SCHOOL NAME (SESSION: 2023-2024) 2 u PHYSICS INVESTIGATORY PROJECT (ELECTROSCOPE) Submitted to: Submitted by: PHYSICS TEACHER STUDENT NAME Class: XII Roll No:CERTIFICATE This is to certify that Student Name has successfully completed his/her Physics project titled ELECTROSCOPE under the supervision and guidance of TEACHER NAME in the partial fulfillment of the Physics practical assessment conducted during the academic year 2023-2024. EXAMINER TEACHERACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to express my immense gratitude to my physics teacher help and guidance he/she provided for completing this project. I also thank my parents who gave their ideas and inputs in making this project. Most of all I thank our school management, for providing us the facilities and opportunity to do this project. Lastly, I would like to thanks my classmates who have helped me in this project. Their support made this project fruitful. - Student Name[is | a aeTOPIC Electroscope Investigatory Project Brass disc Insulator plug |— Glass bottle Brass rod — Gold leafINTRODUCTION What is Electroscope? Electroscope, is an instrument used for detecting the presence of an electric charge or of ionizing radiation, usually consisting of a pair of thin gold leaves suspended from an electrical conductor that leads to the outside of an insulating container. e An electric charge brought near the conductor or in contact with it causes the leaves to stand apart at an angle because, according to Coulomb’s law, the like electric charge either induced in or transferred to cach Icaf causes them to repel cach other. Radiation from radioactive materials introduced into a charged electroscope ionizes the gas within, permitting the charge on the leaves to leak off gradually. The rate at which the leaves of a charged electroscope converge to their parallel uncharged position is proportional to the intensity of radiation present. sulator plug Brass rod f—Glass bottle Gold leaves-{] Metal foilM To make an Electroscope using Glass bottle, Aluminium foil, Plastic straw and Copper wire Materials Required: Y Glass Jar with A Lid v awl Vv 2 inches of Plastic Straw Y¥ 10 inches of 14 Gauge Copper Wire V Hot Glue v Pliers Y Balloon ¥ Two 2-inch Square Pieces of Aluminium FoilTHEORY © The principle of an electroscope is based on the atomic structure of elements, the internal structure of metal elements, charge induction and the idea that like charges repel and opposite charges attract. © All elements are composed of electrons, protons and neutrons- with the electrons surrounding the nucleus. In metals these outer electrons are loosely held by the nuclei and are relatively free to move within the material. © An electroscope has a metal detector knob on top which is connected to a pair of metal leaves hanging from the bottom of the connecting rod. © When no charge is present the metal leaves hang loosely downward. However, if an object with a charge is brought near the electroscope one of the two things can happen. BRASS DISC —_ U INSULATOR PLUG GLASS CASE BRASS ROD | AL coven Gold leaf electroscope© If the charge is positive electrons in the metal of the electroscope are attracted to the charge, and move upwards out of the leaves. This causes a temporary positive charge and because like charges repel, the leaves separate. © When the charge is removed, the electrons return to their original positions and leaves relax. © So, an electroscope reacts to the presence of a charge through the movements of electrons either into or away from the leaves. © In either case the leaves separate but the electroscope cannot tell if the charge or a negative charge- it is only responding to the presence of an electrical charge.PROCEDURE © Start by punching a hole in the jar lid large enough for the straw and the copper wire to fit through. © Insert the straw into the hole and centre it, leave a couple of inches of space from the bottom of the jar. Use the hot glue to secure the straw in place. © Next, insert the copper wire into the straw, with about 2 inches protruding from the straw inside the jar. © Use the pliers to bend 1 inch of the copper wire into a hook to hold the aluminium foil later. © Use the pliers to bend the remaining copper on top of the lid into a coil to provide more surface area © Next, cut a small slit in the aluminium foil and slide them onto the copper hook. © Attach the lid to the jar. © Now, rub the balloon on your head. © Place the balloon next to the copper coils. Observe what happens to the metal inside the jar. © Move the material away and touch your hand to the coiled wire. Observe what happens. © Repeat steps 8 to 10 with any other materials you would like to testOBSERVATION & As the charged comb approaches the metal rod, the leaves inside the container start to separate and repel each other. This is a clear indication that they have acquired a similar charge and are trying to move away from each other. & When the charged comb is removed, the leaves return to their original position, indicating that the charge has dissipated, and the leaves have neutralized. & If you touch the metal rod with a charged object (e.g., the charged comb), the leaves will diverge even more due to the transfer of charge. However, if the charge is opposite in nature, the leaves will collapse, showing an attraction between them.CONCLUSION Electroscope is an effective tool for detecting and studying electric charges. By constructing a working model of this device and conducting the experiment, we observed how the leaves respond to the presence of electric charges. The leaves diverged when exposed to a like charge and collapsed when exposed to an opposite charge. This experiment helps to illustrate the basic principles of electrostatics and provides a simple yet insightful way to visualize electric charge interactions.PRECAUTION Y Be cautious when handling scissors or any sharp objects used to cut the aluminium foil. Ensure that you cut the foil carefully to avoid any accidental cuts or injuries. Y Before working with the aluminium foil, make sure your hands are clean to prevent transferring oils or dirt onto the foil. Contaminants on the foil can affect its performance. Aluminium foil is delicate, so handle it gently to avoid tearing or damaging it. Be aware of static electricity, as it can cause the foil to stick to surfaces or become difficult to work with. Ground yourself by touching a grounded object before handling the foil to minimize the risk of static interference. Ensure that the aluminium foil is thin enough to be sensitive to electric charge but thick enough to be workable. Before and after cach experiment, discharge the electroscope by touching the metal rod with your hand or a grounded object to reset it and prevent any residual charge build-up.BIBLIOGRAPHY https://en. wikipedia.org www. YouTube.com www.Study.com https://www.education.com https://www.instructables.com