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TTL field is needed in such situations for limiting
FTL field is also used to limit the journey of a
to a local network only then a 1 is stored in
This is an 8-bit field which is used for defining the
higher level protocol which uses the services of IP
The data from different high level protocols can be
encapsulated into an IP datagram. These protocols
could be UDP, TCP, ICMP, IGMP etc.
The protocol field contents would tell the name of
the protocol at the final destination to which this IP
datagram is to be delivered.
\t the destination, the value of this field helps in
process of demultiplexing,
able 1.7.2 shows some of the values of this field
sponding to different high level protocols.
Table 1.7.2
ly.
in IP packet covers on the header onl
a ae fields change, this field is
and verified at each point that the Internet
for defining the IP address of the
32 bit field.
is used
13. Options
Options are not required for every datagram. They are
Used for network testing and debugging. We have
discussed all the options in detail, later in this chapter.
1.8 Fragmentation :
EE
In the Internet, a datagram sent by a host has to travel
through different networks before itis delivered to the
destination host.
At every router, the received frame is decapsulated, the
TP datagram is extracted and processed
encapsulated in another frame.
and
The size and format of the frame received by a router
depends on the protocol used by the previous physical
network to the router.
‘As an example, imagine that a router connects a LAN to
‘@ WAN. Then the frame received by the router is in the
LAN format and the one forwarded by itis in the WAN
format,
1.8.1 Maximum Transfer Unit (MTU) :
= The frame format of each data link layer protocol is
different in its own way. One of the important field in
the frame format is the maximum size of data field.
Therefore when we encapsulate an IP datagram in a
frame, the datagram size should be less than the
maximum data size specified by the maximum size field.
The concept of MTU has been illustrated in Fig. 18.1.
