[go: up one dir, main page]
Scribd
Upload
68 views3 pages

13.minimization of Automata Machines

Minimiztion of automata

Uploaded by

Shuwani Patel
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
68 views3 pages

13.minimization of Automata Machines

Minimiztion of automata

Uploaded by

Shuwani Patel
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 3

Minimization of Finite Automata involves reducing the number of states in a finite automaton

while preserving its language recognition capability. The goal is to obtain the smallest possible
automaton that recognizes the same regular language.

Key Concepts

1. Equivalence of States:
o Two states in a finite automaton are considered equivalent if they behave
identically for all possible input strings. Specifically, they should lead to the same
set of accepting states for any input string.
o Minimization seeks to merge these equivalent states into a single state, reducing
the number of states in the automaton.
2. DFA Minimization:
o Minimization is usually performed on a DFA because DFAs have a unique
computation path for each input string, making state equivalence easier to
identify.

Steps for Minimizing a DFA

1. Remove Unreachable States

 Identify Reachable States: Start from the initial state and perform a breadth-first or
depth-first search to identify all states that can be reached from the initial state.
 Remove Unreachable States: Any state that cannot be reached from the initial state is
removed, as it cannot affect the language accepted by the DFA.

2. Partition States into Equivalence Classes

 Initial Partition: Partition the states into two groups: accepting and non-accepting states.
 Refinement of Partitions: Refine these partitions based on the transitions. Two states are
placed in the same partition if:
o They transition to the same partition for every input symbol.

This process is often implemented using the Hopcroft's Algorithm or the Table Filling
Algorithm.

3. Construct the Minimized DFA

 Create States: Each equivalence class from the partitioning step becomes a single state
in the minimized DFA.
 Define Transitions: For each new state (equivalence class), determine the transitions
based on the transitions of the states that were merged into it.
 Define Accepting States: A new state is accepting if any of the states it replaced were
accepting.

Example: Minimization Process


Consider a DFA with states Q={q0,q1,q2,q3}Q = \{q_0, q_1, q_2, q_3\}Q={q0,q1,q2,q3}, input
alphabet Σ={0,1}\Sigma = \{0, 1\}Σ={0,1}, and transition function δ\deltaδ defined as follows:

 Transitions:
o δ(q0,0)=q0\delta(q_0, 0) = q_0δ(q0,0)=q0
o δ(q0,1)=q1\delta(q_0, 1) = q_1δ(q0,1)=q1
o δ(q1,0)=q2\delta(q_1, 0) = q_2δ(q1,0)=q2
o δ(q1,1)=q3\delta(q_1, 1) = q_3δ(q1,1)=q3
o δ(q2,0)=q1\delta(q_2, 0) = q_1δ(q2,0)=q1
o δ(q2,1)=q2\delta(q_2, 1) = q_2δ(q2,1)=q2
o δ(q3,0)=q3\delta(q_3, 0) = q_3δ(q3,0)=q3
o δ(q3,1)=q3\delta(q_3, 1) = q_3δ(q3,1)=q3
 Initial State: q0q_0q0
 Accepting States: F={q2,q3}F = \{q_2, q_3\}F={q2,q3}

1. Remove Unreachable States

 All states are reachable from q0q_0q0 in this example.

2. Partition States into Equivalence Classes

 Initial Partition:
o Accepting: {q2,q3}\{q_2, q_3\}{q2,q3}
o Non-Accepting: {q0,q1}\{q_0, q_1\}{q0,q1}
 Refine Partitions:
o Examine transitions:
 For state q0q_0q0 (non-accepting), δ(q0,0)=q0\delta(q_0, 0) = q_0δ(q0
,0)=q0 and δ(q0,1)=q1\delta(q_0, 1) = q_1δ(q0,1)=q1.
 For state q1q_1q1 (non-accepting), δ(q1,0)=q2\delta(q_1, 0) = q_2δ(q1
,0)=q2 and δ(q1,1)=q3\delta(q_1, 1) = q_3δ(q1,1)=q3.
 States q0q_0q0 and q1q_1q1 behave differently under transitions, so they
belong to different equivalence classes.
 For states q2q_2q2 and q3q_3q3 (accepting), both transition to q2q_2q2
and q3q_3q3 respectively, and have similar behavior.
 Refined Partition:
o Accepting: {q2}\{q_2\}{q2} and {q3}\{q_3\}{q3}
o Non-Accepting: {q0}\{q_0\}{q0} and {q1}\{q_1\}{q1}

3. Construct the Minimized DFA

 New States: {q01}\{q_{01}\}{q01} (combining q0q_0q0 and q1q_1q1), {q2}\{q_{2}\}


{q2}, and {q3}\{q_{3}\}{q3}.
 Transitions:
o From {q01}\{q_{01}\}{q01}:
 On input 0: Stay in {q01}\{q_{01}\}{q01}
 On input 1: Transition to {q2}\{q_{2}\}{q2}
o From {q2}\{q_{2}\}{q2}:
 On input 0: Stay in {q2}\{q_{2}\}{q2}
 On input 1: Transition to {q2}\{q_{2}\}{q2} (since q2q_2q2 and q3q_3q3
have similar transitions for 1)
o From {q3}\{q_{3}\}{q3}:
 On input 0: Stay in {q3}\{q_{3}\}{q3}
 On input 1: Stay in {q3}\{q_{3}\}{q3}
 Accepting States: {q2}\{q_{2}\}{q2} and {q3}\{q_{3}\}{q3}

Algorithms for DFA Minimization

1. Hopcroft's Algorithm:
o Efficiently minimizes a DFA in O(nlog⁡n)O(n \log n)O(nlogn) time, where nnn is
the number of states. It partitions states into equivalence classes and refines these
partitions iteratively.
2. Table Filling Algorithm:
o Also known as the "Table-based Method," it fills out a table to identify and merge
equivalent states. It works in O(n2)O(n^2)O(n2) time complexity.

You might also like