ACCE-1221

Fluid Mechanics
Section: B

August, 2022

Md. Anwarul Karim, Ph.D.

Department of Applied Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering, Universiry of Rajshahi, Rajshahi.
makarim72@ru.ac.bd
 Object:

❖Types of non-Newtonian fluid

❖Why this happen

❖Models of non-Newtonian fluid

❖Frictional losses

❖Velocity profile

❖Friction factor
 Definition of a Newtonian Fluid

F  du 
=  yx =   −  =  yx
A  dy 
For Newtonian behaviour (1)  is proportional to  and a plot
passes through the origin; and (2) by definition the constant of
proportionality,
Flow Characteristic of Non-Newtonian Fluid

• Fluids in which shear stress is not directly

proportional to deformation rate are non-
Newtonian flow: toothpaste and Lucite
paint
Non-Newtonian Fluids
Non-Newtonian Fluids
 LAMINAR FLOW OF POWER LAW FLUID
Power Law Model:
Hagen – Poiseuille Eq.:
n
 dvz 
Newton’s Law:

 rz = K  − dvz  L
 rz = − dr 
dr
Combined
p = 2  rz
r
dv z dv  1 1p 
1n
p  1 n
= z−=
 −  rr
dr dr  2 KL  
 2 L 
CHE315
 Newtonian Pseoudoplastic Dilatant

Shear stress
Shear stress

Shear rate Shear rate Shear rate

Viscosity
Viscosity

Viscosity
Shear rate Shear rate Shear rate
Common flow behaviours
Non-Newtonian Fluid Behaviour
The flow curve (shear stress vs. shear rate) is either non-linear, or does pass through the
origin, or both. Three classes can be distinguished.

(1) Fluids for which the rate of shear at any point is determined only by the value of the
shear stress at that point at that instant; these fluids are variously known as “time
independent”, “purely viscous”, “inelastic”, or “Generalised Newtonian Fluids”
(GNF).

(2) More complex fluids for which the relation between shear stress and shear rate
depends, in addition, on the duration of shearing and their kinematic history; they are
called “time-dependent fluids”.

(3) Substances exhibiting characteristics of both ideal fluids and elastic solids and
showing partial elastic recovery, after deformation; these are characterized as “visco-
elastic” fluids.
Time-Independent Fluid Behaviour
1. Shear thinning or pseudoplastic fluids
Viscosity decrease with shear stress. Over a limited range of shear-rate (or
stress) log (t) vs. log (g) is approximately a straight line of negative slope.
Hence

yx = m(yx)n (*) where m = fluid consistency coefficient

n = flow behaviour index

Re-arrange Eq. (*) to obtain an expression for apparent viscosity

app (= yx/yx)
Why Shear Thinning occurs

Unsheared Sheared

Aggregates
Anisotropic Particles align break up
with the Flow Streamlines

Random coil
Polymers
elongate and
break
 Darcy–Weisbach Equation
If a fluid flows through a length of pipe and pressure is measured at two stations along the pipe, one finds that the pressure
decreases in the direction of flow. This pressure decrease is mainly due to the friction of the fluid against the pipe wall. Friction
is the main cause of energy losses in fluid power systems. The prediction of this friction loss is one of the important problems
in fluid power. It is a very complicated problem and only in special cases, the friction factor is computed analytically.

Head losses in a long pipe in which the velocity distribution has become fully established or uniform along its length
can be found by Darcy’s equation as

Where f is the Darcy friction factor, L is the length of pipe (m), D is the inside diameter of the pipe (m), v is the average
velocity (m/s) and g is the acceleration of gravity (m/s ).

The actual dependence of f on Re has to be determined experimentally. It should be apparent that friction factors
determined do not apply near the entrance portion of a pipe where the flow changes fairly quickly from one cross-section to
the next or to any other flow in which acceleration terms are not negligible
Frictional Losses in Laminar Flow
Darcy’s equation can be used to find head losses in pipes experiencing laminar flow by noting that for laminar flow, the friction factor
equals the constant 64 divided by the Reynolds number:

Substituting this into Darcy’s equation gives the Hagen–Poiseuille equation:

Example : The kinematic viscosity of a hydraulic fluid is 0.0001 m /s. If it is flowing in a 20-mm diameter commercial steel pipe, find the
friction factor in each case:
(a) The velocity is 2 m/s.
(b) The velocity is 10 m/s.
Solution:
a) If the velocity is 2 m/s, then

The flow is laminar. Now

(b) If the velocity is 10 m/s, then

The flow is laminar. Now

Fig: Nature of propagation of
disturbance in compossible flow.
MECHANICAL ENERGY AND EFFICIENCY
Mechanical energy: The form of energy that can be converted to
mechanical work completely and directly by an ideal mechanical
device such as an ideal turbine.
Mechanical energy of a flowing fluid per unit mass:

Flow energy + kinetic energy + potential energy

Mechanical energy change:

• The mechanical energy of a fluid does not change during flow if

its pressure, density, velocity, and elevation remain constant.
• In the absence of any irreversible losses, the mechanical energy
change represents the mechanical work supplied to the fluid (if
emech > 0) or extracted from the fluid (if emech < 0).
Mechanical energy is a useful concept for flows that do not involve significant heat transfer or
energy conversion, such as the flow of gasoline from an underground tank into a car.
Newtonian Foods

Examples:
• Water
Shear stress

• Milk
• Vegetable oils
• Fruit juices
Shear rate

• Sugar and salt solutions

Momentum Correction Factor