15. Sketch and Detail out any two projects of Laurie Baker.? 11.

11. WRITE ABOUT DECONSTRUCTIVISM IN DETAIL ? 6. EXPLAIN ABOUT MODERNISM WITH EXAMPLES ? Team X?
1. The Centre for Development Studies (CDS), Trivandrum, Kerala Deconstructivism is a postmodern architectural movement that emerged in the late 20th Modernism is a cultural and artistic movement that emerged in the late 19th and early 20th Team X (or Team 10) was a group of architects assembled after World War II. following the
Overview: century, characterized by fragmented forms, unconventional geometries, and a deliberate centuries as a response to industrialization, technological advancement, and societal change. Second World War (1939-45), some younger C.I.A.M. members envisioned other ways of
Built in 1971, this research and academic institution reflects Laurie Baker's principles of departure from traditional architectural rules. The term "Deconstructivism" was popularized in It rejected traditional styles, emphasizing innovation, abstraction, and functionality across considering the role of building within the context of urban design. They established
sustainability, simplicity, and harmony with nature. the 1980s, inspired by the ideas of French philosopher Jacques Derrida, whose concept of disciplines like art, literature, architecture, and design. themselves as Team X (Ten), but now independent of C.I.A.M., and with a new agenda. Team
The design integrates local materials, climate-sensitive solutions, and passive cooling "deconstruction" sought to question established structures and meanings. Deconstructivism Key Characteristics X argued for a fresh appreciation of architecture in general, and particularly within the social life
techniques. challenges architectural norms, emphasizing unpredictability and controlled chaos. 1. Rejection of Tradition: Abandoned historical styles in favor of new, innovative approaches. of cities, in light of the destructive war years and the monumental task of rebuilding European
Key Features: 1. Fragmentation: 2. Abstraction: Focused on form and ideas rather than literal representation. cities. 1947 to 1981
1. Brick Jali Walls: Buildings are designed with fragmented, non-linear forms, breaking away from 3. Functionality: In architecture and design, "form follows function" became a guiding Features
Ventilated, perforated walls ("jali") allow natural air circulation, reducing the need for symmetry and traditional design elements. principle. In 10's era the reconstruction of European cities after the Second World War, the creation of
artificial cooling. 2. Distorted Geometries: 4. Experimentation: Explored new techniques in storytelling, visual art, and music. the welfare state and the rise of the consumer society was the background.
Jalis also create beautiful patterns of light and shadow inside the building. Use of unconventional shapes such as sharp angles, tilted planes, and overlapping Examples of Modernism Team 10 sought, within and parallel to these processes of modernization, concepts and
2. Sloping Roofs and Courtyards: forms. Pablo Picasso’s Les Demoiselles d'Avignon (1907): A groundbreaking abstract work strategies which would make room for individual and collective identities, which would make
The sloping roofs efficiently channel rainwater during Kerala’s heavy monsoons. 3. Asymmetry: that paved the way for Cubism. places capable of being appropriated by residents and users.
Open courtyards enhance ventilation and provide a sense of openness. Rejects balanced and harmonious compositions, favoring asymmetry and visual James Joyce’s Ulysses (1922): A novel that used stream-of-consciousness to explore these qualities into the design, occupied an important place in Team 10's discussions.
3. Use of Local Materials: tension. inner thoughts. Alertness to the context and interest in the historical and social dimensions of architecture and
Red bricks and lime mortar were used, reducing construction costs and blending the 4. Dynamic Movement: Le Corbusier’s Villa Savoye (1931): A modernist house with clean lines and open urbanism formed their target.
structure with its surroundings. Designs convey a sense of movement, as if the structure is in motion or being spaces, emphasizing functionality. It led to a fundamental and critical redefinition of modern architecture's chief premises.
4. Passive Design: deconstructed. Modernism sought to redefine art and culture in a rapidly changing world by embracing This redefinition amounted to both the continuation and the transformation of the tradition of
Oriented to maximize natural light and ventilation while minimizing energy 5. Surface Manipulation: abstraction, functionality, and innovation. Its influence is still seen in contemporary art, modern architecture.
consumption. Facades often feature irregular patterns, folds, and perforations, creating a dynamic architecture, and design. Team X was in focus in the connection between design and social ideals
2. Hamlet (Laurie Baker’s Residence), Trivandrum, Kerala visual effect. 7. EXPLAIN ART NOVEAU MOVEMENT ? EXPLAIN POSTMODERN ARCHITECTURE ?
Overview: 6. Non-Functional Aesthetic: Art Nouveau, meaning "New Art" in French, was an influential decorative and architectural styleKey Characteristics of Postmodern Architecture
Laurie Baker designed and lived in this house, which is a quintessential example of his Prioritizes form and artistic expression over traditional functionality or practicality. that flourished from the 1890s to the early 1910s. It emerged as a reaction against the 1. Reintroduction of Ornamentation:
architectural philosophy. Historical Context industrial revolution's mechanization and mass production, emphasizing craftsmanship, Unlike modernism, which avoided decoration, postmodern architecture reintroduced
The house is a testament to affordable and sustainable living, showcasing his signature Deconstructivism gained global attention through the 1988 "Deconstructivist Architecture" organic forms, and a unification of art and design. The movement aimed to create an all- decorative elements, sometimes in exaggerated or whimsical forms.
techniques. exhibition at the Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) in New York, curated by Philip Johnson encompassing art style, integrating architecture, furniture, graphic arts, jewelry, and more. Facades often include intricate designs, sculptures, or historical motifs.
Key Features: and Mark Wigley. Key Characteristics of Art Nouveau 2. Historical References:
1. Material Efficiency: The exhibition featured works by architects such as Frank Gehry, Zaha Hadid, Rem 1. Organic Forms: Architects drew inspiration from classical, Gothic, Renaissance, and Baroque styles,
Built entirely with locally sourced materials like laterite stone and terracotta tiles. Koolhaas, Daniel Libeskind, Peter Eisenman, and Bernard Tschumi. Inspired by natural elements like flowers, plants, vines, insects, and animals. blending these with contemporary materials.
Minimal waste during construction by reusing leftover materials from other projects. Examples of Deconstructivist Architecture Designs mimic the flowing curves and intricate patterns found in nature. Historical elements are often reinterpreted in a playful or ironic way.
2. Compact and Functional Design: 1. The Guggenheim Museum, Bilbao (1997) 2. Whiplash Lines: 3. Pluralism and Eclecticism:
Multi-level design optimized the use of a sloping site. Architect: Frank Gehry Asymmetrical, sinuous, and dynamic curves, often referred to as "whiplash lines," are a Combines multiple styles, materials, and textures in a single building.
Small, interconnected spaces create a cozy and functional living environment. Location: Bilbao, Spain defining feature. Encourages creative freedom rather than adhering to rigid design rules.
3. Natural Cooling and Lighting: Key Features: 3. Symbolism: 4. Playfulness and Irony:
Jali walls and strategically placed windows ensure ample natural ventilation and light. A striking design with fragmented, curvilinear forms clad in titanium. Incorporates mythological, romantic, and feminine motifs, often symbolizing growth, Incorporates unexpected elements or visual jokes.
Trees around the house provide additional shade, reducing heat gain. The building's asymmetry and dynamic shapes challenge traditional museum design, fertility, and transformation. Contrasts sharply with the seriousness of modernism.
4. Integration with Nature: creating a sculptural landmark. 4. Fusion of Art and Craftsmanship: 5. Contextualism:
The house harmoniously blends with the natural contours of the land, retaining its It exemplifies the movement's emphasis on artistic expression and complexity. Focus on handcrafting objects, rejecting the rigid, mechanical aesthetic of Designs respond to their surroundings, incorporating cultural, historical, or
ecology. 12. Elaborate on the Trends in Contemporary Architecture. ? industrialization. environmental elements.
16. Sketch and Detail out any two projects of Nari Gandhi. ? Contemporary architecture reflects the evolving needs, aesthetics, and technologies of the 21st 5. Modern Materials: Seeks to create buildings that resonate with their specific location.
Nari Gandhi, a disciple of Frank Lloyd Wright, is celebrated for his organic architecture and century. It embraces innovation, sustainability, and adaptability while addressing societal Innovative use of materials like wrought iron, stained glass, ceramics, and steel, 6. Complexity and Contradiction:
deep integration of design with the natural environment. His projects often emphasized hand- challenges and advancing design paradigms. Here’s an elaboration on the key trends shaping blended seamlessly into artistic designs. Embraces asymmetry, fragmented forms, and irregular shapes.
crafted materials, natural forms, and seamless blending with nature. contemporary architecture: 6. Integration of Arts: Highlights contrasts and contradictions rather than unified, harmonious designs.
1. Sanghvi House, Lonavala, Maharashtra 1. Sustainability and Green Architecture Art Nouveau sought to unify all forms of art, including architecture, interior design, and Key Figures in Postmodern Architecture
Overview: Overview: everyday objects. 1. Robert Venturi:
The Sanghvi House is one of Nari Gandhi's most famous residential projects, designed to Focus on minimizing environmental impact by designing energy-efficient, eco-friendly, Historical Context Often considered the father of postmodern architecture.
harmonize with the natural environment. Built in the 1980s, the house showcases his mastery and sustainable buildings. 1. Origins: His book Complexity and Contradiction in Architecture (1966) critiqued modernism and
of organic architecture. Use of renewable energy sources, recycled materials, and green roofs. Emerged in the late 19th century in reaction to academic art and neoclassical styles. emphasized the richness of historical and symbolic design.
Key Features: Key Features: The movement was influenced by the Arts and Crafts movement in Britain and Notable Work: Vanna Venturi House (1964).
1. Integration with Nature: Passive solar design. • Water conservation systems like rainwater harvesting. Japanese art's asymmetry and naturalism. 2. Michael Graves:
The house is built into the contours of the sloping hillside, blending seamlessly with its Integration of nature through vertical gardens and green facades. Examples Known for blending classical references with modern forms.
surroundings. Examples: Antoni Gaudí’s Casa Batlló (1906–1907): Notable Work: Portland Building (1982), featuring colorful, decorative facades.
Large windows and open spaces connect the indoors with the lush outdoor Bosco Verticale, Milan Located in Barcelona, it features undulating walls, colorful mosaics, and organic, 3. Charles Moore:
environment. 2. Parametric Design marine-inspired designs. Advocated for human-centered, engaging architecture.
2. Material Usage: Overview: The building blends form and function with a fantastical aesthetic. Notable Work: Piazza d’Italia (1978), an eclectic mix of classical forms and neon colors.
Locally sourced stone, wood, and terracotta dominate the construction. Utilization of computational algorithms to generate complex, organic, and fluid forms. 8. VARIOUS MOVEMENTS IN POST MODERN MOVEMENT ? 4. Philip Johnson:
The materials were left unpolished to maintain their natural character. Parametric tools enable architects to create highly intricate and adaptive designs. 1. Deconstructivism (Architecture) Moved from modernism to postmodernism, famously declaring "less is a bore."
3. Spatial Design: Key Features: Characteristics: Notable Work: AT&T Building (1984), with its Chippendale-inspired top.
Open, flowing spaces create a sense of continuity between rooms. Free-flowing, non-linear geometries. • Enhanced efficiency in material usage and Rejects symmetry, harmony, and linearity. 5. Aldo Rossi:
Curved walls and vaulted ceilings give the house an organic form, avoiding rigid structural integrity. Emphasizes fragmented forms, complexity, and unpredictability. Focused on blending urban context and historical forms.
geometries. Examples: 2. Pop Art (Art) Notable Work: Teatro del Mondo (1980).
4. Roof Design: Heydar Aliyev Center, Baku Characteristics: 3. Need for Postmodern Architecture ?
The roof is a dramatic sloping structure made from clay tiles, enhancing the rustic 4. Minimalism and Simplicity Blurs the boundary between "high" and "low" art. 1. Reaction to Modernism:
aesthetic while effectively draining rainwater. Overview: Incorporates imagery from popular culture, advertising, and mass media. Modernism, with its emphasis on functionality and "form follows function," led to
2. Gular House, Thane, Maharashtra A design philosophy focused on simplicity, functionality, and the elimination of excess. 3. Postmodern Architecture structures perceived as cold, uniform, and detached from cultural and historical context.
Overview: Clean lines, open spaces, and monochromatic color schemes dominate minimalist Characteristics: There was a growing dissatisfaction with the lack of emotional connection, creativity,
The Gular House is another exemplary work by Nari Gandhi, designed to celebrate architecture. Incorporates historical references, ornamentation, and playful elements. and human-scale design in modernist buildings.
craftsmanship and natural materials. This residential project demonstrates his unique ability to Key Features: Blends different styles and materials. 2. Desire for Contextual and Human-Centric Design:
create warm, inviting spaces with organic design principles. Use of natural light and materials. • Efficient spatial organization. 4. Poststructuralism (Philosophy and Theory) Communities wanted architecture that respected historical and cultural traditions while
Key Features: Examples: Characteristics: being relatable and engaging.
1. Artisanal Craftsmanship: Casa Wabi, Mexico Challenges fixed meanings and structures in language, culture, and society. Architects sought to create buildings with character, symbolism, and diversity.
Every element of the house was custom-made by local artisans, from furniture to 6. Prefabrication and Modular Construction Focuses on fluid interpretations and the role of power in shaping knowledge. 3. Social and Cultural Shifts:
masonry. Overview: 5. Minimalism (Design and Art) The countercultural movements of the 1960s and 1970s promoted individuality,
Walls feature intricate stone patterns that reflect Gandhi’s attention to detail. Emphasis on off-site manufacturing and assembly of building components to save time Characteristics: pluralism, and freedom of expression.
2. Fluid Interiors: and reduce waste. Strips down art and design to their essential elements. These ideals influenced architecture to move away from the homogenization of
The interiors lack traditional divisions, creating free-flowing, open spaces that enhance Ideal for housing projects, disaster relief, and scalable architecture. Emphasizes simplicity and spatial awareness. modernism.
the sense of unity. Key Features: 6. Conceptual Art (Art) Development of Postmodern Architecture
Skylights and strategically placed openings allow natural light to illuminate the interiors. Cost-effective and faster construction. • Adaptable and reusable modules. Characteristics: 1. Early Critique (1950s-1960s):
3. Use of Water Features: Examples: Focuses on ideas and concepts rather than traditional aesthetics. Postmodernism began as a theoretical critique of modernism, with architects like
The design incorporates a courtyard with a water feature, enhancing the sensory Mjøstårnet, Norway Challenges conventional definitions of art. Robert Venturi advocating for complexity and contradiction.
experience and providing a cooling effect. 7. Biophilic Design 7. Postmodern Literature 2. Adoption of Historical Styles (1970s):
4. Natural Palette: Overview: Characteristics: Architects began reintroducing historical and classical motifs, often in playful or ironic
The house uses a natural color palette dominated by earthy tones, achieved through Integrating nature into built environments to promote well-being and harmony. Fragmented narratives, unreliable narrators, and metafiction. ways.
the use of stone, wood, and terracotta. Focus on creating environments that connect humans with nature. Plays with language and form to challenge storytelling norms. 3. Mature Postmodernism (1980s-1990s):
17. Explain about the architecture of louvre building in Abu Dhabi in relation Key Features: 8. Neo-Expressionism (Art) The style reached its peak with iconic, large-scale projects that combined eclectic
to its built form and ornamentation. ? Indoor gardens, natural ventilation, and abundant natural light. Characteristics: styles, bold colors, and ornamentation.
The Louvre Abu Dhabi, designed by French architect Jean Nouvel, is a masterpiece of Organic materials like wood and stone. Emotional, dramatic, and often figurative paintings. 4. Integration with Technology (1990s-Present):
contemporary architecture that integrates culture, art, and the environment. Opened in 2017 on Examples: Reacted against the detachment of conceptual and minimalist art. Postmodernism evolved to include high-tech and deconstructivist elements, blending
Saadiyat Island, it is characterized by its striking built form and intricate ornamentation, Amazon Spheres, Seattle: 9. High-Tech Architecture aesthetics with innovative engineering.
reflecting both modern design and traditional Arab architectural elements. 8. Mixed-Use Developments Characteristics: Key Congress and Events in Postmodern Architecture
Built Form Overview: Focuses on exposing building technologies and structural elements. 1. 1966 Publication of Venturi's Complexity and Contradiction in Architecture:
1. Dome Structure: Integration of residential, commercial, and recreational spaces into a single complex. Combines functionalism with modern materials like steel and glass. Marked the intellectual foundation of postmodernism, advocating for architectural
The most distinctive feature is the massive dome, spanning 180 meters in diameter. Promotes urban density and reduces the need for extensive commuting. 10. Feminist Art Movement diversity and historical references.
The dome appears to float above the museum, supported by four nearly invisible piers Key Features: Characteristics: 2. 1972 Demolition of Pruitt-Igoe Housing Complex:
arranged in a square. This creates a sense of lightness and openness. Vertical stacking of functions. Challenges patriarchal values and explores themes of gender and identity. Seen as the symbolic end of modernism, the failure of this modernist project
2. "Museum City" Concept: Community-focused spaces like plazas and green areas. Includes performance art, mixed media, and installations. highlighted the need for more human-centered designs.
The museum is designed as a series of low-rise, white cubic structures, resembling a Examples: 11. Postmodern Film 3. 1980 Venice Biennale:
traditional Arab medina (city). Marina Bay Sands, Singapore: Characteristics: The exhibition The Presence of the Past celebrated postmodernism and solidified its
These structures are connected by narrow pathways and courtyards, fostering a sense 9. Deconstructivism Self-referential, non-linear, and challenges traditional narrative structures. position in global architectural discourse.
of discovery and intimacy. Overview: Blends genres and pays homage to past styles. 4. 1982 Founding of the Chicago Athenaeum:
The buildings are surrounded by water, creating an "island within an island" effect. An architectural style that challenges traditional forms and symmetry. 12. Digital Art and Media Focused on advancing design innovation, blending postmodernist ideals with
3. Relationship with Nature: Focus on fragmented, dynamic structures that defy conventions. Characteristics: contemporary practice.
4. Cubism in the Modern Era?
Located on the coast, the museum integrates the surrounding water, enhancing its Key Features: Explores the intersection of technology and art.
Cubism, an influential art movement from the early 20th century, continues to impact
serene and contemplative atmosphere. Asymmetry, non-linear geometries, and dramatic facades. Uses digital tools for creative expression.
contemporary art, architecture, design, and digital media. It was pioneered by Pablo Picasso
Visitors can see reflections of sunlight on the water, further connecting the structure to Examples: 13. Critical Regionalism (Architecture)
and Georges Braque, characterized by fragmented forms, abstraction, and multiple
its natural context. The Guggenheim Museum, Bilbao Characteristics:
perspectives within a single composition. In the modern era, cubism’s legacy is seen in how
Ornamentation 13. State Le corbusier as a Post modern architect. ? Emphasizes local context, culture, and climate in building design.
artists and designers explore space, form, and perspective in new, innovative ways.
1. The "Rain of Light" Effect: Le Corbusier, primarily known as a modernist architect, is not considered a postmodern Combines modernist techniques with regional traditions.
Characteristics of Cubism in the Modern Era
The dome's intricate geometric latticework, inspired by mashrabiya (traditional Arab architect. His work and philosophy were deeply rooted in modernist principles, characterized by14. Retro-Futurism (Art and Design)
1. Fragmentation and Abstraction:
screens), creates a "rain of light" effect. functionalism, standardization, and the use of geometry and technology to shape architecture Characteristics:
Contemporary works use geometric fragmentation to reinterpret reality.
As sunlight filters through the dome’s eight overlapping layers, it creates dynamic and urban design. Merges futuristic visions with nostalgic aesthetics.
Applied not only to visual arts but also to architecture, sculpture, and design.
patterns of light and shadow on the ground, mimicking the play of light in palm groves. Le Corbusier’s Modernist Approach Often seen in film, graphic design, and product design.
2. Multiple Perspectives:
This effect changes throughout the day and year, making the space feel alive and ever- 1. Functionalism: 9. EXPLAIN EXPRESSIONISM IN MODERN ERA ?
Modern cubist works represent objects from various angles simultaneously, mimicking
evolving. Le Corbusier adhered to the "form follows function" principle, designing spaces based Expressionism in the Modern Era
the movement's original approach.
2. Cultural Symbolism: on practical needs and efficiency. Expressionism is an artistic movement that emphasizes the emotional and subjective
3. Influence of Technology:
The lattice design incorporates Arabesque patterns, reflecting the region’s cultural Example: Villa Savoye (1929) epitomizes modernist ideals with its clean lines, pilotis experience over objective reality. Originating in the early 20th century, it remains influential in
Cubist principles are integrated into digital media, animation, virtual reality, and 3D
heritage. (stilts), and open floor plan. the modern era, spanning various disciplines like visual arts, architecture, film, literature, and
modeling.
At the same time, its innovative construction technique represents the fusion of tradition 2. Five Points of Architecture: theater. Its focus on conveying intense emotions and personal perspectives has made it a vital
4. Dynamic and Symbolic Forms:
with modernity. He developed these principles (pilotis, free plan, free facade, horizontal windows, roof force in contemporary creative practices.
Cubism inspires dynamic and bold structures, especially in architecture and furniture
3. Minimalist Interiors: garden) as a modernist manifesto, emphasizing simplicity and rationality. Key Characteristics of Modern Expressionism
design.
Inside, the design is clean and understated, allowing the artwork to take center stage. 3. Urban Planning: 1. Emotional Intensity:
5. Cross-Disciplinary Applications:
The use of high-quality materials like stone and metal complements the intricate His designs for cities like Chandigarh in India were rooted in modernist urban planning, Art often depicts raw, intense emotions like anxiety, alienation, and passion.
Beyond painting, cubism influences fashion, graphic design, and interior design.
exterior while maintaining a serene, museum-like ambiance. focusing on zoning and functionality. 2. Distorted Forms:
Relevant Modern Examples
4. Reflective Pools: Le Corbusier’s Influence on Postmodernism Visual elements are exaggerated or distorted to evoke feelings.
Villa Savoye (Le Corbusier):
Shallow water features surround the museum, amplifying its beauty and mirroring the 1. Monumentality and Expression: 3. Vivid Colors and Bold Lines:
Though modernist, Le Corbusier's geometric forms and play on space are
intricate dome, enhancing the ornamentation’s visual impact. Buildings like the Notre Dame du Haut (1955) in Ronchamp showcased a departure Bright, non-naturalistic colors and dramatic contrasts.
influenced by cubism's exploration of structure.
18. Elaborate the development of construction methods in relation to environmental factors. ? from strict modernism, embracing sculptural and expressive forms. 4. Subjective Perspective:
Jean-Michel Basquiat:
1.Traditional Construction Methods This building’s organic, almost whimsical design contrasts with the rigid geometry of Prioritizes the artist’s internal reality over external appearances.
His abstract, fragmented style and incorporation of symbols reflect a cubist
a) Climate-Responsive Design: earlier modernist works, inspiring postmodern architects to explore symbolism and 5. Universal Themes:
influence.
Traditional methods often relied on locally available materials and techniques that suited emotion. Explores existential questions, human suffering, and societal struggles.
Jaume Plensa's Public Installations:
the climate. 2. Break from Minimalism: Examples of Modern Expressionism
Sculptures like Crown Fountain in Chicago show geometric abstraction and
b) Regional Adaptations: His later works, such as the Palace of Assembly in Chandigarh, demonstrated a blend 1. Visual Arts
fragmentation in cubist tradition.
Desert Regions: Use of thick walls, small openings, and courtyards to combat extreme heat of functionality with bold, sculptural aesthetics, signaling a move beyond pure Mark Rothko (Untitled (Black on Gray), 1970):
Cubist-Inspired Collections:
(e.g., Adobe houses in the Middle East). modernism. His abstract expressionism uses large color fields to evoke deep emotional responses.
Designers like Issey Miyake and brands like Prada use cubist motifs in their
Tropical Regions: Elevated structures, sloping roofs, and large openings for rainwater Postmodern architects drew from this mix of form and meaning, using ornamentation Edvard Munch’s Influence (The Scream, 1893):
collections, playing with geometric cuts and abstract patterns
drainage and cross ventilation (e.g., Vernacular homes in Southeast Asia). and historical references. Though predating the modern era, it inspires contemporary artists exploring themes of
5. WRITE A SHORT NOTE ON CUBISM MOVEMENT ?
c) Renewable Resources: 3. Human-Centric Approach: psychological turmoil.
Cubism Movement: A Detailed Overview
Timber and bamboo were commonly used in regions with abundant forests, as they were Le Corbusier’s focus on human scale and proportions (e.g., the Modulor system) Significance of Expressionism in the Modern Era
Cubism was one of the most influential art movements of the 20th century, revolutionizing
easy to source, renewable, and provided flexibility. resonated with postmodernists’ desire to create architecture that was more relatable 1. Focus on the Individual:
visual art by breaking away from traditional perspectives and introducing abstraction,
2. Industrial Revolution and Mechanization and human-oriented. Emphasizes personal experience in an era increasingly shaped by globalization and
fragmentation, and multiple viewpoints. It was pioneered by Pablo Picasso and Georges
a) Mass Production of Materials: 14. Explain Le Corbusier's contribution in the Town planning of Chandigarh.? technology.
Braque in the early 1900s and laid the foundation for modern art movements like Futurism,
With industrialization, materials like steel, glass, and concrete became widely available, Le Corbusier, a pioneer of modern architecture, played a significant role in the planning and 2. Social Commentary:
Constructivism, and Surrealism.
revolutionizing construction methods. design of Chandigarh, the capital city of Punjab and Haryana in India. Chandigarh was Highlights issues like mental health, societal alienation, and existential crises.
Origins of Cubism
b) Climate Considerations in Urban Areas: envisioned as a modern, planned city after India's independence in 1947, symbolizing the 3. Continued Influence:
1. Historical Context:
Large-scale urbanization led to challenges such as heat islands and poor ventilation. nation's aspirations for progress and modernity. Shapes contemporary movements like abstract expressionism, neo-expressionism, and
Emerged in the early 20th century (1907–1914) as a response to the rapid
Buildings incorporated new technologies like ventilation shafts, chimneys, and thermal Le Corbusier was commissioned in 1951 to complete the city's master plan, originally started experimental cinema.
industrialization and cultural shifts of the modern era.
insulation to address these issues. by American architects Albert Mayer and Matthew Nowicki, and he left an indelible mark on the 10. WRITE A DETAIL ABOUT Structural Expressionism WITH EXAMPLE ?
Influenced by the works of Paul Cézanne, who emphasized geometry in nature, and
c) Environmental Impact: city's layout, architecture, and urban design principles. Structural Expressionism, also known as High-Tech Architecture or Techno-Architecture, is a
non-Western art, particularly African masks and sculptures.
This era prioritized speed and scale over environmental sensitivity, leading to significant Key Contributions to Chandigarh’s Town Planning style of modern architecture that emerged in the late 20th century. This movement emphasizes
2. Key Figures:
carbon emissions and resource depletion. 1. Adoption of the "Human Body" Concept the visibility of a building's structural and functional elements, often treating them as integral
Pablo Picasso: Created Les Demoiselles d'Avignon (1907), considered the precursor of
3. Modern Era: Environmental Awareness Le Corbusier designed Chandigarh's master plan based on the metaphor of the human parts of the design's aesthetic. Structural expressionism celebrates engineering innovation and
Cubism.
a) Green Building Materials: body, with different parts of the city corresponding to different functions: material technology, blending functionality and artistic form.
Georges Braque: Collaborated closely with Picasso to develop the movement.
Introduction of materials with low embodied energy, such as recycled steel, rammed earth, Head: The Capitol Complex, housing the government buildings. Key Characteristics of Structural Expressionism
Later, artists like Juan Gris, Fernand Léger, and Marcel Duchamp expanded Cubism's
and engineered wood. Heart: The City Centre (Sector-17), the commercial and cultural hub. 1. Exposed Structural Elements:
reach.
b) Passive Design Strategies: Lungs: The open green spaces and leisure areas like parks and gardens. Beams, trusses, and supports are left visible, becoming a key part of the design rather
Phases of Cubism
Methods to optimize natural light and ventilation to reduce reliance on artificial systems Arteries: The road network, connecting all sectors. than being concealed.
1. Analytical Cubism (1908–1912):
c) Advanced Techniques for Climate Adaptation: Limbs: The industrial and recreational zones on the outskirts. 2. Innovative Use of Materials:
Focused on deconstructing objects into geometric shapes and reassembling them on a
High-Performance Glass: Minimizes heat gain while allowing natural light. This concept ensured a well-balanced and functional urban structure. Modern materials like glass, steel, aluminum, and reinforced concrete are prominently
flat surface.
Rainwater Harvesting Systems: Integrated into building designs, especially in regions with 2. Sector System used.
Limited color palette (earth tones, grays) to emphasize form and structure.
water scarcity. Le Corbusier divided Chandigarh into self-contained sectors, each measuring 3. Functional Aesthetic:
Characteristics:
4. Contemporary and Sustainable Construction approximately 800 meters by 1200 meters. The form of the building often follows its function, with features like HVAC systems,
Fragmentation of forms.
a) Smart Materials: Each sector functions as a neighborhood unit with its own residential, commercial, and elevators, and ducts integrated into the exterior design.
Use of multiple perspectives within a single composition.
Materials like phase-change materials, self-healing concrete, and photochromic glass recreational facilities, reducing dependency on other sectors. 4. Transparency:
2. Synthetic Cubism (1912–1919):
respond dynamically to environmental changes. The sector layout promotes walkability, self-sufficiency, and efficient land use Extensive use of glass to expose interior workings and create a sense of openness.
Shifted focus to reconstructing objects using simpler shapes and bold colors.
b) Renewable Energy Integration: 3. Hierarchy of Roads (7 Vs) 5. Technological Focus:
Introduced mixed media and collage techniques, incorporating materials like
Incorporation of solar panels, wind turbines, and geothermal systems directly into building Le Corbusier designed a hierarchical road network, known as the "7 Vs," to streamline The design often highlights technological advancements and engineering prowess.
newspaper clippings, wallpaper, and fabric.
designs. traffic and minimize congestion: 6. Modularity and Flexibility:
Characteristics:
Example: Net-Zero Buildings: Generate as much energy as they consume. V1: Arterial roads connecting Chandigarh to other cities. Components are often prefabricated and assembled on-site, allowing for adaptability
Use of collage elements.
c) Prefabrication and Modular Construction: V2: Major roads within the city. and scalability.
Brighter color palette.
Reduces waste and construction time while maintaining energy efficiency. V3: Roads connecting different sectors. Historical Context
Simpler, more decorative forms.
Example: Prefabricated homes tailored to withstand local climatic conditions. V4: Roads within sectors. Structural Expressionism emerged in the 1970s and 1980s as part of the broader High-
Key Principles of Cubism
d) Green Certifications and Standards: V5, V6, V7: Smaller roads for internal access, cycling, and pedestrians. Tech movement in architecture.
1. Multiple Perspectives:
Building certifications like LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) This system separates heavy traffic from local and pedestrian movement, ensuring safety It was influenced by modernism but sought to push boundaries by celebrating technological
Represented objects from multiple viewpoints simultaneously to depict a fuller reality.
emphasize sustainable practices, energy efficiency, and minimal environmental impact and efficiency. advancements and industrial aesthetics.
2. Geometric Abstraction:
4. Capitol Complex Notable architects like Norman Foster, Richard Rogers, and Renzo Piano pioneered this
Objects were reduced to geometric shapes, emphasizing form over realism.
Le Corbusier designed the Capitol Complex as the administrative hub of Chandigarh, style.
3. Fragmentation:
representing the "head" of the city. Examples of Structural Expressionism
Subjects were broken into fragmented parts, often overlapping and interpenetrating.
It houses three iconic buildings: 1. Lloyd's Building, London (1986)
4. Flattened Space:
The Secretariat: The administrative headquarters. Architect: Richard Rogers
Traditional notions of depth and perspective were abandoned, with elements arranged
The Legislative Assembly: The seat of governance. Known as the "Inside-Out Building," the Lloyd's Building has its elevators, staircases,
on a two-dimensional plane.
The High Court: The judicial center. and duct systems placed externally to maximize interior space.
The complex also includes open spaces, reflecting Le Corbusier's philosophy of combining Its exposed steel structure and glass facade exemplify the principles of structural
architecture with nature. expressionism.
UNESCO World Heritage Site: The Capitol Complex was designated a UNESCO World It creates a futuristic, industrial aesthetic while maintaining functionality.
Heritage Site in 2016 for its architectural significance.
5. Integration of Green Spaces
Le Corbusier emphasized the importance of nature in urban design, integrating green belts,
parks, and open spaces throughout Chandigarh.
Green spaces act as the city’s "lungs," providing a healthy environment and recreational
opportunities.
Example: The Leisure Valley, a continuous green belt running through the city, enhances
aesthetics and offers residents a serene environment.
6. Architectural Philosophy
Le Corbusier designed Chandigarh with a focus on modernism, incorporating clean lines,
functional designs, and the use of raw concrete (brutalism).
His buildings are characterized by sculptural forms, bold geometries, and innovative use of
materials.