged areas, mound with
height varying depending on water level)
No. of plants per km 84 to 125 (167 at 6 m spacing) on one side
Height of the saplings at the time of planting More than 2 m
Survival percentage of plantation 90% after replacement of casualties in first two years.
80% afterwards
In localities where a really bad patch of saline soil (usar) occurs, there is a need to dig deep
pits by augur (mechanical device) to break the kankar pan down below and replacing the soil
by good quality soil. The pits should be filled with the soil amender Gypsum (1 to 3 kg per pit,
depending on the pH) along with 2 kg compost and sand. The treatment helps in lowering
down the pH and thus enabling better survival of plants.

4.8 Protection Measures

4.8.1 Brushwood fencing or live fencing should be used to prevent the browsing of
saplings by the cattle. Bamboo or locally available material may be used for making the tree
guard. RCC/MS angles should not be used for rural roads.
4.8.2 Brushwood fencing or live fencing – plantation of shrubs or hedge during the
preparation of plantation site prior to tree plantation. These should be with spacing of 1 m, in
two rows, with tree in between.

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4.9 Specifications for Grass Turfing

4.9.1 The surface is to be prepared adequately for grass sowing. The grasses and
shrubs planting is done to provide a strong surface cover but needs a well-prepared surface.
All masses of loose debris should be removed. Any convexities should be removed and
similarly any concavities are to be filled up by good soil. The surface should have sufficient
layer of good quality soil (upto 450 mm) so as to have better growth and survival of grasses
and shrubs.
4.9.2 Grass lines are used to provide a strong surface cover but need a well-prepared
surface in which to be planted. If grass is to be an effective form, then it must be allowed to
establish properly on a slope which does not subject to undue stress from erosion and mass
movement in its initial stages.
i. Sowing of grasses is intended to create a strengthened surface that is
resistant to erosion.
ii. The condition of the site is good enough for the successful establishment of
grasses.
iii. A cover of 25 grams of grass seed per square meter of surface should be
achieved.
iv. The timing of sowing is of utmost importance. The seed sowing must be
carried out before the onset of monsoon (May & June) so that they yield
desired results. The watering of the surface will be done by tankers till the
onset of the monsoon.
v. After sowing, mulch of prepared and dried out herbs should be laid over the
whole seeded area in a thin layer so that the direct sunlight and transpiration
loss may not affect the grasses.

4.10 Activity Schedule

Plantation activities are highly time specific, as the plants respond to the seasonal variations
in climatic conditions. Generally, plantation works are started in our country with the onset
of monsoon. However, if it is possible to provide irrigation facilities, it is advisable to utilize
the high temperatures of summers. Generally plants respond well to irrigation during peak
summer seasons, as the conditions are very favourable for growth if moisture is not the
limiting factor.
4.10.1 Watering of Plants
Water is an essential component of living organism, since it contains 30-40 percent of
their body weight. Most of the organic and inorganic substances are sparingly, partly and
completely soluble in it. It is a major raw material for the photosynthesis by which plants
produce their food.
The essential nutrients for plants are mostly transported by the water either by itself or when
water mixes with other constituents like elemental, molecular or compound form. Sometimes,
it may act as a bridge between two or more intra or inter-constituents which will help to supply
the desired nutrients from soil and also from atmosphere.

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The quantity of water requirement depends largely on the nature of species, soil quality,
depth of the first aquifer and on the climatic condition of that area. The relative humidity,
temperature, wind speed and wind direction have major role in this regard. About 450 to 650
litres of water is required per plant per year since the very beginning of the plantation till it
attains its normal safe size and growth i.e. about 6-7 years from the date of plantation. The
external supply of water is to be continued till the roots of that species may be able to absorb
the required quantity of water from the soil strata. The quantity and the frequency of watering
is given in Table 5.
Table 5 Activities Schedule for Avenue Plantation

Year Month Activities to be done

1 Surveying & cleaning of the area
1 Year
st
January-March 2 Digging of Pits
3 Procurement of brushwood and live fencing
1 Purchase of Farm yard manure
2 Fencing
2nd Year April-June
3 Plantation along the road
4 Filling up of Pits with Farm Yard manure and Soil
1 Transportation of Plants
2 Planting of Saplings
July-August
3 Watering
4 Weeding and hoeing
September- 1 Weeding and hoeing
November 2 Watering 4 times a month
December- 1 Weeding and hoeing
February 2 Maintenance
March 1 Watering 4 times a month
3 year
rd
April-June 1 Watering 6 times a month
1 Casualty Replacement ( 20% of the total plants )
July-August 2 Weeding
3 Maintenance by Mali
September- 1 Watering 2 times a month
November 2 Maintenance by Mali
December- 1 Maintenance by Mali
February
1 Watering 4 times a month
March
2 Maintenance by Mali
1 Watering
4 Year
th
April-March 2 Casualty Replacement ( 10% of the total plants )
3 Maintenance by Mali

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4.11 Monitoring Requirements

The monitoring schedule, parameters for monitoring the progress and status of plantations
are given in Table 6.
Table 6 Proposed Monitoring Arrangements

Phase Monitoring Parameter

1 Year (Advance Soil Work)
st
Number of pits
2nd Year (Plantation of Saplings) Survival percentage of saplings
3rd Year (Maintenance of Plantation) Survival percentage before & after. Casualty
replacement. Height of plants
4th Year (Maintenance of Plantation) Survival percentage before & after. Casualty
replacement. Height of plants

4.12 Training and Pruning of Shrubs

By nature of their growth, shrubs tend to take extra growth or unbalanced growth. Thus
regular training and pruning by cutting and removal of undesired parts of twigs is required.
4.12.1 Training
The process of providing desired form and size to a shrub plant is training. This is done by
cutting away all growth that does not come in the desired frame, shape and size. Training of
plants is started when they are still young. 3-4 branches are allowed to grow from main stem
near the ground, radially to different directions. These are further divided into 2-3 branches
each making oval shape of 3 m diameter in spread near the ground and 1.5 to 2 m high. This
process is completed in 3-4 operations of cutting and pruning in first 2 years of growth. When
the plants take their final size and shape, they are annually cut to this shape by pruning extra
growth once or twice a year.
4.12.2 Pruning
Pruning involves cutting and removal of parts, twigs, limbs or branches of shrubs. Besides
giving desired shape and size, pruning helps in:
● Encouraging vigorous growth by allowing proper air, light and food to the
parts retained.
● Removing over-crowding and weak branches.
● Removing dried up, diseased and pest infested parts.
● Regulating and increasing flowers/fruit production.
While doing operations of training/pruning; proper tools and implements like pruning knife,
pruning saw, tree pruner, secateurs & shears etc. should be used. Care should be taken
that bark of the plants is not damaged, ruptured, or pealed off. After deciding the framework
to be retained, shoots should be cut back to desired size and shape. All the sick, thin and
interwining twigs should be removed for allowing air and light to the desired ones.

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Generally, flowering buds are produced in 6-8 months old shoots, which are usually cut
away through repeated indiscriminate cutting without applying scientific principles of pruning.
Consequently, neither these shrubs take their optimum spread (vertical & lateral) nor produce
colourful flowers as required.
Time of pruning is important and it should be done only in the season of dormancy i.e. when
the plants are not in active growth. This period comes usually from December to January &
May to June. Blooming time is February to June & September to December. However, light
pruning and pinching of tips can be done any time when it becomes necessary due to other
emergent reasons of safety and sanitation etc.

5 Bio-Engineering Measures in Slope Stabilization and Protection

5.1 Bio-engineering measures involving use of living plants shall be undertaken in
conjunction with engineering solutions for stabilization and protection of road side slopes
against erosion and to improve drainage. Bio-engineering works would be complementary
to civil engineering structures and would normally not replace them. The materials and skills
involving execution of bio-engineering measures are available in rural areas. Plants used
in bio-engineering would perform one or more of the required functions of anchoring and
reinforcing the surface material by extending roots down below into firmer strata, catching
erodible material or debris or draining the excess water discharge from the slopes. Plant
types and the methodology adopted for the plantation vary in their ability to resolve the
various slope stabilization requirements. Hence, selection of the plants and the methodology
for their adoption is a vital function for the success of the bio-engineering techniques. For
details refer to Section 16 (Clause 1612) of the MoRD Specifications for Rural Roads,
First Revision, 2014.

6 BRIDGE STRUCTURES AND APPURTENANTS

6.1 Bridges and Approaches

For bridge structures and their approaches, the following points may be kept in view:
i. The bridge structure including appurtenants like railings, parapet walls etc.
should be designed to contribute to the overall aesthetics of the road and
landscape.
ii. Approaches to bridges should blend with the terrain of the land, retaining
natural beauty of the surrounding areas. Where possible, the approaches to
major bridges should be so aligned that the bridge is visible from a distance
and catches the eye of the road users, thereby breaking the monotony of
travel.
iii. Adequate planting and other landscape measures in the proximity of bridges
can enhance the beauty of the area.

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6.2 Intersections and Junctions with Main Roads

At intersections of rural roads with main roads, the plantation design should consider the
basic standards of height limitations and appropriate sight lines. The intersection should be
visible for sufficient distance from all the approaching roads.

7 MAINTENANCE OF ROADSIDE PLANTATION

7.1 Maintenance of roadside plantation includes a number of operations such as

(i) tending saplings of trees and plants till they can stand by themselves, (ii) selective pruning
of shrubs, trees etc., from considerations of traffic operations and safety, and (iii) maintenance
of grass in turfed areas.
7.2 Selective pruning or cutting of trees and shrubs will be required in situations where
these (i) interfere with sight distance, (ii) come in the way of effective street illumination,
(iii) are too close to the carriageway so as to be hazardous, (iv) conceal desirable views and
scenic vistas, and (v) have become too old or dead.
7.3 Maintenance of vegetation should be scheduled for the most effective seasons for
each class of work. For example, grass mowing should be at intervals governed by growth
rates, fertilizing of turf should precede maximum growth periods, and selective pruning of
plants should precede the dormant period. Some items of roadside maintenance such as
tree removal and tree care, which are not seasonal, may be scheduled for other periods.
7.4 The trees and plants should be maintained under the guidance of horticulture staff
and new plants put up wherever necessary in adequate time, especially to replace the dead
and old trees. Proper working plans should be prepared where the work involves felling of
mature trees/plantation.

Photo 3 Grownup Plants

16
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Annex-A
(Para 4.5)
List of Trees Suitable for Arid and Dry Regions of South Haryana, Rajasthan,
Gujarat, Maharashtra and Central Plateau

Botanical Name Common Name

1. Ailanthus excels Maharukh
2. Azadirachta indica Neem
3. Alstonia scholaris
4. Acacia auriculiformis
5. Butea monosperma Palas
6. Bombox ceiba
7. Cassia fistula Labernum/Amaltash
8. Cassia siamea Siamese Cassia
9. Calistemon viminalis Bottle brush
10. Calistemon citrinus
11. Ceiba pentandra
12. Cochlospermum religiosam
13. Casuarina equisetifolia
14. Dalbergia sissoo Sheesham
15. Erythrina variegate
16. Ficus sp Peepal, Bargad, Pakur etc.
17. Gmelina arborea Gambhari
18. Heterophragma adenophyllum
19. Moringa oleifera Sahjan
20. Melia azadirachta Bakain
21. Millingtonia hortensis
22. Pongamia pinnata Karanj/Papari
23. Plumerio sp.
24. Parkinsonia aculeate
25. Syzygium cumini
26. Tecoma undulata Rohira
27. Tamarindus india Imli
28. Terminalia sp.

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IRC:SP:103-2014

Shrubs
1. Bougainvellia Garden glory
2. Cassia glauca
3. Cassia alata
4. Jatropa podagarica
5. Nerium oleander Kaner
6. Poinciana pulcherima
7. Thevetia nerifolia Yellow Kane
Trees suitable for Moist Areas
Moist locality consists of areas where rainfall is high and of longer duration. The soil remains
moist but not necessarily waterlogged. High humidity pervades the atmosphere. Trees
suitable for moist areas are:
1. Alstonia scholaris
2. A. macrophylia
3. Amherstia nobilis
4. Barringtonia acitamgi;a
5. B.racemosa
6. Bauhinia variegate
7. B. pupurea
8. Brownea coccinea
9. B. ariza
10. Cassia marginata
11. C. javanica
12. C. nodosa
13. Colvillea recemosa
14. Delonix regia
15. Dillenia indica
16. Guaiacum officinale
17. Lagerstroemia speciosa
18. L. thorelli
19. Millettia peguensis
20. Peltophorum ferrugineum
21. Samanea saman
22. Polyalthia lognifolia

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23. P. pendula
24. Pongamia pinnata
25. Putranjiva roxburghii
26. Saraca asoca
27. Terminalia arjuna
28. Tamarindus indica
Trees Suitable for Marshy Areas
Areas which remain waterlogged for a considerable period of the year come under this
ecological environment. Trees suitable for such areas are:
1. Barringtonia acutangula
2. B. racemosa
3. Eucalyptus rostrate
4. Hibiscus tilliaceus
5. Salix babylonica
6. S. tetrasperma
7. Tamarix articulate
Of the above species eucalyptus rostrate can not only grow under marshy conditions, but
has capacity to draw up large quantities of water for transpiration. Sometimes this species is
used for drying up marshy land.
Trees Suitable for Saline Tracts
Saline tract is present along the coastal areas where the tidal waves submerge the land
periodically. Besides, vast saline tracts are met within the country where waterlogging is
a perennial problem. Here the accumulated body of water finds release mainly in to the
atmosphere through evaporation leaving behind the salts on the surface. This condition for
decades, or even for centuries, have turned the soil very saline. Trees suitable for such tracts
are those that can stand drought as well as high concentration of salinity. The example of
such trees are:
1. Acacia auriculiformis
2. Butea monosperma
3. Casuarina equisetifolia
4. Cochlospermum religiosum
5. Eucalyptus Citriodora
6. Heritiera macrophylla
7. Inga dulcis
8. Perkinsonia aculeate

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IRC:SP:103-2014

9. Pongamia pinnata
10. Samanea saman
11. Tamarix articulate
12. Thespesia populnea
13. Tamarindus indica
14. Terminalia arjuna
Plants Disliked by Cattle
Truly speaking, this grouping of trees does not belong to the ecological classification. But this
group is useful where stray cattles are plenty and pose a problem for the protection of trees,
particularly at the young age. Selection of plants that are disliked by cattle will help toward off
the menace from these animals. Some trees under this group are:
1. Cassia fistula
2. C. nodosa
3. C. javanica
4. C. siamea
5. C. renigera
6. C. multijuga
7. C. marginata
8. C. moschata
9. Holarrhena antidysenterica
List of Trees suitable for Arid and Dry Regions of South Haryana, Rajasthan, Gujarat,
Maharashtra and Central Plateau
1. Acassia ausiculitrormis
2. Bombox ceaba
3. Callistemon citrinus
4. Ceiba pentandra
5. Cochlospermum religiosam
6. Erothrina variegatum
7. Heterosphrogma adenophyllum
8. Millingtonia hortensis
9. Pwmerio sp
10. Syzgium umini
11. Casurina equisetitioia
12. Perkirisonia aculiata

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Annex-B
(Para 4.5)
Trees suitable for temperate and sub-tropical areas of North-West India, J&K,
Punjab, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Part of U.P.
Botanical Name Common Name
1. Barringtonia accutangula
2. Cedrus Deodara Devdar
3. Delinia indica Chilla
4. Grevillea robusta Silver Oak
5. Holoptelia integrifolia Papri
6. Juglans regia Akhrot (Walnut)
7. Michelia champaka
8. Myrica nagi Kaphal
9. Pinus sp Chir
10. Pterospermum acerifolium
11. Salix sp Soal
12. Sapindus musorossi Reetha
13. Taxus baccata Thuner
Shrubs
1. Artabortrys odoratismis
2. Bougainvellia Garden glory
3. Hydrangea
4. Hibiscus sps.
5. Nerium oleander Kaner
6. Rhododendron/Azalias
7. Salix sps.
8. Thevetia nerifolia Yellow Kaner
9. TMC single and double
10. Tecoma

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IRC:SP:103-2014

Annex-C
(Para 4.5)
Trees suitable for Indo Gangetic Plains of Uttar Pradesh,
Punjab, Bihar and West Bengal
Botanical Name Common Name

1. Albizzia lebeck Siris

2. Albizzia proeera Safed Siris

3. Butea monosperma Palash
4. Bauhinia variegate Kachnar (Pink)
5. Cassia fistula Labernum/Amaltash
6. Cassia siamea Siamese Cassia
7. Cedrela toona Toon
8. Chikrassia tabularis Chikasi
9. Calistemon lanceolatus Bottle Brush
10. Dalbergia sissoo Sheesham
11. Emblica officinalis Aonla
12. Ficus sp Peepal, Bagad, Pakur, etc.
13. Gravellea robusta Silver Oak
14. Hardwickia pinnata Malabar Mahagani
15. Lagerstroemia thorli Pride of India/Jarul
16. Lagerstroemea floriginea -do-
17. Morus alba Shahtoot
18. Mengifera indica Desi Mango
19. Pterospermum acerifolium Kanak Champa
20. Putranjiva
21. Polyalthea longifolia Ashok
22. Syziguim cumini Jamoon
23. Terminalia arjuna Arjun
24. Terminalia belerica Bahera
25. Terminalia chebula Harr/Myrobalam
26. Tecoma argentia.

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Shrubs
1. Bauhinia alba
2. Bauhinia acuminate
3. Bougainvellia Garden glory
4. Cassiabiflora
5. Cassia alata
6. Cassia lavigata
7. Calliandra
8. Duranta
9. Gardenia floria
10. Hamelia
11. Hibiscus sps.
12. Ixora
13. Nerium oleander Kaner
14. Thevetia nerifolia Yellow Kaner
15. Tecoma stans
16. TMS single and double

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Annex-D
(Para 4.5)
List of Trees suitable for North Eastern States, North Bengal, Assam, etc.
Botanical Name Common Name
1. Alstonia scholaris Chatuni/Saptparni
2. Albizzia lebeck Siris
3. Cryptomeria japonica Dhupi
4. Colvelia racemosa
5. Cratevea religiosa Barna
6. Cinchona sps Cinchona (Quinine tree)
7. Lagerstroemea floriginea Pride of India
8. Lagerstroemea thorali -do-
9. Michelia champaka Champa
10. Pterospermum acerifolium Kanak Champa
11. Shorea robusta Saal
Shrubs
1. Bauhinia alba
2. Bauhinia acuminate
3. Bougainvellia Garden glory
4. Calliandra
5. Duranta
6. Gardenia floria
7. Hibiscus sps.
8. Ixora
9. Nerium oleander Kaner
10. Thevetia nerifolia Yellow Kaner
11. TMS single and double

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Annex-E
(Para 4.5)
List of Trees suitable for Coastal Areas of Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka,
Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and Orissa, etc.
Botanical Name Common Name
1. Anacardium occidentale Cashew nut
2. Cinamomum camphora Kapoor
3. Casurina equistifolia Casuarina
4. Dalbergia latifolia Rosewood
5. Mengifera indica Mango
6. Palms
7. Pterospermum acerifolium
8. Saraca indica Sita Ashok
9. Sweitenia mahogoni Mahogoni
10. Sweitenia macrophylla -do-
11. Tabubia spectibilis
12. Tabubea rosea
Shurbs
1. Bougainvellia Garden glory
2. Bauhinia alba
3. Bauhinia acuminate
4. Calliandra
5. Crosandra
6. Gardenia floria
7. Hibiscus sps.
8. Hamelia
9. Musanda
10. Magnolia sps.
11. Nerium oleander Kaner
12. Tecoma stans
13. Tecoma capensis
14. TMS single and double
15. Thevetia nerifolia Yellow Kaner

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Appendix-I
List of Members of the Committee on Tree Plantation along Rural Roads constituted
by Ministry of Rural Development for providing inputs to H-5 Committee of IRC

Convenor
1. Shri D.P. Gupta (Retd.) Director General (RD) & AS,
MoRTH

Members
2. Shri S.P. Vashishth Director (MGNREGS) MoRD,
New Delhi
3. Shri R.P. Singh Addl. Chief Executive Officer,
BRRDA, Patna
4. Dr. B. Mukhopadhyay Deputy General Manager, NHAI,
New Delhi
5. Shri P.L. Kadu Superintending Engineer (PMGSY),
Nagpur
6. Shri Ashish Kumar Chairman, NGO Bargad, Patna
7. Shri N.C. Solanki Director (Projects-I), NRRDA
8. Dr. I.K. Pateriya Director (Technical), NRRDA
9. Shri Chaman Lal Director (Projects-III), NRRDA

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Appendix-II
(Refer Para 4.1)

BROAD DETAILS OF PLANT SPECIES NATIVE IN INDIA

Abbreviations: Mar-Marathi Kan-Kannada Tam-Tamil Guj-Gujarati

Tel - Telugu Beng - Bengali Mal-Malayalam
A Category 1: For Single Row along rural roads
S. No. Latin Name English Hindi Name in other Main Brief Description, Important Habits and
Name Name Languages Characteristics Suggested Locations for Use
in Brief
1. Acacia Arabica Kikar, Small, Thorny Grows well in the plains of the Indo-Gangetic plain,
Babul, especially the Punjab. It is also grown in U.P., Madhya
Babul Pradesh, Rajasthan and Maharashtra. Unsuitable for
places of extreme winter frost. Its thorns and thinness
of shade are drawbacks as an avenue tree, but it can
be used in dry places for checking erosion since it
sends deep roots. Good value for timber
2. Acacia Phulai Small, Thorny Small sized hardy tree, found indigenously in the
modesta Punjab. Suitable for sowing on rocky and dry ground
where irrigation is impossible. Does not have a smooth
and flowing appearance and is ragged looking. Should
be tried only when nothing better will grow
3. Alstonia Devils tree Chatium Chattim (Beng) Large sized, shady Large evergreen tree, straight growing, branches
Scholaris flowering spread laterally in whorls giving dense shade
underneath, leaves palmately compound. Produces
greenish white fragrant flowers. Timber used for
making boxes, black boards, etc.
4. Anacardium Cashewnut Kaju Munthri, Medium sized edible Medium sized tree, yielding fruits ripening in May-July.
occidentale Andimagottai (Tam) fruits Common in west coast of India. Thrives on sandy and
Jidimamidi Tel) gravelly soils. Ideal for preventing wind erosion in
Parangimavu (Mal) coastal belt. Not suitable for avenues.
Geru (Kan) Kaju
(Beng)
5. Bambusa Bamboo Bans Mungli (Tam) Poor shade, economic Bamboo grows in fairly moist climate. Not good for
bambos Bongu Meduru (Tel) value shade as its spread is limited. Not a tree for avenue.
Bamboo has good economic value.
Mola (Mal)
Biduru (Kan)
6. Bassia Latifolia Mowa Mowa Illuppai (Tam) Medium sized thick Medium sized tree, common in the plains of India.
Kippa (Tel) foliage slow growth Leaves fall off in February-April, and new ones
appear in April-May. Affords good shade and is a good
Irippa (Mal) avenue tree.
Ippegida (Kan)
Mohua (Beng)
7. Bauhinia Kachnar Kandhan (Beng) Small sized, quick grown Common in the northern hills of the country though
uariegata light foliage, flowering also found in the Indo-Gangetic Plains. An ornamental
tree while in flower, end of moderate size.
8. Bombax Red silk Regai Mulilavu (Tam) Large sized, quick Fast growing deciduous tree, but short-lived (life
malabari cum cotton Simal Mundla Burga (Tel) growth, light foliage, about 20 years). Tall tree with a straight bole and
Simbal Pula (Mal) Mullu flowering branches in whorls. Needs high water table and light
Buraga (Kan) Simul rich soil. Timber has great economic value. Grown
(Beng) throughout India, except in arid climate. Fairly good
shade. Rather a formal tree, but is useful to mix with
others.
9. Borassus Palmyra Thar Panai (Tam) Palm, slow growth, The tree has economic worth because of the juice
Flabellifera Palm Thati (Tel) unbranched, edible fruits tapped from it. Well grown trees have large luxuriant
leaves. Long stems and sturdy trunks. Not for shade.
Pana (Mal)
Pane (Kan)
Tab (Beng)

27
IRC:SP:103-2014

S. No. Latin Name English Hindi Name in other Main Brief Description, Important Habits and
Name Name Languages Characteristics Suggested Locations for Use
in Brief
10. Callistemon Bottle Lal botal Handsome, evergreen, A low evergreen tree with slender dropping twigs,
lanceolatus brush brush flowering bark very rough and deeply cleft vertically into narrow
ridges. Narrow smooth leathery leaves are clustered
near the ends of the twigs. Produces bright red bottle
brush like flower in abundances. Suitable for avenue
planting.
11. Cassia Tanner’s Tarvar Avarai (Tam) Small sized, dense Small tree with dense foliage. Yellow flowers in winter
auriculata Cassia Thanged (Tel) foliage, flowering make it attractive. An inhabitant of dry salt land. Very
hardy plant, affording good ground cover against
Avara (Mal) erosion.
Avara (Kan)
12. Cassia siamea Chechwa Small sized quick growth, A small sized deciduous tree, leafless in February-
light foliage, flowering March. The flowers are yellow colour when fresh,
later turning to bright green. The tree gives good
appearance because of colour of flowers. A good
choice for ornamental planting but not suitable for
avenue planting as it does not give much shade.
13. Cassia siamea Chechwa Small sized, thick foliage, Quick-growing tree, but short-lived and liable
weak wood, flowering to damage from wind. A good shady tree in hot
weather. Not a very good roadside avenue tree, but
picturesque because of its yellow flowers in clusters.
Drought resistant, grows in poor soils. Successful in
Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh.
14. Castanosper Moretan Medium sized evergreen, This middle sized evergreen tree has a straight trunk,
mum australe Bay thick foliage smooth grey bark, rather drooping branches and
Chestnut dense handsome imparipinnate foliage, very suitable
for tropics as shade tree owing to its dense and
handsome foliage.
15. Ceiba Kapok tree Safed Swet Simal (Beng) Tall, deciduous, flowering A tall tree with straight trunk which is pickle when
Pentandra Simal young. Numerous branches spring from the same
level and radiate horizontally outwards. Leave fall in
winter and creamy white flowers appear in clusters at
ends of twigs before new leaves appear.
16. Cocos nucifera Coconut Nariyal Thenga (Tam) Tall, unbranched, edible Grows ideally in coastal belt with heavy rainfall. Good
palm Kobbari, fruits economic yield.

Tenkaya (Tel)
Thenga (Mal)
Tengina (Kan)
Narikel (Beng)
17. Cordia Scarlet Lal Lasora Virigi (Tel) Small sized, flowering A small tree, some times branching from the base.
sebestena Cordia Acchinarurihli (Tam) Has dark grey bark which is rought and marked with
longitudinal furrows.
18. Crataeva Bengal Barna Barum (Beng) Small sized, light foliage, A spreading tree with medium height. Leaves triplicate
religiosa quince Bilpatre (Kan) slow growth, flowering and deciduous. Very beautiful when laden with cream
coloured flowers in April. A shady tree in summer.
Varmo (Guj) Hardy and drought resistant.
Mili (Mal)
19. Dillenia indica Elephant Chalta Chalita (Beng) Medium sized, thick A medium sized tree of compact habit and roundly
apple Karambal (Guj) foliage, slow growth shaped form. Leaves large with serrated margin.
flowering Flowers large, white and fragrant. Prefer moist
Akku (Tam) localities.
Kalinga (Tel)
20. Diospyros River Gab Gab (Beng) Small sized, evergreen, An evergreen tree with a dense rounded crown of
embryopteris ebony thick foliage, slow growth dark green shiny with low spreading branches which
sometimes touch the ground. New leaves are bright
red.
21. Ehretea Punyan Kulaaja (Beng) Medium sized, An evergreen tree of moderate size having white grey
serrata evergreen, flowering bark marked with longitudinal cracks. Leave long
narrow and pointed. Bears pretty white flowers.

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S. No. Latin Name English Hindi Name in other Main Brief Description, Important Habits and
Name Name Languages Characteristics Suggested Locations for Use
in Brief
22. Feronia Woodapple Dharkth Vila (Tam) Small sized, light foliage Not a very shady trees. Grows in any soil and does
elephantum Kaveet Velaga (Tel) not require much nursing and care. Not grow on the
Bhel hills. Yields fruits having medicinal properties. Its
Vilavu (Mal) leaves are used for workship in Hindu temples.
Katha
Baelada (Kan)
Kartbal (Beng)
23. Ficus Country Fig Gular, Atthi (Tam) Medium sized, quick Medium sized tree with green leaves. Best planted on
glomerata Dumer Medi (Tel) growth, shady, weak camping grounds and near wells. Good shade-giver.
wood Quick growing and semi-evergreen. Has weak wood
Atthi (Mal) and should not be used for road avenues.
Atthi (Kan)
Umbar (Mar)
24. Gliricidia Madre tree Small sized, flowering A small-quick growing tree with long feathery leaves.
maculate Leaf-fall in February, followed by sprays of pale pink
flowers. Suitable for inner avenues of urban roads.
25. Gamelina Candahar Gamhar Medium sized, A fair sized deciduous fast growing tree having a
arborea tree deciduous, fast growth whitish bark and spreading branches which form a
large shady head. The large leaves are heart-shaped
with long points. The tree is drought resistant.
26. Grevillea Silver Oak Tall, columnar, thick A tall narrow graceful tree with rough barks, short
robusta foliage, slow growth, branches and deeply divided fernline leaves which
flowering are dark green above and silvery below. The tree
forms a beautiful conical shape. Bears orange flower
in March-April.
27. Harduickia Anjan Medium sized thin Not very large tree. Slow grower and not a good shade
binate foliage giver, but ornamental. Thrives on rick and sandy soil,
but not in water logged locations. Planted in U.P., M.P.
and Maharashtra.
28. Hetrophragma Medium sized, A handsome evergreen tree of fair size with rough
adenophyllum handsome, evergreen brownish bark marked with cracks, short branches
dark green foliage consisting of very large leaves.
29. Holarrhena Eastern Verra Kurachi (Beng) Small sized, flowering This is a low tree with rather rough, pale brownish
antidysente tree bark and large narrow leaves set practically without
rica stalk in opposite pairs along the smaller branches.
White scented flowers grow in loose clusters at the
ends of the twigs.
30. Holoptelea Indial Elm Sub-Himalayan, shadey A sub-Himalayan tree, planted for shade. A good tree
Integrifolia for avenue planting.
31. Jacaranda Nili Small sized, flowering A small tree with fern-like bipinnate leaves and
mimofaefolia gulmohar pyramidal panicles of blue flowers. Suitable for dry
areas. Bears violet blue flowers in March-April.
32. Lagerstroemia Pride of Arjun Jarul (Beng) Medium sized, light A medium sized evergreen tree with a short trunk and
flosreginae India Challa (Kan) foliage, flowering bushy crown. Leaves are narrow with blunt points.,
becomes red before fall, bears brilliant lilac flowers.
Atampu (Mal) Timber has good value. Moisture loving tree, thrives
Kadalai (Tam) on river banks.
33. Mangifera Mango Amaltas Manga (Tam) Large sized, shade Large evergreen tree with a dense found crown of
indica Mamidi (Tel) edible fruits dark-green leaves. Essentially a shade tree and
has economic value because of fruits and timber.
Mayur (Mal) Practically grows on any soil, but rich loamy soil is
Mavina (Kan) preferable. Moisture is essential but stagnant water
Am (Beng) near roots is fatal to be tree. It is very long-lived tree
but tends to develop hollows with age. Grafting is
necessary from trees of a good variety. One of the
most useful trees for roadside avenues.
34. Melia Persian Bakain Ghoraneem (Beng) Medium sized, deciduous A handsome tree of moderate size, very fast growing,
eradirachta Lilac tree flowering leaves divided into separate pointed leaflets. It
resembles Neem. Deciduous, bears lilac coloured
flowers in summer. Rather short lived.
35. Mesua ferrea Nagochampa (Mar) Small sized, quick growth A small sized tree yielding highly scented flowers.
Naga light foliage, flowering Good for isolated plantings.

Sampighi (Kan)

29
IRC:SP:103-2014

S. No. Latin Name English Hindi Name in other Main Brief Description, Important Habits and
Name Name Languages Characteristics Suggested Locations for Use
in Brief
36. Michelia Champa Champa (Mar) Small sized flowering A small sized tree yielding highly scented flowers.
champaka Sampighi (Kan) Good for isolated paintings.

37. Milletia Moulmein Small sized, light foliage, A very beautiful small tree with a rounded crown and
Ovalifolia rosewood flowering branches that have a tendency to drop. Bear brilliant
lilac flowers in March-April.
38. Mimusops Elengi Mulsari Magizh (Tam) Medium sized thick Moderate sized tree, widely cultivated. Thrives in
elengi Mukuzha (Mal) foliage moist conditions.

Ranji or Bakur
Bakul (Beng)
39. Nauclea Chota Medium sized flowering The tree is of moderate size, having a short straight
Cadamba kadam trunk, large broad rounded leaves covered with
minute hairs on lower surface. Bears orange yellow
scented flowers of compact spherical heads.
40. Olea ouspidata Olive Kau Medium sized thrives Medium sized tree common in the northern hills upto
in hills an altitude of 2000 m. Timber has good value.
41. Parkinsonia Vilayti Small sized flowering A small tree with drooping branches. Leaves are very
aculeate babool finely divided, bears bright yellow flowers suitable for
dry and saline tracts.
42. Phoenix Date – Khajur Perichchu (Tam) Salt and erosion Tree yields date fruits. Gives good protection against
dactylifera Palm Karajuramu (Tel) resistant, Palm, edible soil erosion. Thrives in arid regions.
fruits
Tenicheha (Mal)
Kharjura (Kan)
Khejur (Beng)
43. Phyllanthus Indian Amla Nelli (Tam) Medium sized light Medium sized tree yielding sour edible fruits. Not a
emablica gooseberry Usirika (Tel) foliage, quick growth, shady tree.
edible fruits
Nellikay (Mal)
Nellikai (Kan)
Amalaki (Beng)
44. Pongamia Indian Kanji Pungu (Tam) Medium sized, quick Moderated sized, nearly evergreen, fast growing
glabra beech Ganuga (Tel) growth, shady, flowering tree with good shady crown. Prefers moist localities,
though it grows also in dry places. Have good timber
Punja (Mal) Honge value and seeds yields oil.
Gida (Kan)
Karanj (Mar)
Kanaj (Guj)
45. Populus alba Poplar Tall, handsome A very tall, graceful tree, forming magnificent avenue
on highways in the Kashmir valley.
46. Prosopis Jand Medium sized, thorny A moderate sized thorny tree, native of dry regions
apicigerra Cheonkar of Rajasthan, Haryana and Punjab. The tree sends
down deep roots and is well adapted for cultivation
in dry districts.
47. Pterospermum Much Medium sized thick An elegant middle sized tree with large rounded
acerifolium kund foliage, flowering leaves dark green above and white below. The tree
Kanak forms a good crown and dense shade. Flowers cream
champa coloured and fragrant, prefers moist climate.
48. Putranjiva Child life Jiva – Medium sized, thick This is a medium sized evergreen tree with dark grey
roxburghii tree putra foliage, slow growth bark, narrow shining dark green leaves which are
arranged in two rows on either side of long drooping
twigs. Provides dense shade, slow growing.
49. Rhododend Rhodod Bars Small sized flowering, A small tree with grey foliage and handsome flowers.
ron arboretum endron thrives in hills Thrives at altitudes 1500-2500 m. Suitable for growing
in sheltered places on slopes of hills
50. Robinia Robinia Thrives in northern hills Suitable for roadside plantings in hills of the north.
pseudocacia Thrives on loose soil, but needs fair amount of
moisture.
51. Salix Weeping Resistant to waterlogging Generally thrives in moist soil in the immediate vicinity
babylonica willow and erosion of rivers and ponds. Fast growing but short-lived tree.
Good for checking erosion.

30
 IRC:SP:103-2014

S. No. Latin Name English Hindi Name in other Main Brief Description, Important Habits and
Name Name Languages Characteristics Suggested Locations for Use
in Brief
52. Salvadora Pilu Small sized drought Small evergreen tree, grown in drier parts of the
persica resistant northern plains. Gives good shade and when grown
in groups, a handsome appearance.
53. Sapindus Soapnut Seege Kali (Kan) Medium sized, drought Grows in dry spots throughout the country, especially
detergens tree Chika Kai (Tam) resistant in the lower hills. Seeds have economic value.
54. Saraca indica Ashoka Ashoka Achenga (Kan) Small sized handsome A very handsome evergreen tree with thick shade.
Ashopalava (Guj) thick foliage, flowering Branches spread in all directions. Flowers in large
compact clusters in February-March. Sacred for
Aemapushpam (Mal) Hindus.
Asogam (Tam)
Ashokamu (Tel)
55. Thespesia Portia Dumbla Behndi (Mar) Small sized thick foliage Small evergreen tree with dense foliage. Not
populnea Paras Huvarasi (Kan) recommended for avenues because of twisted trunks
Peepal and tendency to develop hollows.
Puvarasu (Tak)
Gangaregu (Tel)
56. Ulmus Small Large sized thrives in Large shade tree grown in hills.
leavigata leaved Elm northern hills
57. Zysyphus Jujuba Beer, Ber Illandai (Tam) Small sized thorny edible Small thorny tree, having rapid growth. Not grown on
Jujuba Regu (Tel) fruits hills. Timber and fruits have economic value. Grows
fast and gives dense shade.
Llanda (Mal)
Bogari (Kan)
Kul (Beng)

B Category 2: Suitable for Second Row where sufficient space is available

S. No. Latin Name English Hindi Name in other Main Characteristics Brief Description, Important Habits and
Name Name Languages in Brief Suggested Locations for Use
1. Abies pindrow Silver Fir Larger, Shady Large evergreen tree, suitable for roadside planting.
Abies Grown at altitudes 2500-4000 m.
Webbiana
2. Adansonia Monkey Gorakh Gorak chinch (Guj) Large sized, leafless in A large deciduous tree with tapering trunk. Branches
Digitata bread tree imli Perauka (Tam) hot weather spread widely and form a mushroom show head.
Leaves are divided into separate narrow leaf lets.
Large white flowers are borne single on long stalk.
Suitable for dry areas.
3. Ailanthus Coloo Tall, deciduous, thrives in A tall quick growing tree with a straight trunk and
excels hot regions spreading branch, leaves compound with seated
margin. Deciduous, suitable for hotter region. Wood
used for making catamaran.
4. Albizzia lebbek Woman’s Siris Chichola (Mar) Flowering, fast growing, Large, handsome deciduous tree with a straight bole
tongue Vagai (Tam) drought resistant, weak and a broad-topped crown with spreading limbs.
wood Leafless during January–March. Extensively found in
Dirsanan (Tel) sub-Himalayan tracts and widely planted throughout
Vaga (Mal) India. Fast grow but easily uprooted. Not a good
Bage (Kan) shade tree as it loses leaves half-way through the
cold weather.
5. Albizzia Surfed Large sizes, handosme, This is white-stemmed siris with good height. Grown
Procera Siris quick growing in the Gangetic plains and nearby hill. An excellent
roadside tree.
6. Albizza -do- A lofty quick growing tree with a straight trunk,
richardina branches go up almost vertically upwards giving the
tree a stable shape. A deciduous tree suitable for
roadside planting.
7. Albizzia Ohi Large sized, handsome Large, handsome tree with bright green featleaves.
Stipulta quick growing Grows naturally in the low hills especially in Kangra
(Himachal Pradesh), but does not thrive in the
plains.
8. Anogeissus Dhao Tall, evergreen, flowering A tall evergreen tree with drooping branches. Leaves
acumenata long and pointed, borne on short stalks. Timer very
strong.

31
IRC:SP:103-2014

S. No. Latin Name English Hindi Name in other Main Characteristics Brief Description, Important Habits and
Name Name Languages in Brief Suggested Locations for Use
9. Anthogphal us Kadamb Kadam (Beng) Large sized, flowering A large tree, with beautiful flower which are orange
cadamba coloured and ball shaped. Thrives best on light sandy
soil.
10. Artocarpus Jack Kathal Phanas (Mar) Large sized thick foliage, Tree of considerable size with thick foliage of dark
integrifolia Pala (Tam) edible fruits green leaves. Bears large size fruits. Grows in
peninsular India, especially in the coastal belt where
Panasa (Tel) high rainfall and moist air prevails. It has both timber
Pilava (Mal) and fruit value.
Halasu (Kan)
Kathal (Beng)
11. Azadirachit a Margosa Neem Vembur (Tam) Medium sized, quick Tree of good size and stately presence, ideally suited
Indica Vepa (Tel) growing, drought as an avenue tree. In summer months it is in thick leaf
resistant giving excellent shade. Stands a dry climate, but not
Veppa (Mal) suitable for water-logged and frost susceptible areas.
Nim (Beng) Yields good timber.
12. Barriangtonia Indian Oak Lijul Samundra (Beng) Tall, evergreen, flowering Straight, evergreen with a straight trunk and
racemosa numberous spreading branches. Leaves broad near
the apex, cluster near the end of the branches on short
stalk. Bears long pendulous cream rosy flowers.
13. Callophyllum Alexandrion Undi Paunnai (Tam) Large sized Tree of considerable size, commonly found near the
inophyllum Laurel Punnagamu (Tel) sea coast. Particularly useful for conserving channel
Punna (Mal) banks.

14. Cedrela Toona Tuna Tun Todu (Mar) Large sized, quick A large, remarkably handsome tree. Can be grown
Tundu (Kan) growth, light foliage in the plain regions of the country and in lower hills.
Does not thrive in dry area as it needs moisture.
Generally needs rich soil. Susceptible to attack by
twigboring moth.
15. Cedrus Cedar Deodar Large sized, thrives in Common in the slopes of Himalayan Hills at altitudes
Deodara hills 1500-3000 m. Great economic value for timber. Large
handsome, dark green tree. Suitable for roadside and
groves in the hills.
16. Chorisia Mexican Vilayti Large sized, deciduous, A beautiful tree bearing large pink flowers in October-
speciosa Silk Cotton Simal light foliage November on leafless branches. Gives shade in
tree summer months.
17. Colvillea Colville’s Kibli Large sized, handsome, A handsome tall tree. Leaves larger and dark greyish
racemosa glory light foliage flowering than gulmohar. Bears orange-scarlet flowers in
dropping racemes in August-September. Suited to
moist or moderately dry low country.
18. Couroupita Cannon ball Shiva- Nagalingam (Beng) Tall, evergreen flowering A tall evergreen tree with a stout straight trunk and
guianensis tree lingam rough brownish grey bark. Narrow pointed leaves
cluster at the neds of short branches. The tree
is remarkable due to its habit of bearing large and
peculiar flowers on short twigs from the lower part of
the trunk. The fruit is large, hard, brown and spherical.
Flourishes only in moist tropical climate.
19. Delbergia Shisham, Large sized, good Grows best in light sandy soil. Stiff soils do not suit
sissoo Siscoo shade, economic value it. Requires moisture and hence irrigation is needed
in dry districts. Suitable for plains of Indo-Gangetic
region for planting in avenues and in groups. Large
branches and well developed crown. Leafless in
January-February. Timber has economic value in
furniture making.
20. Enterolobium Rain tree Vitayti Large sized flowering A large tree with pinnate leaves, grows very rapidly;
saman svis flowers appear in pate pink clusters. Wind resistant.
Suitable for planting in exposed places. Suitable for
avenue planting.
21. Eucalyptus Eucalyptus Tall tree, quick growth, Rapid growing tree, grows on ordinary soil. The
rostrate weak wood tree has the disadvantage that large branches are
liable to break off. A native of Australia, but has been
successfully grown in various parts of the country.
22. Ecucalyptus Grey gum Tall tree, quick growth, Elegant tall tree with think crown. Avenue may not be
tereticerius weak wood shady but appears elegant. A native of Australia, but
has been successfully planted in different parts of the
country.

32
 IRC:SP:103-2014

S. No. Latin Name English Hindi Name in other Main Characteristics Brief Description, Important Habits and
Name Name Languages in Brief Suggested Locations for Use
23. Eugenia Indian Jaman Jambul (Mar) Large sized, quick A fine large tree with shady evergreen foliage.
jambolana cherry Nerate (Kan) growing thick foliage, Common in all parts of India except very dry areas.
edible fruits Yields edible fruits. Very suitable for shady avenues.
Negai (Tam) Good value for timber.
Neredu (Tel)
Naval (Mal)
Jam (Beng)
24. Ficus Banyan Banyan Ala (Tam) Large sized, Shady, Large, spreading evergreen tree with aerial roots
Bengalensis Bor Marri (Tel) unwieldy for avenues handing from branches. Not eminently suited for
Bargad highway avenues as it becomes eventually unwieldy.
Aal (Mal) Good for camping ground and as isolated plantings at
Alada (Kan) intervals along highway avenues. Does not grow in
Wad (Mar) extreme cold or extreme dry climates.

Bat (Beng)
25. Ficus Infectoria Parkar Pakur (Beng) Large sized, thick A large shady tree, practically evergreen. Grown in
foliage, quick growing Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh.
26. Ficus religiosa Pipal Ashvatha (Mar) Large sized, light foliage Large sized tree having religious significance for
Arali (Kan) Hindus. Grows almost throughout the country in the
plains. Suitable for roadside arboriculture. Does not
Peepul (Beng) look well when mixed with other species in avenues.
27. Ficus retusa Pilata Nandruk (Mar) Large sized, thick Grows in the south and in the Indo-Gangetic plain.
foliage, slow growth Fairly large tree with dense foliage. Frequently grown
as an avenue tree. Grows well and is very hardy in
tolerably warm climate.
28. Juglans regia Walnut Akrot Large sized, shady Suitable for roadside plants in the northern hills upto
edible fruits altitudes of 3000 m. High economic value because of
nut and timber. Admirable roadside avenue tree.
29. Millingtonia Indian Cork Akas nim Maramalli (Tam) Large sized, light foliage, Lofty tree with exceedingly beautiful foliage. Tree is
fortensis Tree Akasamalli (Tel) flowering very brittle and shallow rooted and must be placed
away from overhead utilities. Useful as an occasional
Katesam (Mal) avenue tree or group tree.
Biratumara (Kan)
30. Mimusops Khirni Rayan (Mar) Large sized shady A large, ever green tree. Fruit is edible. Slow grower
hexandra flowering and requires initial watering for 2-3 years. Prefers
moist alluvial soil. Grown in Maharashtra and Madhya
Pradesh.
31. Peltophorum Rusty Piligul – Ivalvagai (Tam) Large sized evergreen A magnificent evergreen tree with smooth grey back,
ferrugineum Shield mohar Kondachinta (Tel) flowering handsome short branches and elegant dark green foliage. Makes
bearer a good crown and dense shade. Bears beautiful
yellow scented flowers. Common in Bihar, Bengal
and Western Ghats.
32. Picea Spruce Rai, Tos Tall tree, thrives in hills A large evergreen, coniferous tree with tall straight
Smithiana trunk. Common in hills at altitudes 2000-3500 m.
Good roadside tree at high elevations.
33. Pinus excels Blue pine Kail -do- Common altitudes of 1500-3500 m in the Himalayan
Hills. Coniferous tree with graceful appearance.
34. Pinus longifolia Pine -do- Common in the Himalayan Hills at altitudes 600-
1500 m. Coniferous tree with graceful shape. A good
roadside tree on hill slopes.
35. Plantanus Plane tree Chinar Medium sized, thick Very shady tree with large lobed leaves, suited to
orientalis foliage northern cold parts of the country. Prefer damp
climate.
36. Polyalthia Mast tree Deodar Debdaru (Beng) Large sized, light foliage, Tall, handsome, evergreen tree suitable for planting
longifolia quick growth in avenues. A very common tree in Oudh and
Allahabad.
37. Quercus Grey Oak Ban Large sized, thrives in A large evergreen tree with grey foliage. Very common
incana hills in the hills at altitudes 1000-2500 m where rainfall is
heavy. Good roadside tree.
38. Quercus Brown Oak Karsu Large sized, thrives in Large tree found at altitudes 2500-3000 m. Suitable
semecarpif olia Kreu hills for roadside avenue or groves at high altitudes.

33
IRC:SP:103-2014

S. No. Latin Name English Hindi Name in other Main Characteristics Brief Description, Important Habits and
Name Name Languages in Brief Suggested Locations for Use
39. Schleichera Gum Lac Kusum Medium sized thick This is a large tree with a dense shady crown, drops
trijuga tree foliage leaves only for a short period. Newly emerging leaves
are bright red in colour for which the tree is very much
preferred.
40. Spathodea Tulip tree Pichkari Nirukavi (Kan) Tall, handsome, A fairly tall tree with short branches and dark green
Campanulata Patadi (Tel) flowering foliage. The large leaves are set in opposite pairs and
divided into a number of pointed leaflets. It produces
large cupshaped orange-crimson flowers on the top
of the tree. Appears very attractive when grown in
clumps or avenues.
41. Sterculia alata Buddha’s Large sized, thick A very handsome tall evergreen tree with erect
coconut foliage, quick growth growing habit leaves broad, quick growing, makes a
very good avenue tree
42. Sterculia Mahagoni Mahagoni Large sized, economic It is a magnificent tall and spreading evergreen tree
mahagoni value with a stout trunk, forms a beautiful roundish crown.
Leaves are delicately divided into narrow curved
leaflets with tapering points. Produced one of the
most famous timbers in the world
43. Tamarindus Tamarindi Imli Puli (Tam) Large sized, light foliage, Fairly big tree. Drought resistant and thrives in any
Indica Chintamanu (Tel) slow growth soil. Not favoured in high altitudes and waterlogged
areas. An excellent avenue tree. Has great economic
Puli (Mal) value for fruit. Grows rather slowly.
Hunasehannue
(Kan)
Chinch (Mar)
Tentub (Beng)
44. Tamarix Farash Thrives in arid saline soil A tree hardly, requiring little water when one
articulate established. Prefers a loamy soil, but grows when on
saline soils, hard clay and sand. Rise to tall heights.
Found in the northern plains of the country.
45. Tectona Teak Saguna Thekku (Tam) Tall, poor shade, Tall tree with straight bole and foliage of large leaves.
grandis Tekko (Tel) economic value Does not yield good shade. Best planted in clusters
for column effect. High economic value for timber
Thekka (Mal)
Tegu (Kan)
Segun (Beng)
46. Terminalia Arjuna Arjuna, Vella Maruthu (Tam) Tall, thin foliage flowering Tall, graceful tree and very good for avenue purposes,
arjuna Myrabalan Aajan, Madddi (Tel) though does not yield much shade. Grows in any rich
soil. Timber is valueable
Kahu, Marutha(Mal)
Kornaua Kaidaryayu (Kan)
Arjun (Beng)
47. Terminalia Belleric Behera Balra Beheda (Mar) Quick growth Easy to grow and makes excellent avenue tree
belerica Myrobalan Jare (kan)
Behera (Beng)
48. Ulmus Big-leaved Large sized, thrives in Large, handsome, deciduous tree with large leaves.
Wellichiana Elm northern hills Grows in Himalayan hills at altitudes 1000 – 3000 m.

34
 IRC:SP:103-2014

Appendix-III
(Refer Para 4.1)
Categories of Plants
The plants may be divided into four categories according to height and utility.
● The First category is of plants which will be used as a single row between
embankment toe and Right-of-Way or it can also be used for toe plantation
with canopy management.
● The Second Category is of big trees which will be planted farthest from the
road provided sufficient land is available for second row.
● The Third category is of shrubs having max height up to 2 m. These will be
planted on the toe of the embankment.
● The Fourth category is of grasses which can be utilized for plantation
on embankment slope in staggered scheme for soil conservation and
livelihood.
Category 1: First Row – (Height 2-6 m and above, Height can be restricted to 2-3 m
by canopy management)
Fruit Plants
1. Drumstick (Moringa Olifera) – this tree is known as tree of life for its life saving
properties, loaded with amino acids and nutritional properties to cover child and
women malnutrition problems. New varieties are also available for round the year
fruiting. Canopy management if required for good fruit bearing.
2. Aonla (Emlica Officianlis) – A tree, good for roadside plantation, as it is worshiped
by villagers chances of tree cutting is minimum. Fruit is very good source of
vitamin C and specially omega 3. Excellent medicinal and herbal properties.
3. Mango (Mangifera Indica) – We can use short variety mango trees like amrapali,
mallica and prabhashankar.
4. Guava - guava is again a short term fruit bearing plant which is good for rural
landscape.
5. Sitaphal (Annona squamosa) – It’s more a shrub with branching and sweet fruit
with good demand in market for making shakes.
6. Chiku - Evergreen plant with manageable topiary can be given shape by topiary
management and good for landscaping along rural roads.
Firewood/Fuel species
1. Subabul (Leucaena Leucocephala) – Known as coffee bean plant native of
Australia, can be planted demarking the border of road land with plant to plant
distance 1m, canopy managed by cutting to the height of 6 ft letting the plant
coppice. Firewood with low ash content and high calorie value.

35
IRC:SP:103-2014

Category 2: Trees for Second Row – (Height 8 m and above)

Fruit Plants
1. Mango (Mangifera Indica) – General variety from unidentified seed called (biju)
should be used. These trees attain good height, are very strong and produces a
chance of cross pollination for new varieties. Excellent for shade and fruit.
2. Jackfruit (Kathal) (Artocarpus heterophyllus) – Good erect tree survives in wild
and requires less care once established. Jackfruits are very nutritious and a must
for every village road. Leafs are very palatable fodder for goat and other animals
and are saleable.
3. Jamun (Syzygium cumini) – The pollution mitigating capacity of this tree is
significant beside bearing very tasty fruits which are good for many diseases. It is
a hot selling item as number of trees are decreasing.
4. Mahua (Madhuca Indica) – Again a must for village roads, flowers and pods used
for making highly nutritious food. Number one tree for nutrition value. Needs
special emphasis as number of trees are fast depleting. Mahua takes 25 years to
start fruiting, native to India.
5. Kadam (Anthocephalus cadamba) – Fast growing tree, soft wood used by industry,
firewood from pruning of trees. Edible fruits and of medicinal use.
6. Tamarind (imli) (Tamarindus indica) – Again an essential for rural roads, survives
in harsh condition, is tolerant to soil deficiency. Tamarind fruits are an essential
item for every Indian household.
7. Shahtoot (Morus Alba) – Good for silviculture and berries multi nutritious.
8. Coconut Tree – For plantation in coconut plantation area.
Medicinal Plants
1. Neem (Azaridicta Indica) – Neem is one of plants needed for future of human
being, especially rural life for getting natural insecticide and other medicinal values.
Again a must for plantation in rural roads.
2. Arjun (Terminalia Arjuna) – One of the best options for waterlogged area. Very
good medicinal value.
3. Harad (Terminalia Chebula) – Large tree, of high medicinal value.
4. Baheda (Terminalia Bellerica) – Large tree, of high medicinal value.
Firewood/Fuel species
1. Caseurina Equisetifolia - Long pollard tree with firewood production and poles for
use by the villagers.
2. Eucalyptus Hybrid – This is fast growing variety, can be planted in waterlogged
areas. Good for firewood, poles and wood for industry.

36
 IRC:SP:103-2014

3. Poplar (Populus tremula) – Good agroforestry plant, can be used for bordering
road land, no disturbance to farmland as it shed leaves in winter, climate conducive
for selected.
Ornamental Species
1. Gulmohar (Delonix Regia) – Red flowering tree good for beginning of the road.
2. Amaltas (Cassia Fistula) – Yellow flowering tree good for monotony break and
splash of color.
3. Tabeubia Species - Ornamental tree with more colors.
4. Cassia species – very hardy trees with prolific flowering capacity.
Category 3 : Shrubs for plantation on Toe of Road embankment (Height up to 2 m).
Fruit Shrubs
1. Karonda (Carissa carandas) - drought-tolerant plant that thrives well in a wide
range of soils. The roots of the plant are heavily branched, making it valuable for
stabilizing eroding slopes. Can also be utilised for natural fencing of the trees.
Good for livelihood and high in iron and Vitamin C.
2. Anaar (Pomegranate) – bushy plant more like a shrub, can be extensively used
long roadside.
3. Citrus varieties - Many varieties with regionwise performers, canopy management
can be done and can be used as landscaping, emits good fragrance.
4. Sitaphal (Annona squamosa) – It’s more a shrub with branching and sweet fruit
with good demand in market for making shakes.
Ornamental shrubs
1. Beli (Mogra) – good aromatic value and source of livelihood.
2. Odhhul (Hibiscus Chinesis) – Good for garland and used highly for worship
purpose.
3. Harsingar (Parijat) – aromatic shrub, flower utilized for die making, livelihood.
4. Chandani (Tabermontena) – perennial white flowering shrub.
Fodder varieties
1. Sesbania Grandiflora (August plant) – flower used as vegetable and goof fodder.
Category 4 : Grass Plantation on Road embankment for Slope stabilization and rural
livelihood
Aromatic and Medicinal Grasses
1. Khus Grass (Vetiver Giginoids) - An established grass native to south India and
exploited as bio-engineering all across world. Leafs are good fodder and long
grass utilized as fuel and for roof thatching.

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IRC:SP:103-2014

2. Lemon Grass – Can be planted from edge of road to embankment toe in staggered
form, seasonal cutting very well utilized for oil extraction for livelihood of villager
group.
3. Palma Rosa – Similar to lemon grass having rose scented oil extraction. Good for
slope stabilization.
4. Citrenolla – Similar to lemon grass, good for slope and livelihood.
5. Patcholi – Can be planted in semi-shed area along rural roads. Good medicinal
value.
Fodder Grasses
1. Hybrid Napier Grass – Very nutritious green fodder for livelihood and quality milk
production.
2. Stylo hameta – Very good soil erosion checking grass and good green fodder.
3. Dinanath Grass – Good fodder grass
4. Cowpea – Good creeper along road embankment slope for livelihood and green
fodder.

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