MOTION

REST AND MOTION

Rest: An object is said to be at rest if it does not change its
position with respect to its surroundings with the passage of
time.

Motion: A body is said to be in motion if its position changes

continuously with respect to the surroundings (or with respect
to an observer) with the passage of time.

Rest and motion are relative terms.

TYPES OF MOTION ON BASIS OF DIMENSION
One-Dimensional Motion: It is the motion in which the position of
the object changes only in one direction. In this case the object moves
along a line. For example - motion of a train along a straight line, freely
falling object under gravity, etc.
Two-Dimensional Motion: It is the motion in which the position
of the object changes in two directions. In this case the object moves
on a plane. For example - projectile motion, circular motion
Three-Dimensional Motion: It is the motion in which the position
of the object changes in three directions. In this case the object moves
in a space. For example - a bird flying in the sky
An ant is moving on thin (negligible thickness) circular wire.
How many coordinates do you require to completely describe
the motion of the ant? [2013-I]
(a) One
(b) Two
(c) Three
(d) Zero
DISTANCE
• IT IS THE ACTUAL LENGTH OF THE PATH COVERED BY AN
OBJECT.
• SCALAR QUANTITY
• S.I UNIT – meter
• DIMENSION – [L]
• ITS VALUE IS ALWAYS POSITIVE
Which of the following is true regarding distance?

1. It is a scalar quantity

2. It is dependent on the path taken by the object

3. It can be zero

4. All of the above

DISPLACEMENT
• DISPLACEMENT IS THE SHORTEST DISTANCE BETWEEN
INITIAL POSITION AND FINAL POSITION.
• VECTOR QUANTITY
• S.I UNIT – METRE
• DIMENSION
If d denotes the distance covered by a car in time and denotes the
displacement by the car during the same time, then :[NDA 2013 - I]
(a)

(b) only

(c)

(d)
WHAT IS SPEED?
Speed can be defined as the rate of change of distance

• Scalar quantity
• S.I UNIT- m/s
• Formula – distance/ time
• Dimension -
TYPES OF SPEED
• UNIFORM SPEED
• NON UNIFORM SPEED
• AVERAGE SPEED
• INSTANTANEOUS SPEED
UNIFORM SPEED
Uniform Speed- A body is said to be moving with uniform
speed if it covers equal distances in equal time intervals.
NON-UNIFORM SPEED
A body is said to be moving with non-uniform or variable
speed if covers unequal distances in the same time
intervals.
Average Speed
It is defined as the total distance travelled divided by the time
interval to travel that distance.

Average speed is distance travelled, and is time interval.

UNIFORM AND NON-UNIFORM MOTION

Uniform Motion
It is a motion in which a body moves in a straight line
(rectilinear) and covers equal distances in equal
intervals of time.
Non-Uniform Motion
If a body covers unequal distances in equal intervals of time,
it is said to be moving with a non-uniform motion. It is a
motion in which the velocity varies with time.
VELOCITY
RATE OF CHANGE OF DISPALCEMENT IS KNOWN AS VELOCITY
• VECTOR QUANTITY
• DIMENSION
• S.I UNIT – m/s
• CAN BE POSITIVE, NEGATIVE OR ZERO
TYPES OF VELOCITY

• UNIFORM VELOCITY
• NON UNIFORM VELOCITY
• AVERAGE VELOCITY
• INSTANTANEOUS VELOCITY
Uniform velocity

If a body covers equal displacements in equal

intervals of time in a given direction, then its
velocity is said to be uniform.
Non - uniform velocity
If a body covers unequal displacements in equal
intervals of time in a given direction or if the direction
changes, then its velocity is said to be non – uniform.
Average Velocity
It is defined as the total displacement travelled divided by the time
interval to travel that displacement.

Average Velocity is displacement travelled, and is time

interval (change in time).

Q- Assertion
The magnitude of average velocity is equal to average speed if velocity is
constant.
Reason
If velocity is constant, then there is no change in the direction of motion
The magnitude of average velocity is equal to average speed if velocity is
constant.
A. Both Assertion and Reason are correct and Reason is the correct
explanation for Assertion
B. Both Assertion and Reason are correct but Reason is not the correct
explanation for Assertion
C. Assertion is correct but Reason is incorrect
D. Both Assertion and Reason are incorrect
ACCELERATION
Acceleration is a measure of the change in the velocity of an object per unit
time.
change in velocity
acceleration
time taken

If the velocity of an object changes from an initial value to the final value
in time . the acceleration is,
ACCELERATION
Units – m/s2
DIMENSION
VECTOR QUANTITY
Can be positive, negative and zero
Retardation means negative acceleration. The
velocity of the body may increase or decrease. If
the velocity of the body increases, acceleration is
said to be positive. If the velocity decreases, the
acceleration is said to be negative

In case of uniform motion, acceleration is zero.

UNIFORM ACCELERATION
If an object travels in a straight line and its velocity increases or
decreases by equal amounts in equal intervals of time, then the
acceleration of the object is said to be uniform.
Example
The motion of a freely falling body is an example of uniformly
accelerated motion.
Q- An object travels in and then another in . What is
the average speed of the object?
Q- Usha swims in a 90 m long pool. She covers 180 m in one minute by
swimming from one end to the other and back along the same straight
path. Find the average speed and average velocity of Usha.
Q- The odometer of a car reads at the start of a trip and
at the end of the trip. If the trip took , calculate the
average speed of the car in and
A. or
B. or
C. or
D. or
Displacement-Time Graphs

1. Graph shows the object is stationary over a period of time.

The gradient is zero, so the object has zero velocity.
2. Graph shows the object is moving at a constant. Velocity. We
can see that the displacement is increasing as time goes on. The
gradient, however, stays constant so the velocity is constant.
Here the gradient is positive, so the object is moving in the
direction we have defined as positive.
3.You can see that both the displacement and the velocity
(gradient of the graph) increases with time. The gradient is
increasing with time, thus the velocity is increasing what
time and the object is accelerating.
Velocity-Time Graphs
1. Graph shows the object is moving at a constant velocity
over a period of time. The gradient is zero, so the object is not
accelerating.
2. Slope is constant, therefore, acceleration is
constant. Example of uniform accelerated motion
3. Graph shows an object which is decelerating. We can see
that the velocity is decreasing with time. The gradient,
however, stays constant, so the acceleration is constant.
Here the gradient is negative, so the object is accelerating
in the opposite direction to its motion, hence it is
deaccelerating.
 EQUATIONS OF MOTION

First equation (Equation for velocity-time relation) :

Final velocity = initial velocity + acceleration × time interval

v = u + at
SECOND EQUATION (EQUATION FOR POSITION TIME
RELATION):
1
Displacement = initial velocity × time interval + acceleration × time interval^2
2

= ut+1/2at^2
Third equation (Equation for position velocity relation)
2= 2+ 2as
Final velocity2 = initial velocity2 +2 × acceleration*displacement
A trolley while going down an inclined plane, has an
acceleration of . .What will be its velocity after
the start?
4 m/s
5 m/s
6 m/s
10 m/s
A bus decreases its speed from to in .
Find the acceleration of the bus in m/s^2
-2.1
-3.1
0.1
none
A racing car has a uniform acceleration of . What
distance will it cover in after start?
400 m
300 m
250 m
200 m
RELATIVE MOTION
THE MOTION OF AN OBJECT B W.R.T. OBJECT A WHICH IS MOVING OR
STATIONARY IS CALLED AS RELATIVE MOTION.

Relative velocity of object B w.r.t. object A, 𝐵𝐴 𝐵 𝐴

Relative velocity of object A w.r.t. object , 𝐴𝐵 𝐴 𝐵

When both the objects A and B move in the same direction, 𝐴𝐵 𝐴 𝐵

When the object moves in the opposite direction of 𝐴𝐵 𝐴 𝐵

An aeroplane flies with a velocity of 400 m/s to the north, while an aeroplane B
travels at a velocity of 500 m/s to the south beside aeroplane A. Calculate the
relative velocity of the aeroplane A with respect to aeroplane B.
Solution :The relative velocity of aero plane A with respect to the
velocity of aero plane B is calculated as

VAB =VA – VB
Substituting the values in the equation, we get VAB =400 m/s – (–500
m/s) =900 m/s
The velocity of aero plane B is considered negative, as it flies in the
opposite direction to the of aero plane A
 WHAT ISPROJECTILE MOTION?

Projectile is the name given to a body thrown with some initial velocity
in any arbitrary direction and then allowed to move under the
influence of action of gravity only.

The motion of a projectile is known as projectile motion

The path followed by the object is called as trajectory, which is

parabolic.
EXAMPLES OF PROJECTILE MOTION

• JAVELIN THROW

• BASKETBALL

• FOOTBALL KICKED IN THE GAME OF SOC C ER

TERMSASSOCIATED WITHPROJECTILE MOTION

1.PROJECTILE
2.TRAJECTORY
3.POINT OF PROJECTION
4.ANGLE OF PROJECTION
5.VELOCITY OF PROJECTION
PROJECTILE MOTION

DISHA PUBLICATIONS - SOURCE

THE TWO COMPONENTS OF THE VELOCITY ARE:-

• HORIZONTAL COMPONENT =u Cosα

• VERTICAL COMPONENT =u Sinα

NOTE:-

• Value of g will affect the vertical c omponent.

• While the horizontal component will remain
constant.
• At highest point, vertical component will be zero.
Maximum height (H): When a projectile moves, it
covers a maximum distance in a vertical direction.
This maximum distance is called as the maximum
height attained by the projectile.

2 2
𝑢 sin 𝛼
Maximum height,
2𝑔
 HORIZONTAL RANGE ( ) :
The horizontal range is the horizontal distance between the
point of projection and the point of ending of a projectile.
2
𝑢 sin 2𝛼
Horizontal range,
𝑔
TIME OF FLIGHT (T): THE TIME TAKEN BY THE
PROJECTILE TO REACH THE POINT OF LANDING FROM
THE POINT OF PROJECTION.

Time of flight = Time of ascent + Time of descent

Time of ascent is the time taken by the body to reach the maximum
distance from the initial position or point of projection.

Time of descent is the time taken by the body to reach the ground from the
maximum height.

2𝑢sin 𝛼
Time of flight
𝑔
• Tis maximum when Sinα = 1 that is when α = 90

• H is maximum when α = 90 degree

• R is maximum when α = 45 degree

 RELATION
BETWEEN R AND
𝑢2 sin 2𝜃
𝑅 𝑔
= 2 2 = 4cot𝜃
𝐻 𝑢 Sin 𝜃
2𝑔

𝑅 = 4𝐻cot 𝜃
QUESTION-