Learning Outcomes

1 Discuss Internet evolution

Describe purpose of an IP address and its relationship

2 to a domain name

Describe features of browsers and identify web address

3 components

Evaluate the effective application of search terms and

4 tools in Internet search
7.1 The Internet
Internet is a collection of networks
• Connecting businesses, government agencies, educational
institutions, and individuals.
• Internet = interconnected networking
• Local Area Network (LAN)
• Within the government agency, private company or
university, network are connected to allow resource
sharing (printers), communication
Figure 7.1 Major Reasons for Purchasing Computers
• Operates using Transmission Control Protocol/ Internet and Mobile Devices is for Internet Access
Protocol (TCP/IP)
• Intranet – portion of Internet located within a single
organisation.
7.1 The Internet

Figure 7.2 Internet Services evolves since ARPANet

7.2 The Internet Evolution
Root from a networking project initiated by Pentagon’s
Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA).
▪ Goal of ARPA includes:-
i. Allowed scientists from various location to connect, share
and work together on military and scientific projects
ii. Inability to function when facing attack

▪ Operational in September 1969

▪ Original ARPANet connecting FOUR main computers
served as a host:-
i. University of California at Los Angeles,
ii. University of California at Santa Barbara, Figure 7.3 ARPANet connecting 4 universities
iii. Stanford Research Institute,
iv. University of Utah
7.2 The Internet Evolution
A host is a …
▪ Server
▪ Uses high-speed communications to transfer
data and messages over a network
▪ Internet consists of
▪ local, regional, national, and international
networks.
▪ Both public and private organizations own
networks on the Internet.
Figure 7.4 Various type of how network can be
▪ Inventions and application popularised Internet connected
▪ Mosaic
▪ Netscape (Marc Andreessen and colleagues) Who OWNS the Internet?
▪ Internet Explorer (Microsoft)
NO SINGLE PERSON.
7.3 Connecting to the Internet

Figure 7.5 Popular Broadband Internet Service Technologies

7.3 Connecting to the Internet
7.3.1 Using Public Wi-Fi Safely

Guidelines for a safer browsing experience:-

✓ Avoid typing passwords and financial information
✓ Sign out of websites
✓ Disable your wireless connection
✓ Do not leave computer or mobile device unattended
✓ Beware of over-the-shoulder snoopers
Tethering as a solution
Figure 7.6 Convenient services may be
risky with free Wi-Fi ➢ Users pay additional fees for mobile hot spot
7.4 Internet Service Providers (ISPs)

▪ Also known as Internet Access Provider

(IAP)
▪ Business providing access to Internet for
free or for a fee
▪ Plans based on desired speeds,
bandwidth and services
▪ Additional services, e-mail, online storage
▪ Bandwidth represents amount of data
that travels over a network
▪ Higher bandwidth = more data transmits
Figure 7.7 Various ISP around the globe
7.4 Internet Service Providers (ISPs)
7.4.1 Using Public Wi-Fi Safely

Does the term DATA have multiple

meanings?
▪ Applicable to mobile service
provider as well

Figure 7.8 Data Usage for various Internet

activities
7.5 IP Addresses and Domain Names
7.5.1 Internet Naming System

Relies on addressing (similar to those of physical

postal service available)
▪ Each computer that is connected to the Internet has its Example,
own unique address known as an IP (Internet
Protocol) address.
IP address : 138.68.107.54
▪ Uses two addressing scheme: IPv4 and IPv6 Domain name: www.iou.edu.gm
▪ The IP address consists of four groups of
number,
▪ separated by a period or octets.
▪ The number in each group is between 0 and 255.
7.5 IP Addresses and Domain Names
7.5.2 Domain Name System (DNS)

▪ Text version of Internet protocol (IP) address

▪ ICANN approves and controls TLDs
▪ Websites outside United States
▪ Uses Internet ccTLD (country code)
▪ Two-letter country code
▪ Examples, sa (Saudi Arabia), pk (Pakistan), in
(India), ind (Indonesia), my (Malaysia), za
(South Africa)
▪ DNS server associated with ISP

Figure 7.10 Examples of Top-Level Domain Figure 7.9 Top-Level Domain (TLD)
(TLD)
7.5 IP Addresses and Domain Names
7.5.3 Searching IP Address

How to find out the IP address

manually?
1. Run the command prompt (cmd)
from the Start/ Window button
2. At the blinking cursor, type the
command ping

(make sure you are ONLINE to enable

this function call! )

Figure 7.11 Command-prompt view

7.5 IP Addresses and Domain Names
7.5.4 Internet Addressing (Components of URL)
Example,
URL : https://campus.iou.edu.gm/campus/login/index.php

Protocol Domain name Path Web page name

http://www.us-parks.com/grand_canyon/scenic_vistas.html

▪ the Web protocol,

Uniform Resource Locator (URL) ▪ the name of the Web server,
▪ the directory (or folder) on that server,
▪ file within that directory (perhaps with an extension such as html or
htm).
7.6 The World Wide Web
7.6.1 Terminologies
• Also known as web
• Consists of worldwide collection of
electronic documents
• Each page known as webpage
• Containing text, graphics, animation,
audio, and video
• Static (fixed), dynamic (changing)
• Website – collection of related
webpages
• Web server – computer that delivers Figure 7.12 Differences between a web page and a website
requested webpages to computer or
mobile device
7.6 The World Wide Web
7.6.2 Safe Browsing Techniques
• Exercise caution in browsing the web
• Guidelines while browsing includes:-
• Verify the website is safe.
• Turn off location sharing.
• Clear your browsing history.
• Never store passwords
• Use a phishing filter
• Enable a pop-up or pop-under blocker
• Use private browsing
• Use a proxy server
Figure 7.13 Differences between a web page and a website
7.6 The World Wide Web
7.6.3 Search Engine versus Portals
• Search Engine
• Software that finds websites, webpages
• Example, Bing, Google, Yahoo!
• Allows to search for images, videos, maps, audio,
publications, people or businesses, blogs
• Search begins with a phrase – search text
• Search results known as hits
• The lesser hits, the relevant the search text
• Portals
• Website offering Internet services
• Free services; search engine, news, sports,
weather, maps, shopping, e-mail Figure 7.14 Various types of search engines and web
portals
7.6 The World Wide Web
7.6.4 Other Internet Services
• E-Mail, FTP, Newsgroup, Mailing List, Chat,
Instant Messaging
What are the GOOD PRACTICES when using
e-mail?
• Keep messages brief.
• Respond to messages promptly. Figure 7.15 Various e-mail service provider

• Use proper grammar, spelling, and punctuation.

• Never respond to unsolicited messages.
• Use meaningful subject lines.
• Read the message before you send it.
• Use email when you want a permanent record of a
communication.
Figure 7.16 Various chat and messaging services
7.7 Cyber and Internet Law
• Challenging to regulate law due to
• Internet vast distribution
• Crosses many nations and jurisdiction
• Example,
• Propagation of sensitive materials
• Immoral content
• Examples of law governing the use of the
Internet
• Sedition Act
• Film Censorship Act
• Penal Code
Figure 7.16 Guidelines and References to
• UK Computer Misuse Act
International Cyber Law
• Digital Signature Act
• Electronic Transactions Act
7.8 Effective Search Strategies
7.8.1 Using Boolean Terms
• Boolean search based on Boolean logic introduced by George Boole, 19 th
century mathematician
• Search reduce number of hits, with accurate and relevant results
• Elements include; AND, OR, NOT, (), “”
Boolean Term What it does? How to Use?
AND Find items that use BOTH keywords Adult learning AND online courses
OR Find items that use EITHER of the keywords Adult learners OR adult students

NOT EXCLUDE items that use the keyword(s) NOT bachelor programs

Figure 7.17 Application of AND, OR and NOT in search terms

Summary
✓ The Internet has developed and undergone various phases, and have
become a major part of our life.
✓ The term “intranet” refers to a grouping of some LANs within an
organisation.
✓ Two types of computers on the Internet; host (server) and client.
✓ IP address contains four sequential numbers.
✓ Boolean search helps users in achieving effective search process with
relevant hits.