Python Notes for Class 11 and 12 CBSE
Introduction to Python
Python is a high-level, interpreted programming language with simple syntax and powerful libraries.
Variables and Data Types
Variables store data values.
- int: Integer values (e.g., 10).
- float: Floating-point values (e.g., 10.5).
- str: String values (e.g., "Hello").
- bool: Boolean values (True or False).
- list: Ordered collection (e.g., [1, 2, 3]).
- tuple: Immutable ordered collection (e.g., (1, 2, 3)).
- dict: Key-value pairs (e.g., {"name": "John", "age": 25}).
Operators
Arithmetic Operators: Perform mathematical operations (+, -, *, /, %, //, **).
Comparison Operators: Compare values (==, !=, >, <, >=, <=).
Logical Operators: Combine conditional statements (and, or, not).
Input and Output
input(): Gets input from the user.
print(): Displays output to the console.
Control Structures
if: Executes a block of code if the condition is true.
if-else: Executes one block of code if the condition is true, another if false.
if-elif-else: Checks multiple conditions.
Loops
Python Notes for Class 11 and 12 CBSE
for: Iterates over a sequence.
while: Repeats as long as the condition is true.
break: Exits the loop.
continue: Skips the current iteration.
Functions
def: Defines a function.
return: Sends back a result from a function.
Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)
class: Blueprint for creating objects.
__init__(): Constructor method, initializes attributes.
Modules and Packages
import: Includes external Python files.
Exception Handling
try-except: Catches and handles errors.
finally: Executes code regardless of the result.
File Handling
open(): Opens a file.
read()/write(): Reads from or writes to a file.
close(): Closes the file.
Python Libraries
NumPy: Numerical computations.
Pandas: Data manipulation.
Python Notes for Class 11 and 12 CBSE
Matplotlib: Data visualization.
Strings
Concatenation, slicing, indexing.
Methods: lower(), upper(), find(), replace(), split(), join().
Lists
Methods: append(), insert(), remove(), pop(), sort(), reverse().
Dictionaries
Methods: keys(), values(), items(), get().
Data Visualization
Using Matplotlib for plots.
Data Handling
Reading CSV files with Pandas.
