Chapter 11 Class 1st year

Trigonometric Functions and their

Chapter#11 Class 1st Graphs
Contacts: Definitions →Theory → Exercise

Function Domain Range

𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 −∞ < 𝑥 < +∞ −1 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 1
𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 −∞ < 𝑥 < +∞ −1 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 1
(2𝑛 + 1)𝜋
𝑦 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 −∞ < 𝑥 < ∞, 𝑥 ≠ ,𝑛 ∈ 𝑍 −∞ < 𝑦 < +∞
2
𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 −∞ < 𝑥 < ∞, 𝑥 ≠ 𝑛𝜋, 𝑛 ∈ 𝑍 −∞ < 𝑦 < +∞
(2𝑛 + 1)𝜋
𝑦 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 −∞ < 𝑥 < ∞, 𝑥 ≠ ,𝑛 ∈ 𝑍 𝑦 ≥ 1 𝑜𝑟 𝑦 ≤ −1
2
𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 −∞ < 𝑥 < +∞, 𝑥 ≠ 𝑛𝜋, 𝑛 ∈ 𝑍 𝑦 ≥ 1 𝑜𝑟 𝑦 ≤ −1

𝜋
𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝜃 =
2
Period of trigonometric functions: 𝜋 𝜋
⟹ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( + 𝑝) = cos
Period of a trigonometric functions is the smallest 2 2

pk
⇒ −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑝 = 0 ⇒ 𝑝 = sin−1(0)
+ve number which, when added to the original
⇒ 𝑝 = 0, ±𝜋, ±2𝜋, ±3𝜋, …
circular measure of the angle, gives the same valve 𝒊𝒇 𝒑 = 𝝅 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏
of the functions. s. (𝑖) ⇒ cos(𝜃 + 𝜋) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
Alternative definition False because cos(𝜋 + 𝜃) − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝒊𝒇 𝑝 = 2𝜋 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛
te
“periodic function” (𝑖) ⇒ cos(𝜃 + 2𝜋) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
A function 𝑓(𝑥)𝑖𝑠 said to be periodic if for a least Which is true because cos(2𝜋 + 𝜃) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
positive number 𝑝, 𝑓(𝑥 + 𝑝) = 𝑓(𝑥) then 𝑝 is called
no

Hence cosine is a periodic functions of periodic function

periodic of 𝑓(𝑥). of period 2𝜋
Theorem-1 Theorem -3
Sine is a periodic function and its period is 𝟐𝝅. Tangent is a periodic function and its is 𝝅.
sy

Proof: Proof:
Suppose p is period of sine function such that Suppose p is period of tangent function such that
ea

sin(𝜃 + 𝑝) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃, ∀𝜃 ∈ 𝑅 → (𝑖) tan(𝜃 + 𝑝) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃, ∀𝜃 ∈ 𝑅 → (𝑖)

𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝜃 = 0 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝜃 = 0
⟹ 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑜 + 𝑝) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛0 ⟹ 𝑡𝑎𝑛(0 + 𝑝) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛0
⇒ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑝 = 0 ⇒ 𝑝 = sin−1 (0) ⇒ 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑝 = 0 ⇒ 𝑝 = tan−1 (0)
⇒ 𝑝 = 0, ±𝜋, ±2𝜋, ±3𝜋 ⇒ 𝑝 = 0, ±𝜋, ±2𝜋, ±3𝜋
𝒊𝒇 𝒑 = 𝝅 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒊𝒇 𝒑 = 𝝅 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏
(𝑖) ⇒ sin(𝜃 + 𝜋) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 (𝑖) ⇒ tan(𝜃 + 𝜋) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃
False because sin(𝜋 + 𝜃) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 Which is true because tan(𝜋 + 𝜃) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃
𝒊𝒇 𝑝 = 2𝜋 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 Hence tangent is a periodic functions of periodic
(𝑖) ⇒ sin(𝜃 + 2𝜋) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 function of period 𝜋
Which is true because sin(2𝜋 + 𝜃) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 Theorem -4
Hence sine is a periodic functions of periodic function of Cosecant is a periodic functions and it period is 𝟐𝝅
period 2𝜋 Proof:
Suppose p is period of cosecant function such that
Theorem -2 cosec(𝜃 + 𝑝) = cosec𝜃, ∀𝜃 ∈ 𝑅 → (𝑖)
Cosine is a periodic function is a period 𝒊𝒔 𝟐𝝅. 𝜋
𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝜃 =
Proof: 2
𝜋 π
Suppose p is period of cosine function such that ⟹ cosec ( + 𝑝) = cosec
2 2
cos(𝜃 + 𝑝) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃, ∀𝜃 ∈ 𝑅 → (𝑖)

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Chapter 11 Class 1st year
𝒊𝒇 𝒑 = 𝝅 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏
1 π 1 1
=1 ∵ (cosec = 𝜋 = = 1) (𝑖) ⇒ cot(𝜃 + 𝜋) = 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃
𝜋 2 sin 1
sin (2 + 𝑝) Which is true because cot(𝜋 + 𝜃) = 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃
2
Hence cotangent is a periodic functions of periodic
𝜋 function of period 𝜋
⇒ 1 = sin ( + 𝑝)
2
⇒ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑝 = 1 ⇒ 𝑝 = cos−1(1) Now remember that
⇒ 𝑝 = 0, ±𝜋, ±2𝜋, ±3𝜋 Functions Period Take angle 𝜽
𝒊𝒇 𝒑 = 𝝅 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 sin 2𝜋 0
(𝑖) ⇒ cosec(𝜃 + 𝜋) = cosec𝜃 \𝜋
1
False because cosec(𝜋 + 𝜃) = sin(𝜋+𝜃) =
1 cos 2𝜋
−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 2
⇒ cosec(θ + π) = −cosecθ tan 𝜋 0
𝜋
𝒊𝒇 𝑝 = 2𝜋 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 cosec 2𝜋
2
(𝑖) ⇒ cosec(𝜃 + 2𝜋) = cosec𝜃 sec 2𝜋 0
1 1
Which is true because cosec(2𝜋 + 𝜃) = sin(2𝜋+𝜃) = 𝜋
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 cot 𝜋
⇒ cosec(2π + θ) = cosecθ 2
Hence cosecent is a periodic functions of periodic
function of period 2𝜋 Exercise 11.1
Theorem -5

pk
Secant is a periodic function and its period is 𝟐𝝅. Find the periods of the following functions.
Proof: Q.NO.1. 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑𝒙
Suppose p is period of secant function such that Solution:
sec(𝜃 + 𝑝) = sec𝜃, ∀𝜃 ∈ 𝑅 → (𝑖)
𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝜃 = 0
s. ∵ 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑖𝑠 2𝜋. 𝑠𝑜
sin(3𝑥 + 2𝜋) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥 ∵ 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜃 + 2𝜋) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
⟹ sec(0 + 𝑝) = sec0 2𝜋
te
⇒ sin 3 (𝑥 + ) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥
1 1 3
⇒ 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑝 = 1 ∵ (𝑠𝑒𝑐0 = = = 1) 2𝜋
𝑐𝑜𝑠0 1 ⇒ 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥 𝑖𝑠
no

⇒ 𝑝 = sec −1(1) 3
Q.NO.2. 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝒙
𝑝 = 0, ±𝜋, ±2𝜋, ±3𝜋
Solution:
𝒊𝒇 𝒑 = 𝝅 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏
∵ 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 𝑖𝑠 2𝜋. 𝑠𝑜
sy

(𝑖) ⇒ sec(𝜃 + 𝜋) = sec𝜃

1 1 cos(2𝑥 + 2𝜋) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 ∵ 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜃 + 2𝜋) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
False because sec(𝜋 + 𝜃) = = −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
cos(𝜋+𝜃) ⇒ 𝑐𝑜𝑠2(𝑥 + 𝜋) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥
⇒ cosec(θ + π) = −secθ ⇒ 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝜋
ea

𝒊𝒇 𝑝 = 2𝜋 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛
(𝑖) ⇒ sec(𝜃 + 2𝜋) = sec𝜃 Q.NO.3. 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟒𝒙
1 1 Solution:
Which is true because sec(2𝜋 + 𝜃) = cos(2𝜋+𝜃)
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
∵ 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝜋. 𝑠𝑜
⇒ sec(2π + θ) = secθ
tan(4𝑥 + 𝜋) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛4𝑥 ∵ 𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝜃 + 𝜋) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃
Hence secent is a periodic functions of periodic function 𝜋
of period 2𝜋. ⇒ 𝑡𝑎𝑛4 (𝑥 + ) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛4𝑥
4
Theorem -6 𝜋
⇒ 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑎𝑛4𝑥 𝑖𝑠
Tangent is a periodic function and its period is 𝝅. 4
𝒙
Proof: Q.NO.4. 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝟐
Suppose p is period of cotangent function such that Solution :
cot(𝜃 + 𝑝) = 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃, ∀𝜃 ∈ 𝑅 → (𝑖) ∵ 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝜋. 𝑠𝑜
𝜋 𝑥 𝑥
𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝜃 = cot ( + 𝜋) = cot ∵ 𝑐𝑜𝑡(𝜃 + 𝜋) = 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃
2 2 2
𝜋 𝜋 1 𝑥
⟹ 𝑐𝑜𝑡 ( + 𝑝) = cot ⇒ 𝑐𝑜𝑡 (𝑥 + 2𝜋) = cot
2 2 2 2
𝜋 𝑥
⇒ −𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑝 = 0 ∵ (cot ( + 𝜃) = −𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃) ⇒ 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑 𝑜𝑓 cot 𝑖𝑠 2𝜋
2 2
𝑥
⇒ 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑝 = 0 Q.NO.5. sin (3)
⇒ 𝑝 = tan−1 (0) Solution:
⇒ 𝑝 = 0, ±𝜋, ±2𝜋, ±3𝜋, …
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Chapter 11 Class 1st year
Q.NO.11. 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟗𝒙
∵ 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑖𝑠 2𝜋. 𝑠𝑜 Solution:
𝑥 𝑥 ∵ 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 𝑖𝑠 2𝜋. 𝑠𝑜
sin ( + 2𝜋) = sin ∵ 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜃 + 2𝜋) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
3 3 sec(9𝑥 + 2𝜋) = 𝑠𝑒𝑐9𝑥 ∵ 𝑠𝑒𝑐(𝜃 + 𝜋) = 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃
1 𝑥 2𝜋
⇒ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑥 + 6𝜋) = sin ⇒ 𝑠𝑒𝑐9 (𝑥 + ) = 𝑠𝑒𝑐9𝑥
3 2 9
𝑥
⇒ 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑 𝑜𝑓 sin 𝑖𝑠 6𝜋 2𝜋
3 ⇒ 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑 𝑜𝑓𝑠𝑒𝑐9𝑥 𝑖𝑠
𝑥 9
Q.NO.6. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 4 Q.NO.12. 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟏𝟎𝒙𝒙
Solution: Solution:
∵ 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 𝑖𝑠 2𝜋. 𝑠𝑜
𝑥 𝑥
cosec ( + 2𝜋) = cosec ∵ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐(𝜃 + 2𝜋) ∵ 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 𝑖𝑠 2𝜋. 𝑠𝑜
4 4 cosec(10𝑥 + 2𝜋) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐10𝑥 ∵ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐(𝜃 + 𝜋)
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃
1 𝑥
⇒ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 (𝑥 + 8𝜋) = cosec 2𝜋
4 4 ⇒ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐10 (𝑥 + ) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐10𝑥
𝑥 10
⇒ 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑 𝑜𝑓 cosec 𝑖𝑠 8𝜋 𝜋
4 ⇒ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐10 (𝑥 + ) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐10𝑥
𝑥 5
Q.NO.7. sin 5 𝜋
⇒ 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐10𝑥 𝑖𝑠
Solution: 5

pk
∵ 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑖𝑠 2𝜋. 𝑠𝑜 Q.NO.13. 3𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
𝑥 𝑥 Solution:
sin ( + 2𝜋) = sin ∵ 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜃 + 2𝜋) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
5 5 ∵ 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑖𝑠 2𝜋. 𝑠𝑜
1 𝑥 s. 3sin(𝑥 + 2𝜋) = 3𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 ∵ 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜃 + 2𝜋) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
⇒ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑥 + 10𝜋) = sin
5 5 ⇒ 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑 𝑜𝑓3𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑖𝑠2𝜋
𝑥
⇒ 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑 𝑜𝑓 sin 𝑖𝑠 10𝜋
te
5
𝑥 Q.NO.14. 𝟐𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙
Q.NO.8. cos 6
Solution:
no

Solution: ∵ 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑖𝑠 2𝜋. 𝑠𝑜

∵ 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑖𝑠 2𝜋. 𝑠𝑜 2cos(𝑥 + 2𝜋) = 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 ∵ 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜃 + 2𝜋) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝑥 𝑥
cos ( + 2𝜋) = cos ∵ 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜃 + 2𝜋) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 ⇒ 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑 𝑜𝑓 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑖𝑠2𝜋
6 6 𝑥
Q.NO.15. 3 cos 5
sy

1 𝑥
⇒ cos (𝑥 + 12𝜋) = cos
6 6 Solution:
𝑥
⇒ 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑 𝑜𝑓 cos 𝑖𝑠 12𝜋
6
ea

∵ 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑖𝑠 2𝜋. 𝑠𝑜

𝑥 𝑥
Q.NO.9.
𝒙
𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝟕 3cos ( + 2𝜋) = 3cos ∵ 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜃 + 2𝜋) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
5 5
Solution: 1 𝑥
⇒ 3cos (𝑥 + 10𝜋) = 3cos
∵ 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝜋. 𝑠𝑜 5 5
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
tan ( + 𝜋) = tan ∵ 𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝜃 + 𝜋) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 ⇒ 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑 𝑜𝑓 3cos 𝑖𝑠 10𝜋
7 7 5
1 𝑥
⇒ 𝑡𝑎𝑛 (𝑥 + 7𝜋) = tan
7 7
𝑥 With best wishes
⇒ 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑 𝑜𝑓 tan 𝑖𝑠 7𝜋
7

Q.NO.10. 𝒄𝒐𝒕𝟖𝒙𝒙
Solution:
∵ 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝜋. 𝑠𝑜
cot(8𝑥 + 𝜋) = cot 8𝑥 ∵ 𝑐𝑜𝑡(𝜃 + 𝜋) = 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃
𝜋
⇒ 𝑐𝑜𝑡8 (𝑥 + ) = cot 8𝑥
8
𝜋
⇒ 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑 𝑜𝑓 cot 8𝑥 𝑖𝑠
8

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