Amity University Haryana

ASET 2023-26

Practical File: Computer Fundamentals

Branch Year: 2023-26
Session: 2023-24

Submitted by
Submitted to:
Taarini Singh Dr.
Abhinaba Sinha
Form no. A50504823003
BCA – 1st Year
S. Topic Date Signature
No.

1. Various Components of 11.09.2

Computer 3

2. Internal & External DOS 12.10.2

Command 3

3. Windows Operating System 30.10.2

3

4. MS Word 06.11.2
3

5. MS Excel 08.11.2
3

6. MS PowerPoint 20.11.2
3

7. Web Browser & E – Mail 06.11.2

3

INDEX
 Experiment no. 1
Various Components of Computer
CPU (Central Processing Unit)
A CPU, or Central Processing Unit, is the primary component of a
computer responsible for executing instructions from programs. Often
referred to as the "brain" of the computer, it performs calculations,
processes data, and manages the flow of information within the
computer system. The CPU's operations are coordinated by the Control
Unit, and it performs arithmetic and logical operations through the
Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU). The CPU's speed is determined by its clock
frequency, measured in Hertz (Hz). It is a critical element in determining
a computer's overall processing power and capability.
Parts of CPU
1. Control Unit (CU):
The Control Unit is responsible for managing and coordinating the
operations of the CPU. It does this by executing a series of steps known
as the fetch-decode-execute cycle.
- Fetch: The Control Unit fetches the next instruction from the
computer's memory (RAM) using the address provided by the Program
Counter (PC). The PC keeps track of the memory location of the next
instruction to be executed.
- Decode: Once the instruction is fetched, the Control Unit decodes it.
This involves determining what operation needs to be performed and
identifying the operands (data on which the operation is performed).
- Execute: Based on the decoded instruction, the Control Unit sends
signals to the appropriate components of the CPU to perform the
necessary operation. For example, if the instruction is an addition
operation, the Control Unit will instruct the Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)
to add the specified values.
- Write Back: If the operation results in a value that needs to be stored
(e.g., after an arithmetic operation), the result is written back to the
appropriate register or memory location.
2. Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU):
The ALU is the component of the CPU responsible for performing
arithmetic and logical operations. It can perform operations like
addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, as well as logical
operations like AND, OR, NOT, etc.
3. Registers:
Registers are small, high-speed storage locations within the CPU. They
are used to store data that is being actively processed or frequently
accessed. Registers are faster to access than main memory (RAM), which
makes them essential for high-speed operations.

- Program Counter (PC): This register keeps track of the memory

address of the next instruction to be executed. After each instruction,
the PC is updated to point to the next instruction.
- Accumulator: Often used in simple CPU architectures, the
accumulator is a special register used for performing arithmetic and
logic operations.
- General-Purpose Registers: These registers can be used for various
purposes and are not restricted to a specific function.
4. Cache:
Cache is a small, high-speed volatile computer memory that provides
high-speed data access to a processor. It stores frequently used
programs, applications, and data. The purpose of the cache is to store
copies of frequently accessed data from main memory (RAM) so that it
can be quickly retrieved by the CPU.
5. Clock Speed:
Clock speed refers to the number of clock cycles per second that a CPU
can execute. A clock cycle is the basic unit of time in a CPU. Each cycle,
the CPU can perform a set of operations. A higher clock speed generally
means the CPU can execute instructions more quickly.
Technical Working in Detail:
The CPU operates by executing a series of instructions stored in
memory. These instructions are fetched one by one, decoded to
determine the operation to be performed, executed using the ALU, and
the results are written back if necessary. This cycle repeats for each
instruction until the program is complete.
The efficiency of a CPU depends on various factors including its
architecture (Complex Instruction Set Computer - CISC, or Reduced
Instruction Set Computer - RISC), the number of cores (in multi-core
CPUs), cache size, and clock speed. Advances in CPU technology have
led to increasingly powerful and efficient processors over the years.
Keyboard
A keyboard is an input device used to enter text, numbers, and
commands into a computer or electronic device. It consists of a set of
keys, each representing a specific character, symbol, or function. When a
key is pressed, it sends a signal to the computer, which interprets it and
displays the corresponding character on the screen. Keyboards come in
various layouts and designs, including the standard QWERTY layout,
ergonomic keyboards, and specialized keyboards for specific purposes
like gaming or programming. They are an essential tool for interacting
with computers and performing tasks such as typing documents,
browsing the internet, playing games, and executing commands.
Components:

1. Keycaps: These are the visible, physical keys on the keyboard that
have characters or symbols printed on them.
2. Switches: These are the mechanisms beneath the keycaps that
register keypresses. There are various types of switches, including
membrane switches, scissor switches, and mechanical switches.
 Membrane Switches: These consist of three layers: a top
membrane, a bottom membrane, and a middle layer with
holes. When a key is pressed, it pushes the top membrane
through the holes, making contact with the bottom membrane
to register a keystroke.
 Scissor Switches: These use a scissor-like mechanism to
stabilize the keycap. They provide a more stable and precise
typing experience compared to membrane switches.
 Mechanical Switches: These are individual, self-contained
switches for each key. They use a mechanical mechanism
(such as a spring) to register a keystroke. Popular types
include Cherry MX, Razer Green, and many others.
3. Key Matrix: This is a grid of circuits underneath the keys. When a
key is pressed, it completes a circuit in the matrix, sending a signal
to the computer.
4. Controller (Microcontroller): The controller is a small chip that
processes the electrical signals generated when keys are pressed.
It's responsible for converting these signals into digital data that
the computer can understand.
5. Backplate or PCB (Printed Circuit Board): The PCB provides a
platform for mounting the switches and circuitry. It also contains
the electrical traces that connect the switches to the controller.
6. Cable/Connector: This is the cord that connects the keyboard to
the computer. It can be a USB, PS/2, or other type of connector.
Technical Working:
1. Keypress Registration:
 When a key is pressed, the switch underneath is activated. In a
membrane keyboard, this completes a circuit by pushing
together the top and bottom membranes.
 In mechanical keyboards, pressing a key push down a stem,
which collapses a spring and makes an electrical contact,
registering the keypress.
2. Matrix Scanning:
 The controller scans the key matrix to detect which key or
keys have been pressed.

 For example, if you press the 'A' key, the controller determines
the row (using one set of connections) and the column (using
another set of connections) in the matrix where the 'A' key is
located.
3. Data Processing:
 The controller processes this information into a digital signal
that the computer can understand.
 It may also handle tasks like detecting multiple simultaneous
keypresses (known as 'n-key rollover').
4. Data Transmission:
 The controller sends the digital signal to the computer through
the keyboard's connector (USB, PS/2, etc.).
5. Interpretation by the Computer:
 The computer's operating system interprets the signal and
associates it with the appropriate character or command.
6. Repeat Rate and Delay:
 Some keyboards have settings for repeat rate (how quickly a
key will repeat if held down) and delay (how long you have to
hold a key down before it starts repeating).
Mouse:
A mouse is an input device used with computers to control the movement
of a cursor or pointer on a screen. It typically consists of a handheld
device with one or more buttons and a sensor, which tracks the
movement of the mouse on a flat surface. By moving the mouse, users
can interact with graphical user interfaces, select objects, navigate
through menus, and perform various tasks on a computer. The buttons
on the mouse are used for clicking, double-clicking, and right-clicking,
allowing for a range of actions to be executed. The mouse is an essential
tool for precise and intuitive interaction with digital interfaces.
Monitor:
A monitor is a visual output device that displays digital or analog visual
information generated by a computer or other electronic devices. It is
also known as VDU (Visual Display Unit). It uses technologies like
liquid crystal display (LCD), light-emitting diode (LED), or other
technologies to render images and text. It come in various sizes,
resolutions, and aspect ratios, providing users with a visual
representation of the data processed by the computer. They are essential
for tasks like browsing the web, viewing documents, playing video
games, and watching videos. Monitors are a crucial component of a
computer setup, allowing users to interact with and consume digital
content.

Monitor consists of two kinds of screen –

 Cathode – Ray Tube
 Flat Panel Display
Cathode – Ray Tube:
A Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) monitor is a type of visual display device that
uses a vacuum tube to generate images on a screen. It works by emitting
a stream of electrons from a cathode (negatively charged electrode)
towards a positively charged anode, which forms an electron beam. This
beam is then directed by magnetic fields to scan the phosphorescent
dots on the inner surface of the screen, creating the visual display.
Advantages of CRT Monitors:
1. Color Accuracy: CRT monitors were known for their excellent color
accuracy and display quality, especially in older models.
2. Response Time: They typically had faster response times compared
to early LCD monitors, which made them suitable for applications like
gaming and video editing.
3. Viewing Angles: CRTs had better view angles and did not suffer from
the color distortion or reduced visibility at extreme angles seen in some
early LCD displays.
4. Cost-effective at Larger Sizes: In the past, CRT monitors were more
cost-effective than their flat-panel LCD counterparts at larger screen
sizes.
Disadvantages of CRT Monitors:
1. Bulk and Weight: CRT monitors are large, heavy, and take up a
significant amount of desk space, making them less practical for modern,
space-conscious setups.
2. Energy Consumption: They consume more power than LCD
monitors, contributing to higher energy bills.
3. Flicker and Refresh Rate: Some users are sensitive to the flicker
associated with CRT monitors, which can lead to eye strain or
discomfort. Additionally, they require higher refresh rates to avoid
flickering, which may not be available on older models.
4. Radiation Emission: CRT monitors emit low levels of
electromagnetic radiation, which may be a concern for some users.
However, modern CRTs have significantly reduced this issue.
5. Limited Resolution Options: CRT monitors often have a fixed native
resolution, making them less versatile compared to modern flat-panel
displays.
Flat Panel Display:

A flat panel display monitor is a visual output device that uses a flat, thin
screen to display digital content. It does not rely on a cathode ray tube
(CRT) like older monitors, but instead uses technologies like Liquid
Crystal Display (LCD), Organic Light Emitting Diodes (OLED), or other
variants to create images on the screen.
Advantages of Flat Panel Display Monitors:
1. Space Efficiency: Flat panel displays are thin, lightweight, and
take up much less space compared to CRT monitors. This makes
them suitable for modern, space-conscious environments.
2. Energy Efficiency: They consume significantly less power
compared to CRT monitors, contributing to lower energy bills and a
reduced environmental footprint.
3. Sharper Image Quality: Flat panel displays often have higher
resolution and pixel density, resulting in sharper and more detailed
images.
 4. Reduced Eye Strain: They generally produce less flicker
compared to older CRT monitors, reducing the likelihood of eye
strain and fatigue.
5. Wide Viewing Angles: Flat panel displays offer consistent colour
and image quality even when viewed from different angles, which
was a limitation of older CRT monitors.
6. Less Heat Emission: They produce much less heat compared to
CRT monitors, contributing to a more comfortable working
environment.
Disadvantages of Flat Panel Display Monitors:
1. Limited Viewing Angles (in some models): While modern flat
panels have improved, some lower-quality displays may still suffer
from colour distortion or reduced visibility at extreme angles.
2. Response Time (in some models): Some early LCD displays had
slower response times compared to CRT monitors, which could
result in motion blur during fast-paced activities like gaming.
3. Cost (in some models): High-end flat panel displays, particularly
those with advanced features like high refresh rates and specialized
colour gamut, can be expensive.
4. Potential for Dead Pixels: Flat panel displays can sometimes
develop dead pixels, which are individual pixels that do not function
properly. While modern displays have improved in this regard, dead
pixels can still occur.
5. Vulnerability to Screen Damage: Flat panel displays, particularly
those with glass screens, can be more easily scratched or damaged
compared to the sturdy glass screens of older CRT monitors.
Printer:

Printer is an output device, which is used to print information on paper.

There are two types of printers:
 Impact Printers
 Non – Impact Printers
Impact Printer:
An impact printer is a type of printer that creates images or characters
on paper by physically striking an inked ribbon against the paper. This
direct contact between the ribbon and paper produces a visible
impression. Impact printers were widely used in the past, but they have
largely been replaced by non-impact printers like inkjet and laser
printers.
Characteristics of Impact Printers:
1. Mechanical Contact: Impact printers operate by striking a
printing element (often a print head or a series of pins) against an
inked ribbon, which transfers ink onto the paper.
2. Noisy Operation: Due to the physical impact between the print
head and the paper, impact printers tend to be noisy compared to
non-impact printers.
3. Carbon Copies: Impact printers are capable of producing multiple
copies of a document simultaneously by using multi-part forms and
carbon paper.
4. Durability: They are often more robust and durable compared to
non-impact printers because they rely on mechanical parts for
printing.
5. Ink Ribbons: Impact printers use inked ribbons that need periodic
replacement. These ribbons contain ink-soaked material that
transfers onto the paper when struck.
6. Limited Graphics Quality: They are generally better suited for
text and simple graphics. Producing high-resolution images is a
challenge for impact printers.
Types:
Dot Matrix Printers:
Dot matrix printers use a matrix of pins to create characters and images.
These pins strike an inked ribbon, forming dots that collectively make up
characters and graphics. They are versatile and can produce multiple
fonts and graphics, making them suitable for tasks like forms printing
and basic graphics.
Daisy Wheel Printers:
Daisy wheel printers use a wheel or disk with characters on the petals.
When a character is selected, the wheel rotates and the chosen petal
strikes an inked ribbon against the paper. They produce high-quality text
but are slower and less versatile than dot matrix printers.

Line Printers:
Line printers print a whole line at a time, typically at very high speeds.
They have multiple hammers or print elements that strike the paper in a
single pass. They were used for high-speed batch processing, but they
have become less common with the advent of laser printers.
Drum Printers (Obsolete):
Drum printers used a rotating drum with characters on its surface. As
the drum rotated, a hammer struck the paper against the inked drum to
create characters. They were widely used in the early days of computing
but have been largely replaced by more modern printers.
Chain Printers (Obsolete):
Chain printers used a rotating chain with characters on it. When a
character was selected, the chain rotated and the chosen character
struck an inked ribbon against the paper. They were common in early
computing but are now rarely used.
Non – Impact Printers:
Non-impact printers are a type of printer that do not physically strike an
inked ribbon or printing element against the paper. Instead, they use
various technologies, such as laser beams or inkjet nozzles, to transfer
ink or toner onto the paper without direct contact. Non-impact printers
have become the standard for most modern printing applications due to
their higher speed, quieter operation, and superior print quality
compared to impact printers.
Characteristics of Non-Impact Printers:
1. No Physical Contact: Unlike impact printers, non-impact printers
do not involve any direct physical contact between printing
elements and the paper.
2. Quiet Operation: They operate more quietly compared to impact
printers, making them suitable for office environments.
3. High-Quality Output: Non-impact printers can produce high-
resolution graphics and text, making them suitable for a wide range
of applications, including photo printing.
4. Faster Printing Speeds: They generally have higher printing
speeds compared to impact printers.
5. Less Maintenance: Non-impact printers have fewer moving parts,
resulting in reduced maintenance requirements.
6. Variety of Print Technologies: Non-impact printers encompass
various technologies, including laser, inkjet, thermal, and dye-
sublimation printing methods.
Types of Non-Impact Printers:
 1. Laser Printers:
 Laser printers use a laser beam to create an electrostatic
image on a photosensitive drum. This image attracts toner
(powdered ink), which is then transferred and fused onto the
paper.
 They are known for high-speed printing and excellent text
quality, making them popular in offices.
2. Inkjet Printers:
 Inkjet printers use tiny nozzles to spray ink droplets onto the
paper. These droplets combine to form characters and images.
 They are versatile, capable of producing high-quality text and
graphics, and are commonly used for home and office printing.
Storage Devices:
Storage devices are hardware components or devices that are used to
store and retrieve digital data on a computer or other electronic devices.
They allow users to save and access files, documents, programs, and
other types of data over a period of time. Storage devices play a crucial
role in both personal computing and enterprise-level data management.
Types:
1. Hard Disk Drive (HDD):
 Description: HDDs are magnetic storage devices that use
spinning disks (platters) coated with a magnetic material to
store data. They have read/write heads that access and alter
the magnetic data on the platters.
 Characteristics: HDDs provide relatively large storage
capacities at a lower cost per gigabyte. However, they are
slower in terms of data access and transfer speeds compared
to SSDs.
2. Solid State Drive (SSD):
 Description: SSDs use NAND flash memory to store data.
Unlike HDDs, they have no moving parts, which leads to faster
data access times and higher durability.
 Characteristics: SSDs offer significantly faster read/write
speeds compared to HDDs, which leads to quicker system boot
times and application loading. They are also more shock-
resistant and energy-efficient. However, they are generally
more expensive per gigabyte than HDDs.
3. External Hard Drive:
  Description: These are portable storage devices that connect
to a computer externally via interfaces like USB or
Thunderbolt. They can be

HDDs or SSDs and are used for backup, file storage, and data
transfer between computers.
4. USB Flash Drive (Thumb Drive):
 Description: USB flash drives are compact, portable storage
devices that use NAND flash memory to store data. They
connect to computers via USB ports.
 Characteristics: They are highly portable and convenient for
transferring files between computers. They have no moving
parts, making them durable and reliable.
5. Memory Card (SD Card, MicroSD Card):
 Description: Memory cards are small, removable storage
devices used in cameras, smartphones, tablets, and other
portable devices to store photos, videos, and other types of
data.
 Characteristics: They come in various formats like SD,
MicroSD, and CompactFlash. They are known for their small
size, high storage capacities, and versatility.
6. Optical Disc Drives (CD/DVD/Blu-ray):
 Description: Optical disc drives use laser technology to read
and write data on optical discs like CDs, DVDs, and Blu-ray
discs.
 Characteristics: They are used for data storage, software
installation, and media playback. However, they have become
less common due to the rise of digital downloads and
streaming.
 Experiment 2
Internal and External DOS Commands
Q. What are commands?
A. The term "commands" generally refers to instructions or directives
given to a computer or software program to perform a specific action or
set of actions. In computing, commands are often entered by users
through a command-line interface (CLI) or a terminal, where they
communicate with the operating system or a software application by
typing textual commands.
Internal DOS Commands - are commands that are built into the
operating system and are executed directly by the command interpreter
(COMMAND.COM in DOS). These commands are loaded into memory
when the operating system starts, and they don't require external
executable files (like .EXE or .COM files) to be present on the disk.
Internal commands are essential for performing basic operations and
managing the DOS environment. Here are some common internal DOS
commands:
1. DIR: Displays a list of files and subdirectories in a directory.
2. CD (or CHDIR): Changes the current working directory.
3. CLS: Clears the screen.
4. COPY: Copies one or more files from one location to another.
5. DEL (or ERASE): Deletes one or more files.
6. TYPE: Displays the contents of a text file.
7. REN (or RENAME): Renames a file or a group of files.
8. MD (or MKDIR): Creates a new directory.
9. RD (or RMDIR): Removes (deletes) an existing directory.
10. VER: Displays the version number of the operating system.
11. DATE: Displays or sets the system date.
12. TIME: Displays or sets the system time.
13. ECHO: Displays messages or enables/disables the display of
commands in a script.
14. SET: Sets environment variables.
15. PROMPT: Changes the command prompt.
External DOS Commands – are commands in the MS-DOS operating
system that require external executable files (usually with a .EXE
or .COM extension) to be present on the disk. These commands are
separate programs or utilities that are

loaded into memory when executed. Unlike internal commands, external

commands are standalone executable files that perform specific tasks,
and they are typically stored in directories listed in the system's PATH
variable.
Here are a few examples of external DOS commands:
1. FORMAT: This command is used to format a disk (such as a hard
drive or floppy disk) for use with MS-DOS. The executable file for
this command is typically FORMAT.EXE.
Syntax – ‘FORMAT drive: /options’
Example: ‘FORMAT C: /S’
2. XCOPY: XCOPY is a command used to copy files and directories in
MS-DOS. It has more advanced features compared to the internal
COPY command. The executable file is usually XCOPY.EXE.
Syntax – ‘XCOPY source destination /options’
Example: ‘XCOPY C:\Data D:\Backup /E /C /H /R /Y’
3. EDIT: The EDIT command launches a simple text editor in MS-
DOS. The executable file is commonly EDIT.COM.
Syntax – ‘EDIT filename’
Example: ‘EDIT example.txt’
4. CHKDSK: This command is used to check the file system for errors
and to fix any issues it finds. The executable file for CHKDSK is
typically CHKDSK.EXE.
Syntax – ‘CHKDSK drive: /options’
Example: ‘CHKDSK C: /F’
5. DEBUG: DEBUG is a command-line debugging tool in MS-DOS,
allowing users to examine and modify binary files. The executable
file is DEBUG.EXE.
Syntax – ‘DEBUG [filename]’
Example: ‘DEBUG program.exe’
6. DISKCOPY: DISKCOPY is used to copy the entire contents of one
floppy disk to another. The executable file for this command is
typically DISKCOPY.EXE.
Syntax – ‘DISKCOPY source drive: /V’
Example: ‘DISKCOPY A: B: /V’
 Experiment 3
Windows Operating Systems
An operating system (OS) is a fundamental software component that acts
as an intermediary between computer hardware and the applications or
programs running on it. It provides a set of services and functionalities
that facilitate the efficient and secure execution of computer programs.
However, the Windows Operating System requires DOS to run the
various application programs initially. Because of this reason, DOS
should be installed into the memory and then window can be executed.
Elements of Operating Systems:
1. Graphical User Interface (GUI):
Windows operating systems are known for their graphical user interface,
which includes elements like windows, icons, menus, and pointers
(WIMP). Users interact with the system through a mouse or touchpad,
making it intuitive and accessible.
2. Desktop:
The desktop is the primary workspace where users can place icons,
shortcuts, and files. It serves as a central location for accessing
applications and managing files.
3. Start Menu:
The Start menu provides a centralized location for launching
applications, accessing settings, and performing system searches. It has
evolved over different Windows versions, including features like live tiles
in Windows 10.
4. Taskbar:
The taskbar is a horizontal bar at the bottom of the screen that displays
the Start button, open applications, system notifications, and the system
tray. It provides quick access to frequently used programs.
5. File Explorer:
File Explorer is the file management application in Windows that allows
users to navigate the file system, manage files and folders, and perform
various file-related tasks.
6. Control Panel (or Settings in newer versions):
The Control Panel (or Settings in modern versions) provides a
centralized location for configuring system settings, managing devices,
and customizing the Windows environment.

7. Windows Explorer:
Windows Explorer is a file management tool that allows users to browse
and organize files and folders. It is closely related to File Explorer and
provides a graphical interface for file manipulation.
8. Task Manager:
Task Manager provides information about running processes, system
performance, and resource usage. It allows users to monitor and manage
applications, processes, and services.
Start Menu Options
In Windows 11, the Start menu has a simplified and centered design.
Here are key components and options you might find in the Windows 11
Start menu:
1. Start Button:
 Similar to previous versions, Windows 11 has a Start button
located at the centre of the taskbar. Clicking on it opens the
Start menu.
2. Search Bar:
 The search bar is present on the taskbar, allowing users to
search for files, applications, settings, and more directly from
the Start menu.
3. Recommended and Pinned Apps:
 The Start menu displays a section with recommended and
pinned applications. You can customize this area by pinning
your frequently used apps for quick access.
4. Recent Files and Pinned Folders:
 Windows 11 includes a section that shows recently accessed
files and pinned folders. This can help you quickly access your
most used documents and folders.
5. Live Tiles (Optional):
  Like in Windows 10, Windows 11 allows users to have Live
Tiles on the Start menu. These are dynamic icons that can
display real-time information from specific apps. However, you
can choose to have a more static and organized layout if
preferred.
6. User Account:
 The user account section is typically found in the top-right
corner of the Start menu. Clicking on it provides options such
as shutting down or restarting the system, signing out, and
accessing account settings.
7. All Apps:
 Clicking on "All Apps" reveals a list of all installed applications
on the system. You can scroll through the list or search for
specific programs.
8. Widgets:
 Windows 11 introduced Widgets, a new feature that provides
personalized, glanceable information such as weather,
calendar events, news, and more. Widgets can be accessed
from the Start menu.
Recycle Bin
The Recycle Bin is a feature in Microsoft Windows operating systems
that serves as a temporary storage location for files and folders that have
been deleted by the user. Rather than immediately permanently deleting
files, Windows sends them to the Recycle Bin, allowing users the
opportunity to restore them if needed.
Key features and characteristics of the Recycle Bin include:
1. Storage of Deleted Files:
 When a user deletes a file or folder, it is moved to the Recycle
Bin rather than being permanently removed from the file
system. This provides a safety net in case the deletion was
accidental or if the user decides to restore the file later.
2. User Interface:
  The Recycle Bin has a graphical user interface accessible from
the desktop or via File Explorer. It typically appears as an icon
on the desktop, and users can double-click on it to open and
view its contents.
3. File Restoration:
 Users can select files or folders within the Recycle Bin and
choose to restore them to their original location. This action
moves the files back to their original folders as if they were
never deleted.
4. Permanent Deletion:
 If users are certain they want to permanently delete files from
the Recycle Bin, they can choose the "Empty Recycle Bin"
option. Once emptied, the files are removed from the Recycle
Bin and cannot be easily recovered.
5. Customization:
 Users can customize the settings of the Recycle Bin, such as
specifying the maximum size it can occupy on the disk and
choosing whether to prompt for confirmation before deleting
files.
6. Recycle Bin Properties:
 Right-clicking on the Recycle Bin icon and selecting
"Properties" provides users with additional options. For
example, users can configure individual Recycle Bins for each
drive and choose whether to bypass the Recycle Bin for certain
file deletions.
7. Restoration of Entire Recycle Bin:
 In addition to restoring individual files, users can restore the
entire contents of the Recycle Bin if they want to retrieve
multiple deleted items at once.
Windows Accessories
Windows OS offers various applications that are user – friendly that can
be used on daily basis such as Calculator, Notepad, Paint, Explorer and
WordPad are some examples of frequently used applications.
 Calculator
A calculator is a device or tool used for performing arithmetic and
mathematical calculations. In the context of computing, a calculator
can refer to both physical devices and software applications designed
to assist users in numerical computations. The Windows operating
system, for example, includes a built-in Calculator application that
provides standard, scientific, and programmer modes. It offers a user-
friendly interface for performing a wide range of mathematical
operations.

 Paint

"Paint" in the context of Windows typically refers to "Microsoft

Paint," a simple graphics editing program that has been included with
Microsoft Windows since its early versions. It is a basic raster
 graphics editor that allows users to create and edit digital images.
Here are key features and aspects of Microsoft Paint:
1. User Interface:
Microsoft Paint features a straightforward and easy-to-use user
interface. It provides a canvas where users can draw and manipulate
images using various tools.
2. Tools:
Paint offers a set of basic drawing tools, including a pencil, brush,
eraser, and a variety of shapes (lines, rectangles, circles). Users can
select colours, adjust brush sizes, and fill areas with colour.
3. Text and Fonts:
Users can add text to their images, choosing from a selection of fonts
and adjusting the size and colour of the text.
4. Selection and Crop:
Paint allows users to select portions of an image using rectangular or
free-form selection tools. Selected areas can be copied, cut, pasted, and
manipulated independently.
5. Image Resizing and Rotation:
Users can resize and rotate the entire image or selected portions within
Paint.
6. Zoom:
Paint includes a zoom feature, allowing users to magnify or reduce the
view of their image for detailed editing.
7. Undo and Redo:
The program supports undo and redo functions, enabling users to revert
to previous states of their work.
8. Save and Export:
Users can save their images in various formats, including the default
BMP (Bitmap) format. In recent versions, Paint also supports popular
image formats like JPEG and PNG.
9. Accessibility:
Microsoft Paint is often used for quick and simple graphic tasks. It's a
tool suitable for users who need basic image editing capabilities without
the complexity of more advanced graphics software.
While Microsoft Paint has been a staple in Windows for many years,
starting with Windows 10, Microsoft introduced a more modern and
 feature-rich graphics application called "Paint 3D." Paint 3D includes
3D modelling capabilities along with traditional 2D drawing tools.
However, as of my last knowledge update in January 2022, Microsoft
Paint continues to be available in Windows, and both applications
serve different purposes and user preferences.
WordPad
WordPad is a basic word processing program that comes pre-installed
with Microsoft Windows operating systems. It provides users with a
simple and lightweight tool for creating and editing documents.
WordPad offers more features than the basic text editor Notepad but is
less feature-rich than the advanced word processing software Microsoft
Word.

Control Panel
The Control Panel in Microsoft Windows is a centralized utility that
provides users with a graphical interface for accessing and adjusting
various system settings and configurations. It is a crucial component of
the Windows operating system, allowing users to customize and manage
a wide range of features and preferences. The Control Panel provides a
user-friendly way to interact with the underlying settings and
configurations of the operating system.

Experiment- 4
MS Word

Microsoft Word, commonly referred to as MS Word, is a word

processing program developed by Microsoft. It is a part of the Microsoft
Office suite of productivity software and is one of the most widely used
word processing applications globally. MS Word provides a
comprehensive set of tools for creating, editing, formatting, and sharing
documents. It is widely used for various purposes, including academic,
professional, and personal document creation.
Q. What is word processing?
A. Word processing refers to the creation, editing, formatting, and
manipulation of textual documents using specialized software known as
word processors. Word processing software provides a range of tools
and features that enable users to work with text in a digital format,
offering significant advantages over traditional typewriters or
handwritten documents. Word processing is a fundamental aspect of
modern computer-based document creation and is widely used for
various purposes, including personal, academic, and professional
applications.
Advantages of Word Processing
1. Editing and Revising:
 One of the most significant advantages is the ease of editing
and revising documents. Users can quickly make changes,
correct errors, and rearrange content without retyping entire
pages.
2. Copy, Cut, and Paste:
 Word processing allows users to easily copy, cut, and paste
text within a document or between different documents. This
feature enhances efficiency and saves time compared to
manual copying or retyping.
3. Spell Checking and Grammar Checking:
 Word processors include built-in spell-check and grammar-
check tools, helping users identify and correct errors in their
writing. This contributes to improved document accuracy and
professionalism.
4. Formatting Options:
 Word processing software provides a wide range of formatting
options for text, allowing users to change font styles, sizes,
colours, and apply various formatting effects. This enhances
the visual appeal of documents.
5. Page Layout Control:
 Users can easily control the layout of pages, including setting
margins, adjusting page orientation (portrait or landscape),
and specifying page size. This is particularly useful for
creating documents with specific formatting requirements.
6. Templates and Styles:
 Word processors often include templates and predefined
styles, allowing users to create consistent and professionally
formatted documents. This is beneficial for maintaining a
unified look across different types of documents.
7. Search and Replace:
  Word processing software enables users to search for specific
words or phrases within a document and replace them with
other text. This is a powerful tool for proofreading and making
global changes.
8. Multimedia Integration:
 Many word processors support the integration of images,
charts, tables, and other multimedia elements into documents.
This enhances the visual appeal and informational content of
documents.
9. Collaboration Features:
 Word processing facilitates collaboration through features like
track changes, comments, and the ability to share documents
for simultaneous editing by multiple users. This is especially
valuable for collaborative projects.
10. Mail Merge:
 Word processors often include a mail merge feature, allowing
users to create personalized documents by merging data from
a database or spreadsheet into the document. This is useful for
generating form letters, envelopes, and other personalized
communications.
11. Automatic Page Numbering and Table of Contents:
 Word processors can automatically handle tasks like page
numbering and generating a table of contents, saving users
the manual effort of numbering pages and creating an index.
12. Document Saving and Exporting:
 Users can easily save documents in various file formats and
export them for printing or sharing electronically. This
flexibility in file management enhances document portability
and accessibility.
Features of Word processing:
Text Entry and Editing:
 Basic features for entering and editing text, including insertion,
deletion, copying, cutting, and pasting.
Formatting Tools:
 Various formatting options for text, such as font styles, sizes,
colours, bold, italic, underline, subscript, and superscript.
Paragraph Formatting:
  Controls for paragraph alignment (left, centre, right, justified), line
spacing, indentation, and bullet/numbered lists.
Page Layout:
 Options for setting page size, margins, and orientation (portrait or
landscape).
Styles and Templates:
 Predefined styles and templates for consistent formatting across
documents.
Headers and Footers:
 Ability to add headers and footers to documents with features like
page numbers, date, and document title.
Spell Check and Grammar Check:
 Tools to identify and correct spelling and grammatical errors in the
document.
Some common commands of a word processing packages are:
1. Soft Word.
2. WordStar.
3. WordPerfect.
4. Microsoft word.
5. Footer.
6. Header.
Components of MS Word file:
1. Title Bar: The title bar in Microsoft Word is the uppermost section
of the application's window, providing key information about the
currently open document and offering essential controls for window
management.
2. Toolbar: The toolbar in Word is part of the Ribbon interface, which
is organized into tabs, each containing related commands. The
toolbar typically includes tools for text formatting, such as font
styles, sizes, and alignment options, as well as buttons for tasks like
copying, pasting, and undoing actions.
3. Ruler Bar: The ruler in Microsoft Word is a horizontal or vertical
bar that appears at the top and left sides of the document window.
It provides a set of visual guides and controls to assist users in
aligning and formatting text, paragraphs, and other elements within
the document.
4. Status Bar: It is a horizontal bar located at the bottom of the
document window, providing users with real-time information and
quick access to various document-related details which includes
features such as the page number, word count, language settings,
and zoom level, allowing users to monitor and adjust these
parameters with a simple click.
5. Scroll Bar: This bar helps scroll the content or body of document.
6. Work Space: the interactive area within the application where
users create, edit, and format documents.
7. Main Menu: It is the horizontal toolbar at the top of the application
window, containing tabs such as "File," "Home," "Insert," and
others, each providing access to various commands and functions.
Saving New Document
1. Go to the "File" Tab:
Click on the "File" tab located in the upper-left corner of the Word
window. This opens the Backstage View.
 2. Choose "Save" or "Save As":
In the Backstage View, you will see options like "Save" and "Save As." If
it's a new document, choose "Save As" to specify a location and name for
the file. If it's an existing document, you can use "Save" to overwrite the
existing file.
3. Specify File Location:
If you chose "Save As," navigate to the folder where you want to save the
document. Choose a location and enter a name for the file.
4. Click "Save":
Click the "Save" button to save the document. If it's a new document,
Word will remember the file location and name for future saves.

Saving new changes:

1. Make Changes to the Document:
Edit or make the desired changes to your document in Microsoft Word.
2. Go to the "File" Tab:
Navigate to the "File" tab at the top-left corner of the Word window. This
opens the Backstage View.
3. Choose "Save" or "Save As":
If you have already saved the document before, click "Save" to overwrite
the existing file with the new changes. If it's a new document or you
want to save the changes with a different name, choose "Save As."
View Buttons:
The "View" buttons are located in the lower-right corner of the
application window and provide options for changing the document's
viewing mode. The view buttons allow users to switch between different
document views to suit their editing preferences. The main view options
include:
1. Print Layout View:
Displays the document as it would appear when printed, including page
breaks and margins. This is the default view in Word.
2. Read Mode:
Optimizes the document for reading, providing a clean and distraction-
free layout. Read Mode is particularly useful for reviewing content.
3. Web Layout View:
Displays the document in a layout similar to how it would appear in a
web browser. This view is suitable for documents intended for online
viewing.
4. Outline View:
Presents the document's structure in an outline format, showing
headings and subheadings. Outline View is often used for organizing and
navigating large documents.
5. Draft View:
Displays the document without page layout elements, such as headers
and footers. Draft View is useful for focusing on the document's content
during editing.
 Experiment – 5
MS Excel
Introduction to MS Excel
Microsoft Excel 2019 is a powerful spreadsheet application that is part
of the Microsoft Office 2019 suite. Excel remains a versatile and
essential tool for individuals and businesses seeking efficient ways to
work with numerical data. Widely used for data analysis, calculation, and
visualization, Excel 2019 provides users with a robust set of tools for
creating and managing worksheets. With a grid of cells organized into
rows and columns, users can enter and manipulate numerical data,
perform complex calculations using built-in functions and formulas, and
create charts and graphs for visual representation.

Starting MS Excel 2019

1. On a Windows computer, click on the "Start" button (usually
located in the bottom-left corner of the screen).
2. In the search bar, type "Excel" or "Microsoft Excel" and press
"Enter."
3. From the search results, click on the Microsoft Excel application
icon. This will open Microsoft Excel.
Main Screen of a Microsoft Excel 2019

The main screen of Microsoft Excel 2019 consists of several key

components that provide users with a comprehensive interface for
creating, editing, and analysing data. Here are the main elements of the
MS Excel 2019 screen offering a user-friendly and feature-rich
environment for working with numerical data and creating various types
of spreadsheets.:

1. Ribbon:
The Ribbon is a tabbed toolbar located near the top of the Excel window.
It contains tabs such as "Home," "Insert," "Page Layout," "Formulas,"
"Data," "Review," and "View," each grouping related commands and
functions.
2. Quick Access Toolbar:
The Quick Access Toolbar, located above the Ribbon, provides quick
access to commonly used commands, such as Save, Undo, and Redo.
3. Office Button:
In Microsoft Excel 2019 and subsequent versions, including Office 365,
the functionality of the Office button from earlier versions (such as Excel
2007) was replaced by the "File" tab.
4. File Tab:
It is a part of the Ribbon interface and is located in the upper-left corner
of the Excel window. It serves as a gateway to the Backstage View,
which is a dedicated area providing access to various file-related
commands and options.
Open a New Worksheet
1. Open Microsoft Excel:
 Start Microsoft Excel 2019 by clicking on its icon in the Start
menu or on your desktop.
2. Navigate to the "File" Tab:
 Once Excel is open, look for the "File" tab in the upper-left
corner of the Excel window. Click on the "File" tab to access
the Backstage View.
3. Select "New" in the Backstage View:
 In the Backstage View, you'll see a list of options on the left.
Click on "New" to go to the section where you can create a
new workbook.
4. Choose "Blank Workbook":
  Under the "New" section, you'll typically find the option to
create a "Blank Workbook." Click on this option to open a new,
empty Excel worksheet.
5. Alternatively, Use Keyboard Shortcut:
 You can also use the keyboard shortcut to quickly open a new
workbook. Press Ctrl + N to create a new, blank workbook.
After selecting "Blank Workbook" or using the keyboard shortcut, Excel
will open a new, empty worksheet for you to start entering data,
formulas, or performing any other tasks.

Q. What are Columns, Rows and Cells in MS Excel?

1. Columns:
 Columns are vertical sections labelled with letters (A, B, C, ...,
Z, AA, AB, ..., XFD) that run from the top to the bottom of the
worksheet. Each column represents a separate data field or
attribute. Columns are used to organize and reference data
horizontally.
2. Rows:
 Rows are horizontal sections labelled with numbers (1, 2, 3, ...)
that run from the left to the right of the worksheet. Each row
represents a separate record or entry. Rows are used to
organize and reference data vertically.
3. Cells:
 The intersection of a column and a row forms a cell. Each cell
in Excel is identified by a unique address, which is a
combination of the column letter and row number (e.g., A1,
B2, C3). Cells are the basic building blocks of a worksheet and
are used to store data, perform calculations, and apply
formatting. Cells can contain text, numbers, formulas, etc.
Selecting a cell
We are going to select A30. Look for the A column.
2. Look for the Row number 30.
3. You may use your finger to follow the column A down to where row 28
is.
4. Once you have located it, click on it.
5. Look at the toolbar; the cell reference box should say A30. If it does
not, try again.
6. After you have done this, click on a different cell and note the cell
reference box.
Selecting a group of cells B5 to E9
1. Click on the first cell B5
2. Click and Hold the mouse button down. Drag the cursor down to E9.
3. Let go of the mouse button.
4. If you did it correctly, you should see a Highlighted box around those
cells. If not, try again.