SPAV-International Journal of Planning and Architectural Science
(SPAV-IJPAS)
SRIPATHI PANDITHARADYULA SHARANYA
School of planning and architecture – spsharanya.28@gmail.com
1. write in detail about UN frame work convention of climate change
The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) is a global
agreement that has an aim to keep greenhouse gas emissions stable.
This stability should prevent humans from messing with Earth's climate in a risky way.
Countries signed this deal in 1992 at the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro, and it kicked
off in 1994.
The UNFCCC has these main goals:
• To keep greenhouse gases in the air at a level that stops humans from messing
with the climate in a dangerous way.
• To push for growth that lasts.
• To shield the climate for people now and in the future.
The UNFCCC set up the Conference of the Parties (COP) to watch over how countries
follow the deal. COP meets every year giving countries a chance to talk and make
choices about how to tackle climate change.
The UNFCCC has led to these big results:
• The Kyoto Protocol: Countries adopted this agreement in 1997.
• It set strict targets for developed nations to cut their emissions.
• The Paris Agreement: Nations signed this deal in 2015. It aims to keep the
world from heating up more than 2 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial times.
It also pushes to limit this increase to 1.5 degrees Celsius.
Challenges and Opportunities:
• Implementation gaps: The UNFCCC has made progress, but big hurdles still exist in
putting ambitious climate action into practice in developing nations.
• Financing: Moving to a low-carbon economy needs a lot of money. The UNFCCC has
set up ways to get climate funds from rich countries to poorer ones.
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• Technology transfer: Developing countries need access to clean tech and know-how to
grow sustainably. The UNFCCC works to help share technology and encourage
teamwork.
2.what is Kyoto protocol & Earth summit. Explain about them briefly
Kyoto Protocol:
The Kyoto Protocol is an international treaty adopted in 1997 in Kyoto, Japan, as part of the
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). It aimed to reduce
greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions globally in order to mitigate climate change. The treaty set
legally binding targets for developed countries to reduce their GHG emissions based on their
historical contributions to global warming.
Aspect Description
Agreement Date 1997
Location Kyoto, Japan
Objective Reduction of greenhouse gas emissions by industrialized countries to mitigate
climate change
Commitment 2008 - 2012
Period
Annex I Countries Required to reduce emissions by an average of 5% below 1990 levels
Mechanisms for Emissions Trading, Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), Joint Implementation
Flexibility (JI)
Developing No binding targets but allowed participation in certain mechanisms like CDM
Countries
Ratification and Officially came into effect in 2005 when sufficient countries ratified it
Effect
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Criticisms Lack of binding commitments for developing nations; U.S. withdrawal; limited
impact on global emission reductions due to these factors
Earth Summit (1992):
The Earth Summit, also known as the United Nations Conference on Environment and
Development (UNCED), was held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil in 1992. It was a landmark global
conference that brought together world leaders, NGOs, and environmentalists to address
urgent environmental and sustainability challenges.
Event Description
Earth Summit (1992) A landmark global conference held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, addressing
urgent environmental and sustainability challenges.
Agenda 21 A comprehensive action plan to promote sustainable development
worldwide, focusing on poverty reduction, deforestation, biodiversity
conservation, and climate change.
Rio Declaration A set of 27 principles guiding nations on sustainable development and
environmental protection.
Framework Convention on A foundational treaty aimed at addressing global climate change, leading
Climate Change (UNFCCC) to the Kyoto Protocol.
Convention on Biological A treaty aimed at conserving biological diversity and sustainable use of
Diversity (CBD) its components.
Forest Principles Non-legally binding principles for the management and sustainable
development of forests.
3.write the different national polices on sustainable and energy effcient development
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Country Policy/Plan Key Focus Areas
India
National Action Plan on Solar energy, energy efficiency, sustainable
Climate Change (NAPCC) development, climate change mitigation
USA
Clean Air Act & Inflation Air pollution control, renewable energy,
Reduction Act (IRA) electric vehicles, energy efficiency
programs
EU
European Green Deal Carbon neutrality by 2050, energy
efficiency, renewable energy, emissions
reduction
Germany
Energiewende (Energy Phase-out of nuclear and coal energy,
Transition) renewable energy promotion, energy
efficiency, emissions reduction
China
14th Five-Year Plan for Energy intensity reduction, renewable
Energy Efficiency energy, carbon neutrality by 2060, industrial
energy efficiency
Japan
Basic Energy Plan Energy diversification, renewable energy,
energy efficiency, low-carbon technologies
UK
Climate Change Act (2008) Net-zero emissions by 2050, carbon
budgets, energy efficiency, renewable
energy
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Australia
National Energy Productivity Energy productivity improvement,
Plan (NEPP) renewable energy, energy-efficient
appliances, energy performance standards
Brazil
National Climate Change Deforestation reduction, renewable energy
Plan (hydro, biomass, biofuels), energy efficiency
Canada
Pan-Canadian Framework on Carbon pricing, clean energy, energy
Clean Growth and Climate efficiency, net-zero emissions by 2050
Change
France
Energy Transition for Green Fossil fuel reduction, renewable energy
Growth Act promotion, energy efficiency, GHG
emissions reduction
South
Korea Green New Deal Renewable energy transition, energy
efficiency, eco-friendly industries, carbon
neutrality by 2050
Mexico
Energy Transition Law Clean energy (35% by 2024), renewable
energy, energy efficiency, fossil fuel
reduction
Norway
Climate and Energy Policy Renewable energy (hydropower), carbon
neutrality by 2030, energy efficiency in
industry and buildings
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Singapore
Sustainable Singapore Energy efficiency, water conservation,
Blueprint waste management, energy-efficient
buildings (Green Mark Scheme)
References
U.S. Energy Information Administration. (2022). Energy Policy Act of 2005 overview.
Retrieved from https://www.eia.gov
• European Commission. (2020). The European Green Deal. Retrieved from
https://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/eu-climate-action/green-deal
• Ministry of Ecology and Environment of the People's Republic of China. (2021).
China's five-year plans for climate change. Retrieved from
https://www.mee.gov.cn
• Government of India. (2021). National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC).
Retrieved
from https://www.moef.gov.in
• Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy. (2020). The German
Energiewende: The
transition to renewable energy. Retrieved from https://www.bmwi.de
• Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry of Japan. (2021). Basic Energy Plan and
Japan’s
energy policy. Retrieved from https://www.meti.go.jp
• Aklin, M., & Urpelainen, J. (2018). Renewables: The politics of a global energy
transition.
MIT Press. https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/9780262037561.001.0001
● Attia, S., Eleftheriou, P., Xeni, F., Morlot, R., & Ménézo, C. (2017). Overview and
future
challenges of nearly zero energy buildings (nZEB) design in southern Europe. Energy and
Buildings, 155, 439-458. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2017.09.043
● Geall, S., Shen, W., & Caprotti, F. (2018). Governing sustainability transitions in
China: The
7
challenge of ecological civilization. Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions,
27,
1-3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eist.2017.10.008
● Gielen, D., Boshell, F., Saygin, D., Bazilian, M. D., Wagner, N., & Gorini, R. (2019).
The role
of renewable energy in the global energy transformation. Energy Strategy Reviews, 24,
38-50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esr.2019.01.006
● Ürge-Vorsatz, D., Kelemen, Á., & Tirado Herrero, S. (2020). Energy ef iciency: A key
driver
for clean energy transitions. International Energy Agency (IEA).
https://www.iea.org/reports/energy-efficiency-2020
